Clinical ๐
ฑiochemistry
The difference between Glomerular syndromes โ
Nephr๐
พtic vs โ
Nephrรtic Syndromes๐๐ @Biochem_Lab
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๐ฐNephrotic syndrome
====================
๐ฐNephrotic syndrome caused by increased permeability of serum protein through the damaged glomerular basement membrane(GBM) in the nephron.
๐ฐMechanism of nephrotic syndrom may be related to :
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โฆ๏ธMolecular barrier injury: holes on GBM become larger.
โฆ๏ธCharge barrier injury: loss of negative charge within the GBM.
@Biochem_Lab
๐ฐFindings
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1โฃProteinuria:as a result of an increased in glomerular capillary walls permeability whitch allow proteins to leak into the urine.
2โฃHpoproteinemia:as a result of protein loss in urine.
3โฃOedema: as a result of a decreased in oncotic pressure whitch allows fluid to move out of the intravascular compartment and into the surrounding tissues causing oedema.
4โฃHyperlipidemia: as a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion.
5โฃHypercoagulability: as a result of renal losses of proteins C and S and antithrombin III, as well as elevated serum fibrinogen and lipid levels.
๐ฐLoss of other plasma proteins besides albumin in nephrotic syndrome may present as any of the following:
6โฃA defect in bacterial opsonization and thus increased susceptibility to infections (eg, as a result of loss of IgG).
7โฃVitamin D defciency state and secondary hyperparathyroidism (eg, resulting from loss of vitamin Dโbinding proteins).
8โฃAltered thyroid function tests without any true thyroid abnormality (resulting from reduced levels of thyroxine-binding globulin).
โฆ๏ธูู ุงูุญุงูุงุช ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ุชุฑุดุญ ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ูุชู ูุน ุชุฑุดูุญ ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงุฎุฑู. ู ููุนุฒู ุฐูู ูุฅุญุชูุงุก ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุนูู ุงูู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุ ูุนูู ุงูุดุญูุงุช ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ . ูููู ุง ูุฎุต ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุ ูุฅู ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุชุณู ุญ ุจู ุฑูุฑ ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงูุงูุฒุงู ุงูุฌุฒูุฆูุฉ ุงูุงูู ูุฒูุงู ู ู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู - ุงู ู ูู ูุงูุช ุงูุทุงุฑูุง ุงูู ููุทูุฑุงู ู ู ููุทูุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ - ูู ุง ุชูุนุจ ุงูุดุญูุงุช ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ุงูุถุง ุฏูุฑุง ู ูู ุง ูู ุชูููุฏ ุนู ููุฉ ุงูุชูุงูุฑ. ูุนูู ุงูุฑุบู ู ู ุงู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุ ูุนุชุจุฑ ุงูุจุฑ ูุทุฑุข ู ู ูุทุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ ููุนุง ู ุง ุ ููุญู ู ุจููุณ ุงูููุช ุดุญูุฉ ุณุงูุจุฉ ู ุดุงุจูุฉ ูุดุญูุฉ ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ู ู ุง ูุฌุนูู ูุชูุงูุฑ ุ ุฅูุง ุงูู ูู ูุฉ ู ูู ุชู ุฑู ุนุจุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงูููุจููุจุฉ ูุชูุฌุฉ ููุฑู ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุญุงุตู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุดุนูุฑุงุช ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ูููุจูุจุฉ ูุฎุงุฑุฌูุง ูู ุชุฌููู ูุจุณููุฉ ุจูู ุงู. ูููุฑุดูุญ ู ุง ุชุฑููุฒู ุญูุงูู 2000 ใ ููู ูุงู ุ ูููุนุงุฏ ุงู ุชุตุงุต ุงูุซุฑ ู ู 97% ู ู ูุฐู ุงููู ูุฉ ุงูู ููุชุฑุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงูุงููุจูุจุงุช ุงููุฑูุจุฉ ูุงูุจุนูุฏุฉ ูุงูู ูุชููุฉ ูู ุงููููุฉ ูุชูุญููู ูู lysosome ุฎูุงูุง ูุฐู ุงูุงููุจูุจุงุช ุงูู ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงู ูููุฉ ููุชู ุงุนุงุฏุชูุง ุงูู ุงูุฏู ููุงุณุชูุงุฏุฉ ู ููุง. ูุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุชุจููุฉ ุ ูุงูุชู ูู ููุนุฏ ุงู ุชุตุงุตูุง ู ู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ููู ูุง ุชุชุฌุงูุฒ 30 ู ูุฌ / 24 ุณุงุนุฉุ ููู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ูุณุจุฉ ุทุจูุนูุฉ.
โฆ๏ธูู ุญุงูุงุช ู ุฑุถูุฉ ูู ุง ูุญุฏุซ ูู nephrotic syndrome ุ ูุนูู ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุณุจูุจ ุ ูุฅู ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุชุชูุณุน ููุนุง ู ุง ุ ุงู ุชููุฏ ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุดุญูุงุชูุง ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ุ ู ูุฏ ูุญุฏุซ ุงูุงู ุฑุงู ู ุนุงู ( ุงุณุจุงุจ ูุซูุฑุฉ ููุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ) ุ ููุฌุฏ ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ูุชุฌุงูุฒ ุงูู 3000 ู ูุฌ ูู ุงูููู ( ุงูุทุจูุนู 30 ู ูุฌ).
โฆTip:
ูุณูููุฉ ุชุฐููุฑ ู ุง ูุชุฑุชุจ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู ู ูุชุงุฆุฌ ูุงุนุฑุงุถ ุ ููุชุฌูุจ ุฎูุท ุงูุงูุฑุงู ู ุน ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุฎุฑู nephritic syndrome ุ ูุงูู ุดุงุจูุฉ ููุง ุฅูุง ุญุฑูุง ูุงุญุฏุง ( O ู ูุงุจู I ). ุชุฐูุฑ ุงูู ููู ุฉ nephrotic ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู โOโ ู ุงูู ููู ุฉ protein
ุงูุถุง ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุญุฑู "O"
ูุฅุฐุง ู ุง ุชุฐูุฑุช ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุ ูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุฎุฑูุฌู ูู ุงูุจูู (Proteinuria) ุ ุชุฐูุฑ ุงู ูุฐู ุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ู ูู ู ุน ุงูุจูู ุ ุณุชููููู ู ู ุชุฑููุฒู ูู ุงูุฏู (Hypoproteinemia) ุ ูุงูู ููุฉ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ูู ุจุงูุฏู ุณุชุฎูุถ ู ู ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงูููุชู ุ ููุชุณุฑุจ ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ - ุงูู ู ุง ุจูู ุงูุงูุณุฌุฉ - ู ุณุจุจุงู ุงูุชูุฑู (edema) ููุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู ูู ู ุญุงููุฉ ูุฅุญุชูุงุก ุงูุงู ุฑ ุ ูุฒูุฏ ุงููุจุฏ ู ู ุชุตููุนู ููุจุฑูุชููุงุช ูู ู ุถู ููุง ุงูููุจูุจุฑูุชูู ูุงูุชู ุชุคุฏู ุงูู ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุฏููู ุงูุฏู (Hyperlipidemia)
Proteinuriaโ HypoproteinemiaโEdema
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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๐ฐNephrotic syndrome
====================
๐ฐNephrotic syndrome caused by increased permeability of serum protein through the damaged glomerular basement membrane(GBM) in the nephron.
๐ฐMechanism of nephrotic syndrom may be related to :
-------------------------------
โฆ๏ธMolecular barrier injury: holes on GBM become larger.
โฆ๏ธCharge barrier injury: loss of negative charge within the GBM.
@Biochem_Lab
๐ฐFindings
----------------
1โฃProteinuria:as a result of an increased in glomerular capillary walls permeability whitch allow proteins to leak into the urine.
2โฃHpoproteinemia:as a result of protein loss in urine.
3โฃOedema: as a result of a decreased in oncotic pressure whitch allows fluid to move out of the intravascular compartment and into the surrounding tissues causing oedema.
4โฃHyperlipidemia: as a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion.
5โฃHypercoagulability: as a result of renal losses of proteins C and S and antithrombin III, as well as elevated serum fibrinogen and lipid levels.
๐ฐLoss of other plasma proteins besides albumin in nephrotic syndrome may present as any of the following:
6โฃA defect in bacterial opsonization and thus increased susceptibility to infections (eg, as a result of loss of IgG).
7โฃVitamin D defciency state and secondary hyperparathyroidism (eg, resulting from loss of vitamin Dโbinding proteins).
8โฃAltered thyroid function tests without any true thyroid abnormality (resulting from reduced levels of thyroxine-binding globulin).
โฆ๏ธูู ุงูุญุงูุงุช ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ุชุฑุดุญ ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ูุชู ูุน ุชุฑุดูุญ ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงุฎุฑู. ู ููุนุฒู ุฐูู ูุฅุญุชูุงุก ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุนูู ุงูู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุ ูุนูู ุงูุดุญูุงุช ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ . ูููู ุง ูุฎุต ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุ ูุฅู ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุชุณู ุญ ุจู ุฑูุฑ ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงูุงูุฒุงู ุงูุฌุฒูุฆูุฉ ุงูุงูู ูุฒูุงู ู ู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู - ุงู ู ูู ูุงูุช ุงูุทุงุฑูุง ุงูู ููุทูุฑุงู ู ู ููุทูุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ - ูู ุง ุชูุนุจ ุงูุดุญูุงุช ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ุงูุถุง ุฏูุฑุง ู ูู ุง ูู ุชูููุฏ ุนู ููุฉ ุงูุชูุงูุฑ. ูุนูู ุงูุฑุบู ู ู ุงู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุ ูุนุชุจุฑ ุงูุจุฑ ูุทุฑุข ู ู ูุทุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ ููุนุง ู ุง ุ ููุญู ู ุจููุณ ุงูููุช ุดุญูุฉ ุณุงูุจุฉ ู ุดุงุจูุฉ ูุดุญูุฉ ุงูููุจูุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ู ู ุง ูุฌุนูู ูุชูุงูุฑ ุ ุฅูุง ุงูู ูู ูุฉ ู ูู ุชู ุฑู ุนุจุฑ ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงูููุจููุจุฉ ูุชูุฌุฉ ููุฑู ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุญุงุตู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุดุนูุฑุงุช ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ูููุจูุจุฉ ูุฎุงุฑุฌูุง ูู ุชุฌููู ูุจุณููุฉ ุจูู ุงู. ูููุฑุดูุญ ู ุง ุชุฑููุฒู ุญูุงูู 2000 ใ ููู ูุงู ุ ูููุนุงุฏ ุงู ุชุตุงุต ุงูุซุฑ ู ู 97% ู ู ูุฐู ุงููู ูุฉ ุงูู ููุชุฑุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงูุงููุจูุจุงุช ุงููุฑูุจุฉ ูุงูุจุนูุฏุฉ ูุงูู ูุชููุฉ ูู ุงููููุฉ ูุชูุญููู ูู lysosome ุฎูุงูุง ูุฐู ุงูุงููุจูุจุงุช ุงูู ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงู ูููุฉ ููุชู ุงุนุงุฏุชูุง ุงูู ุงูุฏู ููุงุณุชูุงุฏุฉ ู ููุง. ูุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุชุจููุฉ ุ ูุงูุชู ูู ููุนุฏ ุงู ุชุตุงุตูุง ู ู ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ููู ูุง ุชุชุฌุงูุฒ 30 ู ูุฌ / 24 ุณุงุนุฉุ ููู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ูุณุจุฉ ุทุจูุนูุฉ.
โฆ๏ธูู ุญุงูุงุช ู ุฑุถูุฉ ูู ุง ูุญุฏุซ ูู nephrotic syndrome ุ ูุนูู ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุณุจูุจ ุ ูุฅู ู ุณุงู ุงุช ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุชุชูุณุน ููุนุง ู ุง ุ ุงู ุชููุฏ ุงููุจูุจุฉ ุดุญูุงุชูุง ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ุ ู ูุฏ ูุญุฏุซ ุงูุงู ุฑุงู ู ุนุงู ( ุงุณุจุงุจ ูุซูุฑุฉ ููุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ) ุ ููุฌุฏ ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ูุชุฌุงูุฒ ุงูู 3000 ู ูุฌ ูู ุงูููู ( ุงูุทุจูุนู 30 ู ูุฌ).
โฆTip:
ูุณูููุฉ ุชุฐููุฑ ู ุง ูุชุฑุชุจ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู ู ูุชุงุฆุฌ ูุงุนุฑุงุถ ุ ููุชุฌูุจ ุฎูุท ุงูุงูุฑุงู ู ุน ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุฎุฑู nephritic syndrome ุ ูุงูู ุดุงุจูุฉ ููุง ุฅูุง ุญุฑูุง ูุงุญุฏุง ( O ู ูุงุจู I ). ุชุฐูุฑ ุงูู ููู ุฉ nephrotic ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู โOโ ู ุงูู ููู ุฉ protein
ุงูุถุง ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุญุฑู "O"
ูุฅุฐุง ู ุง ุชุฐูุฑุช ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุ ูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุฎุฑูุฌู ูู ุงูุจูู (Proteinuria) ุ ุชุฐูุฑ ุงู ูุฐู ุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ู ูู ู ุน ุงูุจูู ุ ุณุชููููู ู ู ุชุฑููุฒู ูู ุงูุฏู (Hypoproteinemia) ุ ูุงูู ููุฉ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ูู ุจุงูุฏู ุณุชุฎูุถ ู ู ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงูููุชู ุ ููุชุณุฑุจ ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ - ุงูู ู ุง ุจูู ุงูุงูุณุฌุฉ - ู ุณุจุจุงู ุงูุชูุฑู (edema) ููุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู ูู ู ุญุงููุฉ ูุฅุญุชูุงุก ุงูุงู ุฑ ุ ูุฒูุฏ ุงููุจุฏ ู ู ุชุตููุนู ููุจุฑูุชููุงุช ูู ู ุถู ููุง ุงูููุจูุจุฑูุชูู ูุงูุชู ุชุคุฏู ุงูู ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุฏููู ุงูุฏู (Hyperlipidemia)
Proteinuriaโ HypoproteinemiaโEdema
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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The difference between Glomerular syndromes โ
Nephr๐
พtic vs โ
Nephrรtic Syndromes๐๐ @Biochem_Lab
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โธ Nephritic syndrome :
==================
โฆ๏ธNephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that cause swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney.
โฆ๏ธCauses :
========
Acute nephritic syndrome is often caused by an immune response triggered by an infection or other disease.
โฆ๏ธDiagnosis:
=========
1โฃHaematuria:
Haematuria occurs due to podocytes developing large pores which allows blood and protein to escape into the urine.
2โฃRed cell casts
distinguishing feature and indicate glomerular damage.
3โฃProteinuria:(small amount).
4โฃHypertension:
5โฃLow urine volume _<300ml/day_: Due to reduced renal function.
โฆ๏ธุงูู nephritic ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "I" ูุงูู cytes (ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ููุฎูุงูุง ุงูุญู ุฑุงุก ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ุชุญุชูู ุญุฑููุงู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "y" ุ ููููู ุตูุชูุงู ูุญุฑู "I"โฆ ูุฐุง ูุฏ ูุณุงุนุฏ ุนูุฏ ุงูุชุฐูุฑ ููุชูุฑูู ุจูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุ ูุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุฎุฑู ุงูุณุงุจู ุดุฑุญูุง nephrotic syndrome ุ ูุงูุชู ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "O" ูุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุงูุฒุงุฆุฏ ูู ุงูุจูู ูุงูู ูุฑูู ููุง ูุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "O".
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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โธ Nephritic syndrome :
==================
โฆ๏ธNephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that cause swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney.
โฆ๏ธCauses :
========
Acute nephritic syndrome is often caused by an immune response triggered by an infection or other disease.
โฆ๏ธDiagnosis:
=========
1โฃHaematuria:
Haematuria occurs due to podocytes developing large pores which allows blood and protein to escape into the urine.
2โฃRed cell casts
distinguishing feature and indicate glomerular damage.
3โฃProteinuria:(small amount).
4โฃHypertension:
5โฃLow urine volume _<300ml/day_: Due to reduced renal function.
โฆ๏ธุงูู nephritic ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "I" ูุงูู cytes (ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ููุฎูุงูุง ุงูุญู ุฑุงุก ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ู ุน ุงูุจูู ุชุญุชูู ุญุฑููุงู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "y" ุ ููููู ุตูุชูุงู ูุญุฑู "I"โฆ ูุฐุง ูุฏ ูุณุงุนุฏ ุนูุฏ ุงูุชุฐูุฑ ููุชูุฑูู ุจูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุ ูุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุฎุฑู ุงูุณุงุจู ุดุฑุญูุง nephrotic syndrome ุ ูุงูุชู ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "O" ูุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุงูุฒุงุฆุฏ ูู ุงูุจูู ูุงูู ูุฑูู ููุง ูุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญุฑู "O".
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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โ @Biochem_Lab โ
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Morrison Organic Biochemistryโคต๏ธ
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๐ฅ How much do you know about Gout, causes, symptoms?
โ Then watch this short video๐จโโ
โโโโโ๐นโโโโ
@Biochem_Lab โ
โโโโโโโโโโ
โ Then watch this short video๐จโโ
โโโโโ๐นโโโโ
@Biochem_Lab โ
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๐ฅ How does "Gout" occur?๐จโโ
โโโโโ๐นโโโโ
@Biochem_Lab โ
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๐ Top remedies to control Uric Acid level๐จโโ๐
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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Clinical ๐
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๐ Top remedies to control Uric Acid level๐จโโ๐ https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Analysis of Uric Acid ๐ is the final product of Purine's metabolism and varies from hour to hour.
Affected by long fasting and food.
@Biochem_Lab
Affected by long fasting and food.
@Biochem_Lab
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Uric Acid Measurement:
=================
โฆ๏ธMeasurement of plasma uric acid is used in the investigation of gout and it is also used in diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy induced hypertension (preeclamptic toxemia).
Primary gout occurs due to overproduction of uric acid and secondary gout occurs due to retention of uric acid.
โฆ๏ธAnalytical methodology:
1๏ธโฃPhosphotungstate Method (Caraway method):
This method requires a protein-free filtrate for serum or plasma.
cUric acid + phosphotungstic acid + Na2CO2 (in alkaline pH) โ allantoin + CO + tungsten blue.
Glucose, ascorbic acid, glutathione, hemoglobin, and drugs such as acetaminophen and caffeine commonly interfere.
@Biochem_Lab
2๏ธโฃMethods using uricase:
The simplest of these methods measures the differential absorption of uric acid and allantoin at 293 nm.
The difference in absorbance before and after incubation with uricase is proportional to the uric acid concentration. Proteins can cause high background absorbance, reducing sensitivity; hemoglobin and xanthine can cause negative interference.
๐Uric acid+H2O+O2โallantoin+CO2+H2O2
@Biochem_Lab
3๏ธโฃCoupled enzyme(uricase&Peroxidase) methods:
It measure the hydrogen peroxide produced as uric acid is converted to allantoin. Peroxidase or catalase is used to catalyze a chemical indicator reaction.
Bilirubin and ascorbic acid, which destroy peroxide, if present in sufficient quantity,
can interfere. Commercial reagent preparations often include potassium ferricyanide and ascorbate oxidase to minimize these interferences.
๐Uric acid +O2+2H2OโAlantoin+CO2+H2O2
๐2H2O2+4โAminoantipyrine+DCFSโQuinoneimine+4 H2O
http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9
โฆ๏ธReference Ranges:
===============
๐ปUricase Method:
Male 3.5โ7.2 mg/dL Female 2.6โ6.0 mg/dL
๐ปPhosphotungstate Method:
M: 4.2โ8.0 mg/dL F: 3.5โ7.3 mg/dL
๐ปValues are lower in children.
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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Uric Acid Measurement:
=================
โฆ๏ธMeasurement of plasma uric acid is used in the investigation of gout and it is also used in diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy induced hypertension (preeclamptic toxemia).
Primary gout occurs due to overproduction of uric acid and secondary gout occurs due to retention of uric acid.
โฆ๏ธAnalytical methodology:
1๏ธโฃPhosphotungstate Method (Caraway method):
This method requires a protein-free filtrate for serum or plasma.
cUric acid + phosphotungstic acid + Na2CO2 (in alkaline pH) โ allantoin + CO + tungsten blue.
Glucose, ascorbic acid, glutathione, hemoglobin, and drugs such as acetaminophen and caffeine commonly interfere.
@Biochem_Lab
2๏ธโฃMethods using uricase:
The simplest of these methods measures the differential absorption of uric acid and allantoin at 293 nm.
The difference in absorbance before and after incubation with uricase is proportional to the uric acid concentration. Proteins can cause high background absorbance, reducing sensitivity; hemoglobin and xanthine can cause negative interference.
๐Uric acid+H2O+O2โallantoin+CO2+H2O2
@Biochem_Lab
3๏ธโฃCoupled enzyme(uricase&Peroxidase) methods:
It measure the hydrogen peroxide produced as uric acid is converted to allantoin. Peroxidase or catalase is used to catalyze a chemical indicator reaction.
Bilirubin and ascorbic acid, which destroy peroxide, if present in sufficient quantity,
can interfere. Commercial reagent preparations often include potassium ferricyanide and ascorbate oxidase to minimize these interferences.
๐Uric acid +O2+2H2OโAlantoin+CO2+H2O2
๐2H2O2+4โAminoantipyrine+DCFSโQuinoneimine+4 H2O
http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9
โฆ๏ธReference Ranges:
===============
๐ปUricase Method:
Male 3.5โ7.2 mg/dL Female 2.6โ6.0 mg/dL
๐ปPhosphotungstate Method:
M: 4.2โ8.0 mg/dL F: 3.5โ7.3 mg/dL
๐ปValues are lower in children.
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
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