🔆 Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures – A Mirror to Social Life

📍 Overview
✅ Medieval Indian temples were not just places of worship — they were living chronicles of the era’s social, cultural, and political life.
✅ Carved on temple walls, pillars, and gateways, these sculptures offer insight into the daily activities, hierarchies, beliefs, and artistic excellence of medieval India.

📍 Key Highlights
✅ Social Hierarchy: Temples like Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) depict nobles with ornaments and commoners in simpler attire, reflecting class distinctions.
✅ Political Power: Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) showcases carvings of rulers and warriors, symbolizing royal authority.
✅ Occupations: Sun Temple (Konark) highlights professions such as potters, smiths, and weavers — celebrating skilled craftsmanship.
✅ Religious Harmony: Elephanta Caves represent both Hindu and Buddhist influences, underscoring spiritual coexistence.
✅ Women in Society: Khajuraho sculptures portray women as dancers, musicians, and devotees, signifying their cultural and religious importance.
✅ Education & Scholarship: Nalanda temples stand as centers of intellectual pursuit and knowledge dissemination.
✅ Nature & Art: Motifs of flora and fauna — like those at Sanchi Stupa — illustrate humanity’s close bond with nature.

📍 Significance
✅ These sculptures reflect Bhakti and Sufi influences, social reforms, and the aesthetic ideals of their times.
✅ They serve as a visual encyclopedia of medieval Indian civilization — documenting not just faith, but the rhythm of life itself.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Mini Warm Pool (MWP) – Key Facts
📍 Source: Down To Earth (DTE)

✅ Location: A small region of unusually warm sea surface water in the southeastern Arabian Sea, near the Kerala coast.
✅ Formation Period: Develops every year in April–May, just before the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
✅ Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) often exceeds 30°C — the warmest in the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon months.
✅ Variability: Strength and extent vary year to year, influenced by El Niño and large-scale climate patterns.

📍 Role in Monsoon Onset:
✅ Induces local convection, drawing southwesterly monsoon winds toward Kerala.
✅ Acts as a precursor that helps initiate the monsoon.

📍 Link with El Niño & Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect:
✅ El Niño’s delayed impact (4–5 months) influences the Indian Ocean via this effect — it “stores” and “releases” Pacific heat later.
✅ Easterly winds from this effect reduce surface cooling → strengthen MWP.
✅ Strong MWP creates local low pressure, pulling moisture to Kerala and self-correcting El Niño’s delaying impact.

📍 Importance for Forecasting:
✅ Monitoring MWP improves monsoon prediction accuracy.
✅ Helps farmers, policymakers, and water managers plan better.
✅ Demonstrates Pacific–Indian Ocean coupling and how small oceanic zones influence continental-scale weather.

#Geography

🔆 Quantum-Based True Random Numbers

✅ Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI)
✅ Need: Random numbers secure encryption, authentication & cybersecurity.
✅ Issue: Current systems use pseudorandom (algorithm-based) numbers — predictable by quantum computers.
✅ Innovation: Uses natural quantum processes (e.g., radioactivity) to create truly random, unpredictable numbers, enhancing digital security.

#ScienceTech #cse

🔆 Women in India’s Workforce – Key Facts & Government Efforts (2025)

📍 Current Status
✅ Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): ~37% (World Bank, 2025) – steady rise from 23% in 2017.
✅ Urban Women: 26% participation; Rural Women: over 41%.
✅ Sectors: Majority in agriculture, informal & care sectors; rising entry into services & startups.
✅ Self-employment: Women constitute over 20% of India’s entrepreneurs (Startup India data).

📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ Mission Shakti (MoWCD): Umbrella programme combining Sambal (safety) & Samarthya (empowerment).
✅ One-Stop Centres: Support for violence-affected women across all districts.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): ~70% women beneficiaries, fostering micro-enterprise growth.
✅ Startup India “Prabhaav” platform: Tracks impact of women-led startups.
✅ Skill Development & Digital Literacy: Focus on Aspirational Districts & rural skilling for women’s employability.

📍 Challenges
❌ Persistent gender pay gap & under-representation in formal jobs.
❌ Care burden and lack of safe workplaces limit participation.
❌ Need for formalisation, childcare infrastructure & flexible work policies.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Boost formal job creation & credit access.
✅ Strengthen Mission Shakti convergence at grassroots.
✅ Promote STEM & leadership roles for women.
✅ Institutionalise gender budgeting across ministries.

✨ #WomenEmpowerment #InclusiveGrowth

🔆 Green Hydrogen Hubs – MNRE

✅ Recognised Ports:
• Deendayal (Gujarat)
• V.O. Chidambaranar (Tamil Nadu)
• Paradip (Odisha)

✅ Purpose: Boost clean fuel innovation, green investments & industrial participation.

📍 About NGHM (National Green Hydrogen Mission):
✅ Launch: Jan 2023
✅ Goal: Make India a Global Hub for Green Hydrogen production, use & export.
✅ Target: 5 MMT Green Hydrogen/year by 2030

#Environment #cse

🔆 Govt Initiatives to Strengthen Microfinance

✅ SHG–Bank Linkage: Expands SHG credit access; shifts focus to income-generating activities.
✅ PM MUDRA Yojana: Provides collateral-free micro loans to small businesses.
✅ NABARD Refinance: Offers long-term funds to MFIs to boost lending capacity.

#cse

🔆 Temple Discoveries Highlight Chalukya Expansion
📍 Location – Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda district, Telangana

📍 About the Discovery
✅ Archaeologists from Public Research Institute of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) unearthed two ancient temples and a rare inscription from the Badami Chalukyan period.

📍 Key Highlights
✅ Temples: Dated between 543–750 AD, during the Badami Chalukya rule.
• Blend of Badami Chalukyan and Kadamba Nagara styles under Rekha Nagara format.
• One temple revealed an apanavattam (base of a Shiva lingam).
• Another yielded a Vishnu idol.

✅ Inscription: Mentions ‘Gandaloranru’, dated to the 8th–9th century AD.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

📍 Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
✅ Triggered by crop failure and drought in Kheda, Gujarat.
✅ Led by Sardar Patel with Gandhi’s support, demanding remission of land tax.
✅ Outcome – Tax suspended, rates reduced, and confiscated property returned.

📍 Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
✅ Protest against land revenue hike in Gujarat.
✅ Led by Patel; women bestowed on him the title “Sardar.”
✅ Ended with government conceding to peasants’ demands.

📍 Role in Constituent Assembly
✅ Chairman:
• Committee on Fundamental Rights & Minorities
• Provincial Constitution Committee
✅ Presided over Karachi Session (1931) that adopted Fundamental Rights & Economic Policy.

📍 Statue of Unity
✅ 182 m statue at Kevadia (Ekta Nagar), facing Sardar Sarovar Dam — world’s tallest statue.

📍 National Unity Day (31 October)
✅ Celebrated to honour Sardar Patel’s birth anniversary and his role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union.

#history

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🔆 Rogue Planet

✅ Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
✅ Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
✅ Orbit: No parent star — moves independently through space.
✅ Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.

#Science_and_Technology #cse

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🔆 India Hosts 8th Session of Codex Committee on Spices & Culinary Herbs (CCSCH-8)

📍 Venue: Guwahati | Date: 17 Oct 2025 | Source: PIB Delhi

✅ Key Outcome: Finalized Codex standards for large cardamom, vanilla, and coriander — boosting global spice quality and trade benchmarks.
✅ Organised by: Spices Board India under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry; operates within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO & WHO).
✅ Significance:
• Ensures uniform global benchmarks for spice quality and safety.
• Enhances India’s export competitiveness as a leading producer of cardamom and coriander.
• Strengthens India’s role as a trusted partner in the global spice trade.
✅ Participation: Delegates from 30 countries, emphasizing science-based, harmonized, and fair-trade standards.

📍 Mains Question:
How does India’s leadership in Codex standard-setting strengthen its position in global agri-trade and promote food safety diplomacy?

#Agriculture

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