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🔆 Economic Committees / Commissions in British India

📍 Lord Lansdowne (1888–1894)
✅ Hershell Committee (1893) – Chairman: Hershell
→ Suggested reforms in currency system.

✅ Opium Commission (1893) –
→ Investigated the effects of opium trade on public health.

📍 Lord Elgin (1894–1899)
✅ Henry Fowler Commission (1898) – Chairman: H. Fowler
→ Gave recommendations on currency and financial administration.

📍 Lord Curzon (1899–1905)
✅ Irrigation Commission (1901) – Chairman: Sir Wolvin Scott Monkinj
→ Planned irrigation expenditure and infrastructure improvements.

📍 Lord Hardinge (1910–1916)
✅ Maclagan Committee (1914–15) – Chairman: Maclagan
→ Advised on cooperative finances and rural credit systems.

📍 Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
✅ Linthigow Commission (1928) – Report by: Linlithgow
→ Studied agricultural problems and rural economy.

✅ Whitelay Commission (1929) – Chairman: J.H. Whitelay
→ Examined labour conditions in industries and plantations.

📍 Lord Wellington (1931–1936)
✅ Indian Measurement Committee (1935) – Chairman: Lary Hamand
→ Recommended inclusion of labour representation in Federal Assembly.

#history

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🔆 26 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ RBI’s gold reserves reach 880.18 tonnes (USD 95 bn) as of Sept 2025 — highest ever amid global price surge; central banks added 166 tonnes globally.

📍 BANKING & FINANCIAL
✅ SBI wins World’s Best Consumer Bank 2025 & Best Bank in India at Global Finance Awards, New York.
✅ India’s net FDI falls 159% (Aug 2025) — 2nd negative instance in FY26 as outflows exceed inflows; signals investor caution.
✅ Deloitte India Report: GDP forecast 6.7–6.9% (FY26), up 0.3 pts due to strong domestic demand.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ India re-elected Vice-Chair (Asia-Pacific) of COP10 Bureau under UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention (2025–27 term).
✅ PM Modi to attend 47th ASEAN Summit (26–28 Oct) virtually from Kuala Lumpur — theme: Inclusivity & Sustainability.
✅ Saudi Arabia officially abolishes Kafala system (June 2025), freeing millions of migrant workers.
✅ Iceland records mosquitoes for the first time*, signalling climate warming impact on sub-Arctic ecology.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ MeitY amends IT Rules 2025, mandating content removal only via Joint Secretary/DIG+ level orders for greater transparency.
✅ Consumer Affairs Ministry amends VOPPA Order 2025 — enforces mandatory edible oil registration & monthly reporting.
✅ NHAI deploys AI-based 3D laser survey vehicles for 20,933 km of highways — enabling real-time road health monitoring.
✅ CDSCO launches Online National Drug Licensing System (ONDLS) to track pharma solvent batches and prevent contamination.
✅ WCD Ministry wins award for PM-JANMAN implementation; 2,000+ Anganwadis operational in PVTG.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Army to raise 25 Bhairav light combat battalions in 6 months —
equipped with kamikaze drones & precision munitions.
✅ Army signs ₹2,770 cr contract for 4.25 lakh indigenous carbines from Bharat Forge (60%) & PLR Systems (40%).
✅ Sniper rifles upgraded to .338 calibre; 104 Javelin missiles & loitering munitions to enhance strike capabilities.

📍 STATES
✅ Manipur celebrates Ningol Chakouba Festival, honouring bond between married women & brothers.
✅ Chennai launches India’s first Real-Time Flood Forecasting System (RTFF-SDSS) across 4,974 sq km.
✅ Kerala to be declared India’s first extreme-poverty-free state on 1 Nov 2025.

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Iodine Deficiency Day – 21 Oct 2025.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Paul Kapur appointed US Asst. Secretary of State (South & Central Asia) under Trump administration.
✅ Justice Prathiba M. Singh becomes Chairperson, WIPO Advisory Board.

📍 OBITUARIES
✅ Eknath Vasant Chitnis (veteran space scientist) passes away at 100.

📍 AWARDS & BOOKS
✅ Sunil Amrith wins British Academy Book Prize 2025 for “The Burning Earth.”
✅ Rajnath Singh releases book “Civil–Military Fusion as a Metric of National Power” by Lt Gen Raj Shukla (Retd).

📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
✅ NASA confirms asteroid 2025 PN7 as Earth’s temporary quasi-moon, likely to stay until 2083.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Rohit Sharma overtakes Sourav Ganguly to become India’s 3rd-highest ODI run-scorer.
✅ 4th South Asian Athletics Championship begins in Ranchi (24–26 Oct) – 300 athletes, 37 golds at stake.
✅ India wins 3 medals at World Para Powerlifting Championships (Cairo 2025).
✅ India clinches silver at Sultan of Johor Cup 2025 (Hockey) after 1–2 loss to Australia.

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Frontier Technologies Reshaping Modern Warfare

📍 Emerging Domains:
✅ AI-Based Warfare: AI tools now assist in target selection, collateral damage assessment, and real-time battlefield decisions — e.g. AI-powered drones for precision strikes.

✅ Electromagnetic Warfare: Uses electromagnetic energy to disrupt or protect communications and radar systems, enhancing both offensive and defensive operations.

✅ Space Warfare: Involves operations in outer space using kinetic (ASAT weapons) and non-kinetic (cyber/electronic) means to secure space dominance.

✅ Cyber Attacks: Exploitation of digital systems to steal critical data or disable infrastructure, e.g. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant cyber breach.

📍 Key Concerns:
✅ Global Security Risks: Unequal tech access fuels asymmetric warfare and empowers non-state actors.
✅ Legal Voids: Absence of international laws governing use of frontier tech in warfare creates accountability gaps.
✅ Dual-Use Dilemma: Civilian tech (AI, drones, satellites) can be repurposed for military use.
✅ Ethical Issues: Algorithmic bias, unclear command responsibility, and AI arms race threats persist.

📍 India’s Strategic Initiatives:
✅ Defence AI Council (DAIC) & Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA): Institutional framework for AI integration in defence.
✅ Project Seeker: AI-based facial recognition & surveillance for military security.
✅ Antariksha Abhyas 2024: India’s first space warfare exercise integrating military and space capabilities.
✅ DRDO Young Scientists’ Labs: Focused on AI, robotics, and next-gen warfare innovation.

💬 Mains Q:
How are frontier technologies such as AI, cyber, and space systems redefining the future of warfare? Discuss India’s preparedness in this context.

#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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🔆 10th WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (2025)

📍 About the Report
✅ Released by World Health Organization (WHO) – tracks global progress in tobacco control since 2008.
✅ Based on implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).
✅ WHO’s MPOWER (2008) initiative supports FCTC’s demand-reduction strategies — aimed at reducing tobacco use, production, and availability.

📍 MPOWER Framework (6 Key Measures)
✅ M – Monitor tobacco use & prevention policies
✅ P – Protect people from tobacco smoke
✅ O – Offer help to quit tobacco
✅ W – Warn about the dangers of tobacco
✅ E – Enforce bans on advertising, promotion & sponsorship
✅ R – Raise taxes on tobacco

📍 Key Findings
✅ Since 2007, 155 countries have implemented at least one MPOWER measure, benefitting 6.1 billion people.
✅ Health warnings on cigarette packs have seen the most progress globally.
✅ India has enforced strict bans on tobacco advertising & promotion (TAPS) across all media.
✅ Tobacco taxation remains the least adopted measure — cigarettes remain affordable in India.
✅ India is the first country to extend tobacco control rules to digital streaming content.

#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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🔆 27 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ Forex reserves hit a record $702B, driven by gold holdings ($108.5B).
✅ HaRBInger 2025 — RBI’s 4th Global Hackathon on “Secure Banking through Identity & Integrity.”

📍 BANKING & ECONOMY
✅ SBI & BoB to set up Indian Digital Payment Intelligence Corp (₹500 cr) to curb cyber-fraud.
✅ IMF WEO: India’s GDP forecast 6.6% (FY26) – fastest among major economies.
✅ UPI daily volume touches ₹94,000 cr (Oct), record high.
✅ World Bank clears $280M loan to Kerala for elderly & chronic care.

📍 INTERNATIONAL & DIPLOMACY
✅ RBI pushes rupee internationalisation with Nepal, Bhutan & Sri Lanka – rupee lending, Vostro investments, transparent currency rates.
✅ India & Nigeria to open first IIT campus in Africa (FGA Suleja).
✅ Cyclone Montha intensifies over Bay of Bengal — Tamil Nadu, Odisha & Andhra on alert.
✅ IUCN Outlook 4: Only 57% of world natural sites in positive condition; Western Ghats & Sundarbans under concern.

📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
✅ Constitutional Morality — coined by George Grote, emphasised by B.R. Ambedkar for ethical conduct within constitutional limits.
✅ SC in Sabarimala (2018) equated public morality with constitutional morality.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Rajnath Singh unveils Shaurya Van (Jaisalmer) and new Defence Procurement Manual 2025.
✅ ICG commissions FPVs “Ajit” & “Aparajit.”
✅ IAF joins Exercise Ocean Sky 2025 (Spain) — first non-NATO participant.

📍 ENVIRONMENT & SCIENCE
✅ Hanle (Ladakh) named India’s first Dark Sky Reserve — managed by IIA Bengaluru & UT Ladakh inside Changthang WLS (4,250 m).
✅ IUCN lists Khangchendzonga NP as “Good”; others face climate & tourism threats.

📍 AGRICULTURE & STATES
✅ Tamil Nadu Cauvery Delta faces paddy crisis due to moisture cap (17%); state seeks relaxation to 22%.
✅ Kerala receives $280M World Bank aid; Tamil Nadu activates NDMA readiness for Cyclone Montha.

📍 APPOINTMENTS & AWARDS
✅ Shantha Rangaswamy becomes first woman President, ICA.
✅ Dr. Ashokkumar Veeramuthu listed among Top 2% Global Scientists (Stanford–Elsevier).

📍 SPORTS
✅ Pakistan withdraws from 2025 Junior Hockey World Cup.

#CurrentAffairs

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News- The Lokpal of India is under scrutiny after data revealed a sharp fall in complaints and for issuing a tender to procure 7 BMW cars

✅ What is Lokpal?

👉 The Lokpal of India is an independent statutory body established under Lokpal and lokayuts Act, 2013

👉 It was created to enquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries including the Prime Minister, MPs, and government officials.

👉 The act came into force on  16 January, 2014

👉 The first Lokpal was constituted in March 2019

✅ Members and composition

👉 Chairperson - Former supreme court judge (currently -A.M. Khanwilkar )

👉 Members - 7; includes for judicial and three non judicial members

👉 Appointment - by the President of India on the recommendation of a selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, speaker of Lok Sabha leader of opposition, chief Justice of India and an eminent Jurist.

✅ Functions and Powers

👉 Enquiry and investigation
👉 Jurisdiction
👉 Superintendance over the CBI in referred cases
👉 Prosecution powers
👉 Role as a quasi- judicial authority

✅ Current status

👉 Lokpal has received 6,995 complaints so far but only 289 led to preliminary inquiries
👉 Only seven cases have reached the prosecution stage
👉 Creation of a Prosecution wing 2025
👉 No publication of annual reports since 2021- 22
👉 Steep drop in complaints from 2023 to 2025
👉 Transparency deficit

✅ Way Ahead

👉 Digital transparency is required to develop a real time complaint dashboard
👉 To adopt a ethical prudence
👉 Autonomy and adequate staffing for enquiries
👉 Public Awareness
👉 Mandatory Annual report to increase accountability and transparency

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

🔆 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325–1351)

📍 Overview:
✅ Jauna Khan, one of the most controversial rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, known for his ambitious but often failed experiments.

📍 Major Experiments:
✅ Increased Land Revenue in Doab – Imposed higher taxes between Ganga–Yamuna to fund the army; failed due to famine and plague.
✅ Khurasan & Iraq Expedition – Raised a 3.7 lakh-strong army, paid in advance, but later disbanded, draining resources.
✅ Token Currency (Bronze Coins) – Introduced bronze coins equal to silver; counterfeiting led to redemption in gold/silver, exhausting the treasury.
✅ Capital Shift to Daulatabad (1327) – Moved Delhi’s population to Devagiri for better control; failed due to water shortage and hardships, forcing return to Delhi.

📍 Other Contributions:
✅ Built Adilabad Fort & Jahanpanah City.
✅ Established Diwan-i-Kohi (Agriculture Dept.) under Amir-i-Kohi; introduced Takavi loans for farmers.
✅ Patron of calligraphy, Arabic, Persian, astronomy, philosophy & mathematics.
✅ Welcomed Ibn Battuta (1334) as Qazi of Delhi.
✅ Repelled Mongol invasion (1327) led by Tarmashirin.
✅ Lost control over South India, leading to rise of Vijayanagar, Bahmani & Madura Sultanates.

📍 Legacy:
✅ Remembered as a visionary ruler with poor execution, combining intellectual brilliance with administrative impracticality.

💬 Mains Question:
Discuss how Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s experiments reflected both administrative innovation and failure.

#history

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🔆 Amaravati School of Art (2nd Century BCE – 3rd Century CE)

✅ Origin & Development
• Flourished around Amaravati (Dhānyakaṭaka), Andhra Pradesh
• Purely indigenous style — free from foreign influence (unlike Gandhara)
• Major centres: Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala, Ter (Maharashtra)

✅ Patronage
• Satavahanas → primary patrons
• Later supported by Ikshvakus, merchants & guilds

✅ Main Remains
• Amaravati Stupa — among India’s largest, carved in greenish-white limestone
• Reliefs preserved in Chennai Museum & British Museum (Elliot Marbles)

✅ Themes & Style
• Dominated by Buddhism (Hinayana → Mahayana)
• Narrative panels show Buddha’s life & Jataka tales
• Secular scenes – dance, music, everyday life
• Sculptures show:
– Graceful lines & rounded forms
– Crowded yet unified compositions
– Dynamic movement, depth & naturalism

✅ Material Used
• White/cream limestone → gave a marble-like finish, called “Amaravati Marbles”

✅ Artistic Transition
• Marks change from aniconic (symbols) to iconic (Buddha images) representation

📍 Essence:
Amaravati art embodies refined narrative sculpture, indigenous elegance, and spiritual symbolism, standing apart from Gandhara’s realism and Mathura’s robust vitality.

💬 UPSC Mains Q:
“Discuss the distinctive features of the Amaravati School of Art and its contribution to Buddhist artistic tradition.”

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Snow Leopard

✅ Range: Found across 12 Asian countries; in India — J&K, Ladakh, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
✅ Status:
• IUCN: Vulnerable
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅ Declared as: State Animal of Ladakh & Himachal Pradesh.
✅ Traits: Solitary, silent (don’t roar), active at dawn & dusk.

#Environment #cse

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