From research to reality, AdFalciVax brings new hope in the battle against malaria.
A breakthrough vaccine, it aims to save millions of lives and shape a healthier future.
A breakthrough vaccine, it aims to save millions of lives and shape a healthier future.
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Harappan Script – Challenges in Decipherment
Introduction
The Harappan script (c. 3300–1300 BCE) remains one of the world’s most enduring enigmas.
Over 3,500 inscribed seals have been discovered, but the language remains undeciphered even after 100+ years of research.
Competing claims link it to Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan), Proto-Dravidian, or even argue it is not a language at all.
Key Challenges
No Multilingual Inscriptions
Unlike the Rosetta Stone (used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs), no bilingual or multilingual inscriptions have been found.
Harappans had trade with Mesopotamia, but no parallel texts exist.
Unknown Language
Andrew Robinson’s classification: Harappan script = “unknown script writing an unknown language” → most difficult to decipher.
Lack of reference points makes phonetic/semantic decoding nearly impossible.
Limited Material
Around 3,500 seals with average 5 symbols each (longest inscription = 26 signs).
Short inscriptions hinder understanding of syntax or grammar.
Civilisation Still Partly Unknown
Limited archaeological data compared to Mesopotamia and Egypt → less context to interpret inscriptions.
Major Attempts & Hypotheses
S. R. Rao (1982):
Identified 62 signs; argued Harappan language was early Sanskrit → linked to Vedic civilisation.
Asko Parpola (1994):
Identified 425 signs; supported Proto-Dravidian hypothesis.
Proposed rebus principle (symbols represent sounds/words, e.g., "fish" = "star" in Old Tamil).
Found correlations with Old Tamil planet names.
Brahui Evidence:
Existence of Brahui (Dravidian language in Balochistan) supports Dravidian link.
Alternative View – Not a Script
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004):
Claimed symbols are non-linguistic, used for religious/political purposes (like tokens or hallmarks).
Supported by short length of inscriptions and absence of longer texts.
Peggy Mohan:
Compared signs to dhobi marks or commercial hallmarks — functional but not language.
Introduction
The Harappan script (c. 3300–1300 BCE) remains one of the world’s most enduring enigmas.
Over 3,500 inscribed seals have been discovered, but the language remains undeciphered even after 100+ years of research.
Competing claims link it to Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan), Proto-Dravidian, or even argue it is not a language at all.
Key Challenges
No Multilingual Inscriptions
Unlike the Rosetta Stone (used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs), no bilingual or multilingual inscriptions have been found.
Harappans had trade with Mesopotamia, but no parallel texts exist.
Unknown Language
Andrew Robinson’s classification: Harappan script = “unknown script writing an unknown language” → most difficult to decipher.
Lack of reference points makes phonetic/semantic decoding nearly impossible.
Limited Material
Around 3,500 seals with average 5 symbols each (longest inscription = 26 signs).
Short inscriptions hinder understanding of syntax or grammar.
Civilisation Still Partly Unknown
Limited archaeological data compared to Mesopotamia and Egypt → less context to interpret inscriptions.
Major Attempts & Hypotheses
S. R. Rao (1982):
Identified 62 signs; argued Harappan language was early Sanskrit → linked to Vedic civilisation.
Asko Parpola (1994):
Identified 425 signs; supported Proto-Dravidian hypothesis.
Proposed rebus principle (symbols represent sounds/words, e.g., "fish" = "star" in Old Tamil).
Found correlations with Old Tamil planet names.
Brahui Evidence:
Existence of Brahui (Dravidian language in Balochistan) supports Dravidian link.
Alternative View – Not a Script
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004):
Claimed symbols are non-linguistic, used for religious/political purposes (like tokens or hallmarks).
Supported by short length of inscriptions and absence of longer texts.
Peggy Mohan:
Compared signs to dhobi marks or commercial hallmarks — functional but not language.
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International Day of Democracy (UN) on 15th September
Declared by the UN General Assembly in 2007.
Purpose: to promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law worldwide.
Date chosen to mark the adoption of the Universal Declaration on Democracy (1997) by the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
The theme for International Day of Democracy 2025 is “Ensuring effective governance of AI at all levels.”
Declared by the UN General Assembly in 2007.
Purpose: to promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law worldwide.
Date chosen to mark the adoption of the Universal Declaration on Democracy (1997) by the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
The theme for International Day of Democracy 2025 is “Ensuring effective governance of AI at all levels.”