🔆 Rogue Planet

✅ Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
✅ Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
✅ Orbit: No parent star — moves independently through space.
✅ Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.

#Science_and_Technology #cse

🔆 Social Reform Movements in Modern India

📍 Arya Samaj (1875, Swami Dayanand Saraswati)
✅ Motto: Go back to the Vedas
✅ Fought caste, untouchability, child marriage
✅ Supported widow remarriage, intercaste marriage
✅ Books: Satyarth Prakash, Veda Bhashya
✅ Movements: Shuddhi Movement
✅ Institutions: DAV School (1886), Gurukul Kangri (1902)

📍 Ramakrishna Mission (1897, Swami Vivekananda)
✅ Based on teachings of Ramakrishna Paramahansa
✅ Service of humanity = service of God
✅ Women’s emancipation, equality, nationalism
✅ Journals: Prabuddha Bharat (Eng), Udbodhana (Beng)

📍 Prarthana Samaj (1867, Atmaram Pandurang & M.G. Ranade)
✅ Reform of social & religious customs
✅ Supported widow remarriage, women’s education

📍 Young Bengal Movement (1820s–30s, Henry Derozio)
✅ Spread radical ideas of liberty, equality, freedom
✅ Advocated women’s education, rationalism

📍 Theosophical Society (1875, HP Blavatsky & Olcott; Annie Besant in India)
✅ Promoted ancient Indian philosophy, revival of Hinduism & Buddhism
✅ Founded Central Hindu College (later BHU, 1916)

📍 Servants of India Society (1905, Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
✅ Aimed at training Indians for social service and nation-building

📍 Other Important Initiatives
• Paramahansa Mandali (1849) – anti-caste, widow remarriage
• Indian Reform Association (1870, Keshab Chandra Sen)
• Seva Sadan (1885, B.M. Malabari) – women’s upliftment
• Bharat Stri Mandal (1910s, Saralabala Devi) – 1st all-India women’s org
• Khudai Khidmatgar (1929, Abdul Gaffar Khan) – NWFP non-violent movement

#history

🔆 Barbados (Capital: Bridgetown)

✅ Location: Island nation in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, northeast of Venezuela, near the Lesser Antilles.
✅ Membership: Part of CARICOM & Commonwealth of Nations.
✅ Highest Point: Mount Hillaby
✅ Geography: Formed from coral & sedimentary deposits, surrounded by reefs, with no major rivers or lakes.
✅ Context: Lok Sabha Speaker led Indian Parliamentary Delegation during 68th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference.

#Geography #cse

🔆 Children in India – 2025 Highlights

📍 Nutrition:
✅ Stunting (under-5): 29.6% ↓ from 35.5% (NFHS-5).
✅ Wasting: 17%, still above WHO target (<15%).
✅ Anaemia: 55% among adolescent girls.

📍 Health Services:
✅ Full immunisation: 88% (Mission Indradhanush 5.0).
✅ Infant Mortality Rate: 24 / 1,000 live births.

📍 Education:
✅ Upper primary enrolment: 92%.
✅ Secondary dropout: 14%, higher among rural girls.
✅ Digital divide: Only 47% rural households have internet access.

📍 Child Protection:
✅ POCSO cases ↑ 12% (better reporting).
✅ Child labour ↓ to 3.7% (ages 5–14).

#GS2 #cse

Newspaper Editorial with summary

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🔆 Soil Types & Profile (Sandy – Clayey – Loamy)

📍 Soil Classification (by particle size)
✅ Sandy Soil: Large particles → well-aerated, drains quickly, poor water retention.
✅ Clayey Soil: Very fine particles → holds water, less air, heavy & compact.
✅ Loamy Soil: Balanced mix of sand + clay + silt + humus → best for plant growth.

📍 Crop Suitability
✅ Clayey & Loamy: Wheat, Gram (good water retention).
✅ Clayey + Organic: Paddy (needs water-holding capacity).
✅ Loamy (well-drained): Pulses (Masoor).
✅ Sandy Loam / Loam: Cotton (needs air & drainage).

📍 Soil Profile (Vertical Layers)
✅ O-Horizon: Organic layer – decomposed leaves, twigs, moss.
✅ A-Horizon (Topsoil): Rich in humus & minerals, soft, porous; supports plants.
✅ E-Horizon: Eluviated (leached) of clay, iron, aluminum — lighter color.
✅ B-Horizon (Subsoil): Accumulation of leached minerals — illuviation zone.
✅ C-Horizon: Weathered parent material, partly broken rocks.
✅ R-Horizon: Bedrock, hard and unweathered base layer.

📍 Key Concepts
✅ Eluviation: Leaching out of materials (from A & E horizons).
✅ Illuviation: Accumulation of leached materials (in B horizon).

#Geography
https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains

🔆 15 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI
✅ RBI launches Digital Payments Intelligence Platform (DPIP) — AI tool to detect and prevent online payment frauds in real time through data from banks, telecoms & cyber agencies.

📍 BANKING & FINANCE
✅ NPS & Atal Pension Yojana cross ₹16 lakh crore AUM; new Multiple Scheme Framework expands pension options.
✅ India’s WPI inflation steady at 0.13 % (Sept) — food inflation turns negative (-1.99%).
✅ DBS Bank named Safest Bank in Asia for the 17th year, 2nd globally among world’s safest commercial banks.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Maldives becomes first country to achieve triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis & hepatitis B – validated by WHO.
✅ India to attend 19th NAM Ministerial Meet in Kampala, Uganda (Oct 15–16); theme – “Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence.”
✅ UNESCO launches Virtual Museum of Stolen Cultural Objects at MONDIACULT 2025, Barcelona — to trace looted artefacts digitally.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ WTI Report honours India’s forest protectors — documents 540 ranger deaths/injuries; launched in Abu Dhabi.
✅ Alliance Air introduces “Fare Se Fursat” — fixed-rate fare initiative to curb airfare fluctuations.
✅ NITI Aayog releases Blue Economy Report for sustainable deep-sea fisheries strategy.
✅ Govt opens PM GatiShakti Portal to private sector; adds data-driven dashboards & offshore planning tools.
✅ Labour Ministry launches Vishwas Scheme to reduce EPF litigations via rationalised penalties.
✅ Piyush Goyal unveils LEAPS 2025 — national benchmark framework for logistics excellence.
✅ Cabinet approves ₹2,000 cr Maitri II Antarctic Station – India’s 4th research base.
✅ Gurugram installs India’s first QR-based challan payment kiosk for instant traffic fine payments.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Navy inaugurates Trinetra Weapon Testing Facility near Visakhapatnam to test missiles & rockets indigenously.
✅ INS Abhay & INFAC T-82 decommissioned after 30+ years of service.
✅ Paras Defence partners Cielo (Israel) for indigenous inertial sensors.

📍 MoUs & INITIATIVES
✅ Labour Ministry partners Zomato under NCS to boost gig employment; joins MoUs with Amazon, Swiggy, Rapido, Zepto & others.

📍 STATES
✅ Assam launches CM-FLIGHT – foreign language training for youth to boost global job readiness.
✅ Five Maharashtra beaches (Shrivardhan, Nagaon, Parnaka, Guhagar, Ladghar) earn Blue Flag certification.
✅ Google to invest $15 bn for AI hub & data centre in Visakhapatnam.
✅ Delhi Govt declares 41 sq km of Southern Ridge as reserved forest to combat pollution.
✅ Assam CM launches Shraddhanjali Scheme to support families bringing home mortal remains from outside the state.

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ CPR Awareness Week observed (Oct 13–17) by Health Ministry.
✅ World Arthritis Day – Oct 12.
✅ World Standards Day – Oct 14 | Theme: “A Shared Vision for a Better World.”

📍 APPOINTMENTS & OBITUARIES
✅ Dan Katz appointed First Deputy Managing Direct,IMF.

📍 AWARDS & BOOKS
✅ Israel to honour Donald Trump with its highest civilian award for mediation in Gaza conflict.
✅ Book: “Mahatma Gandhi and the Environment” by T.N. Khoshoo.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Asian Aquatics Championships held in Ahmedabad; India wins 13 medals.

Hindi click here

#CurrentAffairs

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Ras final result

🔆 INS Androth Commissioned

✅ Location: Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam
✅ Type: 2nd Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) after INS Arnala
✅ Builder: GRSE, Kolkata (part of 8-vessel ASW-SWC series)
✅ Named After: Androth Island, northernmost in Lakshadweep

#Defence #cse

🔆 Current State of Informal Workers in India

✅ Employment Share: About 90% of India’s labour force is informally employed.
✅ Productivity: Low — around $5/hour, nearly half the national average.
✅ Social Security: Only 48% of informal workers have social security coverage.

#Economy #cse

🔆 Moscow Format

✅ Established: 2017
✅ Objective: Promote peace, stability, and national reconciliation in Afghanistan.
✅ Members: India, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.
✅ Update: At the 7th Moscow Format Meeting, Taliban officials participated formally for the first time.

#IR #cse

🔆 “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker” – Ensuring Objectivity in the Office of Lok Sabha Speaker

📍 Concept:
The idea implies that once a Speaker demits office, they should not return to active party politics, ensuring neutrality and objectivity in parliamentary conduct.

📍 Potential Benefits:
✅ Impartiality: Strengthens the Speaker’s independence, as they won’t be influenced by party loyalties.
✅ Strengthening Democracy: Neutrality fosters fair debate and balanced proceedings in Parliament.
✅ Enhanced Credibility: Builds public trust by projecting the Speaker as an unbiased guardian of parliamentary values.

📍 Potential Implications:
❌ Restriction on Political Career: Limits post-tenure political opportunities for the Speaker.
❌ Reduced Incentive for Qualified Candidates: Fear of career stagnation may deter capable individuals.
❌ Detachment from Political Realities: Permanent separation from politics may reduce practical understanding of evolving issues.
❌ Constitutional Challenge: May conflict with the right to political participation guaranteed to citizens.

📍 Conclusion:
While the principle of “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker” enhances neutrality and democratic trust, it must be balanced with constitutional freedoms and political practicality. Institutional ethics, rather than legal restrictions, should ensure Speaker impartiality.

#Polity #mains

🔆 16 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI
✅ Telangana ranks #1 in UPI transaction intensity, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Delhi — RBI paper shows deeper digital adoption.

📍 BANKING
✅ IMF revises India’s GDP growth to 6.6% (FY26); global growth at 3.2%.
✅ 16th Finance Commission tenure extended till 30 Nov 2025 under Arvind Panagariya.
✅ EPFO allows 100% PF withdrawal with 25% balance safeguard; simplifies partial withdrawals.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Indian Wolf listed as Vulnerable (IUCN) due to habitat loss, hybridisation & poisoning.
✅ Indonesia’s Mount Lewotobi erupts — ash plume 10 km high.
✅ Henley Passport Index 2025: India ranks 85th (57 destinations); Singapore tops.

📍 India–Kyrgyz Republic
✅ Agreed to boost counterterrorism, defence & regional security cooperation, reinforcing peace in Central Asia.

📍 India @ UNHRC
✅ Elected unopposed for 7th term (2025–27) to the UN Human Rights Council, reaffirming India’s global human rights commitment.

📍 Samudra Shakti 2025 – Visakhapatnam
✅ India–Indonesia naval exercise featuring Harbour & Sea phases to strengthen maritime interoperability and regional security.

📍 Vivek Menon @ IUCN
✅ Indian conservationist Vivek Menon elected Chair of IUCN Species Survival Commission (2025–29) — first Indian to hold this global biodiversity role.

📍 WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (21st)
✅ CO₂ concentration: 423.9 ppm in 2024 (+3.5 ppm; record jump).
✅ 2024: Warmest year ever — 🌡️ +1.55°C above pre-industrial levels.
✅ Radiative forcing: +54% from long-lived greenhouse gases since 1990.

📍 India–Indonesia Aid
✅ India sent Prussian Blue capsules to Indonesia to treat radiation exposure from Cesium-137, showcasing regional humanitarian response.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ PLFS Sept 2025: Labour force participation rises to 55.3 %; female LFPR highest at 34.1 %.
✅ Jal Jeevan Mission crosses 15.71 cr rural tap connections, covering 80 % households.

📍 MoUs & INITIATIVES
✅ India–Mongolia sign 10 MoUs spanning heritage, minerals, cooperatives & digital links; India to offer free e-visas to Mongolians.

📍 STATEs
✅ Amit Shah marks 41st NSG Foundation Day, praising its elite legacy.

📍 APPOINTMENTS & OBITUARIES
✅ Anant Goenka elected FICCI President (2025–26).
✅ Mahavir Lunawat re-elected Chairman, AIBI.
✅ Raila Odinga (Former Kenya PM) passes away.

📍 AWARDS & BOOK
✅ Rajnath Singh releases “Ready, Relevant & Resurgent II” by CDS Gen. Anil Chauhan.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Coco Gauff wins Wuhan Open 2025, defeating Jessica Pegula in all-American final.

#CurrentAffairs

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Students’ Day – 15 Oct (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam).
✅ Global Handwashing Day – 15 Oct.
✅ White Cane Safety Day – 15 Oct.
✅ International Day of Rural Women – 15 Oct | Theme: “Rural Women Cultivating Good Food for All.”
✅ International E-Waste Day – 14 Oct | Theme: “Recycle Your E-Waste – It’s Critical!”

#Days
@AnmolVachan1