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Clinical ๐Ÿ…ฑiochemistry
The difference between Glomerular syndromes โœ…Nephr๐Ÿ…พtic vs โœ…Nephrรtic Syndromes๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘‡ @Biochem_Lab
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โ”‡โ”‡
๐Ÿ”ฐNephrotic syndrome
====================
๐Ÿ”ฐNephrotic syndrome caused by increased permeability of serum protein through the damaged glomerular basement membrane(GBM) in the nephron.

๐Ÿ”ฐMechanism of nephrotic syndrom may be related to :
-------------------------------
โ™ฆ๏ธMolecular barrier injury: holes on GBM become larger.
โ™ฆ๏ธCharge barrier injury: loss of negative charge within the GBM.
@Biochem_Lab

๐Ÿ”ฐFindings
----------------
1โƒฃProteinuria:as a result of an increased in glomerular capillary walls permeability whitch allow proteins to leak into the urine.

2โƒฃHpoproteinemia:as a result of protein loss in urine.

3โƒฃOedema: as a result of a decreased in oncotic pressure whitch allows fluid to move out of the intravascular compartment and into the surrounding tissues causing oedema.

4โƒฃHyperlipidemia: as a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion.

5โƒฃHypercoagulability: as a result of renal losses of proteins C and S and antithrombin III, as well as elevated serum fibrinogen and lipid levels.

๐Ÿ”ฐLoss of other plasma proteins besides albumin in nephrotic syndrome may present as any of the following:
6โƒฃA defect in bacterial opsonization and thus increased susceptibility to infections (eg, as a result of loss of IgG).
7โƒฃVitamin D defciency state and secondary hyperparathyroidism (eg, resulting from loss of vitamin Dโ€“binding proteins).
8โƒฃAltered thyroid function tests without any true thyroid abnormality (resulting from reduced levels of thyroxine-binding globulin).

โ™ฆ๏ธููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุชุฑุดุญ ุงู„ูƒูุจูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ูˆุชู…ู†ุน ุชุฑุดูŠุญ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงุฎุฑู‰. ูˆ ูŠูุนุฒู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฅุญุชูˆุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุญู†ุงุช ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ . ูˆููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุต ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ูƒูุจูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ุญ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุงูˆุฒุงู† ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ูˆุฒู†ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† - ุงูŠ ู…ูŽู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู‚ุทุงุฑู‡ุง ุงู‚ู„ ู‚ูุทู’ุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‚ูุทู’ุฑ ู…ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ - ูƒู…ุง ุชู„ุนุจ ุงู„ุดุญู†ุงุช ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ุงูŠุถุง ุฏูˆุฑุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงูุฑ. ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู† ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ุŒ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงูƒุจุฑ ู‚ุทุฑุข ู…ู† ู‚ุทุฑ ู…ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุŒ ูˆูŠุญู…ู„ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุดุญู†ุฉ ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ุดุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูุจูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุชู†ุงูุฑ ุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุงู†ู‘ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ุชู…ุฑู‘ ุนุจุฑ ู…ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒูุจูŠู’ุจุฉ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ูุฑู‚ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ุญุงุตู„ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุดุนูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ ูˆุฎุงุฑุฌู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุฌูˆูŠู ูƒุจุณูˆู„ุฉ ุจูˆู…ุงู†. ููŠูุฑุดู‘ุญ ู…ุง ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 2000 ใŽŽ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆูŠูุนุงุฏ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 97% ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูู„ุชุฑุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ูŠุจูŠุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุชูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุชูุญู„ู‘ู„ ููŠ lysosome ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ูŠุจูŠุจุงุช ุงู„ู‰ ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆูŠุชู… ุงุนุงุฏุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ู„ุงุณุชูุงุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง. ูˆุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูุนุฏ ุงู…ุชุตุงุตู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ 30 ู…ู„ุฌ / 24 ุณุงุนุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ.
โ™ฆ๏ธููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ุฑุถูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ nephrotic syndrome ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุจู‘ุจ ุŒ ูุฅู† ู…ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุชูˆุณุน ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุŒ ุงูˆ ุชูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุจุฉ ุดุญู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ุŒ ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุงู† ู…ุนุงู‹ ( ุงุณุจุงุจ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ) ุŒ ูู†ุฌุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ูŠุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ู€ 3000 ู…ู„ุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ( ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ 30 ู…ู„ุฌ).

โ™ฆTip:
ู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ู…ุง ูŠุชุฑุชุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูˆุงุนุฑุงุถ ุŒ ูˆู„ุชุฌู†ุจ ุฎู„ุท ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ู…ุน ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ nephritic syndrome ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุญุฑูุง ูˆุงุญุฏุง ( O ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ I ). ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุงู†ู‘ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ nephrotic ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑู โ€œOโ€ ูˆ ุงู†ู‘ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ protein
ุงูŠุถุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฑู "O"
ูุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุชุฐูƒุฑุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุŒ ูˆุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ (Proteinuria) ุŒ ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุŒ ุณุชูู‚ู„ู‘ู„ ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… (Hypoproteinemia) ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‘ ู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุฏู… ุณุชุฎูุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ุงู†ูƒูˆุชูŠ ุŒ ููŠุชุณุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ - ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌุฉ - ู…ุณุจุจุงูŒ ุงู„ุชูˆุฑู… (edema) ูˆูƒุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ูˆ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุฅุญุชูˆุงุก ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุŒ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ู…ู† ุชุตู†ูŠุนู‡ ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠุจูˆุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุฏู‡ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏู… (Hyperlipidemia)
Proteinuriaโ†’ Hypoproteinemiaโ†’Edema

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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Clinical ๐Ÿ…ฑiochemistry
The difference between Glomerular syndromes โœ…Nephr๐Ÿ…พtic vs โœ…Nephrรtic Syndromes๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ‘‡ @Biochem_Lab
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โ˜ธ Nephritic syndrome :
==================
โ™ฆ๏ธNephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that cause swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney.

โ™ฆ๏ธCauses :
========
Acute nephritic syndrome is often caused by an immune response triggered by an infection or other disease.

โ™ฆ๏ธDiagnosis:
=========
1โƒฃHaematuria:
Haematuria occurs due to podocytes developing large pores which allows blood and protein to escape into the urine.
2โƒฃRed cell casts
distinguishing feature and indicate glomerular damage.
3โƒฃProteinuria:(small amount).
4โƒฃHypertension:
5โƒฃLow urine volume _<300ml/day_: Due to reduced renal function.
โ™ฆ๏ธุงู„ู€ nephritic ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑู "I" ูˆุงู„ู€ cytes (ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑู "y" ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุตูˆุชูŠุงู‹ ูƒุญุฑู "I"โ€ฆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุชุฐูƒุฑ ู„ู„ุชูุฑูŠู‚ ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ุดุฑุญู‡ุง nephrotic syndrome ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑู "O" ูˆุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ูุฑู‘ู‚ ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑู "O".

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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Morrison Organic Biochemistryโคต๏ธ
Organic Chemistry โคด๏ธ๐Ÿ”บ๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿ”บโคด๏ธ
6edition
https://www.tg-me.com/Biochem_Lab/252
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๐ŸŽฅ How much do you know about Gout, causes, symptoms?
โœ…Then watch this short video๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš•

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๐ŸŽฅ How does "Gout" occur?๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš•
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@Biochem_Lab โ˜œ
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๐Ÿ”„ The spiral of Gout๐Ÿ”

http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9
โ€ผ๏ธ Are you at the risk of goutโ‰๏ธ

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
๐Ÿ‹ Foods that prevent gout๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€โš•
http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9
๐Ÿ‹ Top remedies to control Uric Acid level๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš•๐Ÿ”

https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Clinical ๐Ÿ…ฑiochemistry
๐Ÿ‹ Top remedies to control Uric Acid level๐Ÿ‘จโ€โš•๐Ÿ” https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Analysis of Uric Acid ๐Ÿ’‰ is the final product of Purine's metabolism and varies from hour to hour.
Affected by long fasting and food.
@Biochem_Lab
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Uric Acid Measurement:
=================
โ™ฆ๏ธMeasurement of plasma uric acid is used in the investigation of gout and it is also used in diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy induced hypertension (preeclamptic toxemia).
Primary gout occurs due to overproduction of uric acid and secondary gout occurs due to retention of uric acid.

โ™ฆ๏ธAnalytical methodology:
1๏ธโƒฃPhosphotungstate Method (Caraway method):
This method requires a protein-free filtrate for serum or plasma.
cUric acid + phosphotungstic acid + Na2CO2 (in alkaline pH) โ†’ allantoin + CO + tungsten blue.
Glucose, ascorbic acid, glutathione, hemoglobin, and drugs such as acetaminophen and caffeine commonly interfere.
@Biochem_Lab

2๏ธโƒฃMethods using uricase:
The simplest of these methods measures the differential absorption of uric acid and allantoin at 293 nm.
The difference in absorbance before and after incubation with uricase is proportional to the uric acid concentration. Proteins can cause high background absorbance, reducing sensitivity; hemoglobin and xanthine can cause negative interference.
๐Ÿ‘‰Uric acid+H2O+O2โ†’allantoin+CO2+H2O2
@Biochem_Lab

3๏ธโƒฃCoupled enzyme(uricase&Peroxidase) methods:
It measure the hydrogen peroxide produced as uric acid is converted to allantoin. Peroxidase or catalase is used to catalyze a chemical indicator reaction.
Bilirubin and ascorbic acid, which destroy peroxide, if present in sufficient quantity,
can interfere. Commercial reagent preparations often include potassium ferricyanide and ascorbate oxidase to minimize these interferences.
๐Ÿ‘‰Uric acid +O2+2H2Oโ†’Alantoin+CO2+H2O2
๐Ÿ‘‰2H2O2+4โ€“Aminoantipyrine+DCFSโ†’Quinoneimine+4 H2O
http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9

โ™ฆ๏ธReference Ranges:
===============
๐Ÿ”ปUricase Method:
Male 3.5โ€“7.2 mg/dL Female 2.6โ€“6.0 mg/dL

๐Ÿ”ปPhosphotungstate Method:
M: 4.2โ€“8.0 mg/dL F: 3.5โ€“7.3 mg/dL

๐Ÿ”ปValues are lower in children.

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Clinical_Chemistry_Principles,_Techniques ๐Ÿ“•
โ”ุงู„ุทุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจุนุฉ7 ุŒ
โ” ูƒุชุงุจ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ Biochemistry โคต๏ธ๐Ÿ‘‡
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Clinical_Chemistry_Principles,_Techniques.pdf
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Clinical Biochemistry
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Clinical Biochemistry .pdf
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2025/06/28 21:35:39
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