🔆 Koeppen’s Classification of Climate 🌦️

📍 Overview:
✅ The Koeppen Climate Classification, developed by Vladimir Koeppen, is the most widely used empirical system for classifying the world’s climates.
✅ It is called empirical because it is based on observed data (temperature, rainfall, vegetation) rather than theoretical logic.

📘 Basis of Classification:
🌿 Koeppen identified a close relationship between climate and natural vegetation.
🌡️ He selected specific temperature and precipitation thresholds corresponding to vegetation zones and used them to classify climates.

📍 Major Climatic Groups:
Koeppen recognized five major climate groups —
🔸 A, C, D, E → Humid climates (classified mainly by temperature)
🔸 B → Dry climates (classified mainly by precipitation)

📍 Symbols & Subdivisions:

🌦️ Seasonality of Dryness (small letters):
• f → No dry season
• m → Monsoon climate
• w → Winter dry season
• s → Summer dry season

🌡️ Temperature Severity (small letters):
• a, b, c, d → Indicate progressively cooler climates or shorter summers

🏜️ Subtypes under Dry (B) Climates (capital letters):
• S → Steppe (Semi-arid)
• W → Desert (Arid)

#Geography

🔆 Cistanthe longiscapa (Pata de Guanaco)

✅ Habitat: Native to the Atacama Desert, Chile — one of the driest places on Earth.
✅ Growth Cycle: Annual herb that blooms and completes its life cycle after sporadic rainfall.
✅ Adaptation: Uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) — opens stomata at night to absorb CO₂ and store it as malic acid, conserving water for desert survival.

#Environment

🔆 Polar Silk Road

✅ Initiative by: China
✅ Introduced in: Arctic Policy White Paper (2018)
✅ Route: Arctic sea lanes linking North America, East Asia, and Western Europe — offering shorter, cost-effective transport.
✅ Update: Chinese ship began voyage via Arctic Ocean from Ningbo-Zhoushan, launching the Polar Silk Route.

#IR #Geography

🔆 Kharsawan Massacre (1948): A Forgotten Tribal Uprising

📍 Historical Background:
✅ 1912 – Bengal Presidency partitioned; Bihar & Orissa formed.
✅ 1912 – First demand for a separate tribal state (Jharkhand) raised.
✅ 1930 – Simon Commission acknowledged region’s distinct identity.
✅ 1938 – Adivasi Mahasabha founded by Jaipal Singh Munda to lead tribal cause.

📍 Kharsawan’s Merger Issue:
✅ Post-Independence – Kharsawan & 24 princely states acceded to India, merging with Orissa.
✅ Adivasis opposed merger — sought a separate tribal state, not inclusion in Odisha or Bihar.

📍 The Massacre (1948):
✅ ~50,000 Adivasis gathered at Kharsawan to protest merger.
✅ Police opened fire — resulting in mass killings (estimates: dozens to thousands).
✅ Bodies disposed in wells; injured left untreated.

📍 Significance:
✅ Symbol of Adivasi resistance for self-determination and recognition.
✅ Remembered as a tragic milestone in Jharkhand’s statehood movement.

#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history

🔆 Australia: Quick Facts

📍 Capital: Canberra
📍 Update: India–Australia signed key defence pacts to boost military cooperation.

🌏 Location:
✅ Smallest continent, 6th largest country.
✅ Lies between the Indian Ocean (west) and Pacific Ocean (east).

🏜️ Deserts:
✅ Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami, Simpson, Gibson.

⛰️ Mountains:
✅ Great Dividing Range, Macdonnell Ranges.

🌊 Rivers:
✅ Murray-Darling, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan.

🐠 Natural Wonder:
✅ Great Barrier Reef — world’s largest coral reef system.

#Geography #cse

🔆 Pendency in the Supreme Court – A Growing Judicial Concern

📍 Current Data (Mid-2025):
✅ Total pending cases: 88,417 (highest ever)
✅ Fresh cases in a month: 7,078
✅ Disposed cases: 5,683 (≈80.3% of instituted cases)
✅ Pendency trend: Sharp rise after May 2025 despite full bench of 34 judges.

#Polity #CurrentAffairs #cse

UPPSC prelims paper

https://www.tg-me.com/testseries1

OPSC OCS GS PAPER 2024

https://www.tg-me.com/testseries1

UPPCS Prelims GS 2nd Paper [ CSAT]
Exam Date - 12 Oct. 2025.pdf

https://www.tg-me.com/testseries1

🔆 Subramania Bharati – The Mahakavi of Modern Tamil Nadu

📍 Who was he?
✅ Known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar, he was a Tamil poet, freedom fighter, and social reformer.
✅ Master of 32 languages, including 3 foreign ones — he believed all Indian languages were equal to English in richness and value.

📍 Role in Freedom Struggle:
✅ His nationalistic and reformist writings inspired people in Tamil Nadu to join India’s independence movement.
✅ His translation of “Vande Mataram” became a rallying cry for freedom fighters.

📍 Major Literary Works:
✅ Kaṇṇan Pattu (Songs to Krishna)
✅ Panchali Sapatham (Panchali’s Vow)
✅ Kuyil Pattu (Kuyil’s Song)
✅ Translated Vedic hymns, Yoga Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita into Tamil.

📍 Career Highlights:
✅ Began as Assistant Editor of Swadesamitran (1904).
✅ Later edited India (Tamil weekly) and Bala Bharatham (English paper) with M.P.T. Acharya.
✅ Collaborated with Sri Aurobindo on Arya and Karma Yogi journals in Pondicherry.

📍 Themes & Legacy:
✅ Writings blend patriotism, devotion, and mysticism — earning him the title “Lyrical Poet of India.”
✅ His poem Panchali Sapatham condemned social injustice and promoted women’s empowerment & reform.
✅ Faced British persecution and exile (1908) for his fearless voice.

Legacy: Bharati remains a symbol of linguistic pride, social reform, and poetic nationalism.

#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
       @upsc_4_history

🔆 Myanmar: Key Facts

📍 Capital: Nay Pyi Taw
📍 Update: Myanmar military conducted airstrikes on protesters.

🌏 Political Features:
✅ Located in western mainland Southeast Asia.
✅ Borders: China (N, NE), Laos (E), Thailand (SE), Bangladesh (W), India (NW).
✅ Water Bodies: Andaman Sea (S), Bay of Bengal (SW).

⛰️ Geographical Features:
✅ Mountains: Rakhine, Shan Plateau, Dawna, Tenasserim ranges.
✅ Highest Peak: Mount Hkakabo Razi.
✅ Rivers: Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittang, Salween, Yangon.

#Geography #cse

#Goodmorning 

⏳32 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳223 days  left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳312 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]

⏳27 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳55 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳49 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳118 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳279 days left CAPF AC 19 July

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

🔆 Bamiyan Buddhas

✅ Location: Bamiyan Valley, Central Afghanistan
✅ Built: 6th century CE
✅ Height: 115 ft & 174 ft statues carved into sandstone cliffs.
✅ Art Style: Gandharan Buddhist art — symbol of Buddhism’s spread in Central Asia.
✅ Destruction: Demolished by Taliban in 2001.
✅ UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site (2003).

#prelims
#art_and_culture

https://www.tg-me.com/CSE_EXAM
https://aratt.ai/@cse_exam_upsc

Bpsc mains result November

UGC NET December 2025
EXAMINATION
31st Dec - 07thJan

Ssc Gd final result 2025

🔆 Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project – J&K

✅ Type: Run-of-the-River project (minimal water storage).
✅ Capacity: 1,856 MW
✅ Location: Chenab River, districts Ramban & Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir (UT).
✅ Significance:
• First major hydropower project on Indus River system to get environmental clearance after suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).

#Geography #cse