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πŸ”† Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures – A Mirror to Social Life

πŸ“ Overview
βœ… Medieval Indian temples were not just places of worship β€” they were living chronicles of the era’s social, cultural, and political life.
βœ… Carved on temple walls, pillars, and gateways, these sculptures offer insight into the daily activities, hierarchies, beliefs, and artistic excellence of medieval India.

πŸ“ Key Highlights
βœ… Social Hierarchy: Temples like Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) depict nobles with ornaments and commoners in simpler attire, reflecting class distinctions.
βœ… Political Power: Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) showcases carvings of rulers and warriors, symbolizing royal authority.
βœ… Occupations: Sun Temple (Konark) highlights professions such as potters, smiths, and weavers β€” celebrating skilled craftsmanship.
βœ… Religious Harmony: Elephanta Caves represent both Hindu and Buddhist influences, underscoring spiritual coexistence.
βœ… Women in Society: Khajuraho sculptures portray women as dancers, musicians, and devotees, signifying their cultural and religious importance.
βœ… Education & Scholarship: Nalanda temples stand as centers of intellectual pursuit and knowledge dissemination.
βœ… Nature & Art: Motifs of flora and fauna β€” like those at Sanchi Stupa β€” illustrate humanity’s close bond with nature.

πŸ“ Significance
βœ… These sculptures reflect Bhakti and Sufi influences, social reforms, and the aesthetic ideals of their times.
βœ… They serve as a visual encyclopedia of medieval Indian civilization β€” documenting not just faith, but the rhythm of life itself.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
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πŸ”† Mini Warm Pool (MWP) – Key Facts
πŸ“ Source: Down To Earth (DTE)

βœ… Location: A small region of unusually warm sea surface water in the southeastern Arabian Sea, near the Kerala coast.
βœ… Formation Period: Develops every year in April–May, just before the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
βœ… Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) often exceeds 30Β°C β€” the warmest in the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon months.
βœ… Variability: Strength and extent vary year to year, influenced by El NiΓ±o and large-scale climate patterns.

πŸ“ Role in Monsoon Onset:
βœ… Induces local convection, drawing southwesterly monsoon winds toward Kerala.
βœ… Acts as a precursor that helps initiate the monsoon.

πŸ“ Link with El NiΓ±o & Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect:
βœ… El NiΓ±o’s delayed impact (4–5 months) influences the Indian Ocean via this effect β€” it β€œstores” and β€œreleases” Pacific heat later.
βœ… Easterly winds from this effect reduce surface cooling β†’ strengthen MWP.
βœ… Strong MWP creates local low pressure, pulling moisture to Kerala and self-correcting El NiΓ±o’s delaying impact.

πŸ“ Importance for Forecasting:
βœ… Monitoring MWP improves monsoon prediction accuracy.
βœ… Helps farmers, policymakers, and water managers plan better.
βœ… Demonstrates Pacific–Indian Ocean coupling and how small oceanic zones influence continental-scale weather.

#Geography
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πŸ”† Quantum-Based True Random Numbers

βœ… Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI)
βœ… Need: Random numbers secure encryption, authentication & cybersecurity.
βœ… Issue: Current systems use pseudorandom (algorithm-based) numbers β€” predictable by quantum computers.
βœ… Innovation: Uses natural quantum processes (e.g., radioactivity) to create truly random, unpredictable numbers, enhancing digital security.

#ScienceTech #cse
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doc20251013665001.pdf
1.9 MB
πŸ”† Women in India’s Workforce – Key Facts & Government Efforts (2025)

πŸ“ Current Status
βœ… Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): ~37% (World Bank, 2025) – steady rise from 23% in 2017.
βœ… Urban Women: 26% participation; Rural Women: over 41%.
βœ… Sectors: Majority in agriculture, informal & care sectors; rising entry into services & startups.
βœ… Self-employment: Women constitute over 20% of India’s entrepreneurs (Startup India data).

πŸ“ Key Government Initiatives
βœ… Mission Shakti (MoWCD): Umbrella programme combining Sambal (safety) & Samarthya (empowerment).
βœ… One-Stop Centres: Support for violence-affected women across all districts.
βœ… Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): ~70% women beneficiaries, fostering micro-enterprise growth.
βœ… Startup India β€œPrabhaav” platform: Tracks impact of women-led startups.
βœ… Skill Development & Digital Literacy: Focus on Aspirational Districts & rural skilling for women’s employability.

πŸ“ Challenges
❌ Persistent gender pay gap & under-representation in formal jobs.
❌ Care burden and lack of safe workplaces limit participation.
❌ Need for formalisation, childcare infrastructure & flexible work policies.

πŸ“ Way Forward
βœ… Boost formal job creation & credit access.
βœ… Strengthen Mission Shakti convergence at grassroots.
βœ… Promote STEM & leadership roles for women.
βœ… Institutionalise gender budgeting across ministries.

✨ #WomenEmpowerment #InclusiveGrowth
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πŸ”† Green Hydrogen Hubs – MNRE

βœ… Recognised Ports:
β€’ Deendayal (Gujarat)
β€’ V.O. Chidambaranar (Tamil Nadu)
β€’ Paradip (Odisha)

βœ… Purpose: Boost clean fuel innovation, green investments & industrial participation.

πŸ“ About NGHM (National Green Hydrogen Mission):
βœ… Launch: Jan 2023
βœ… Goal: Make India a Global Hub for Green Hydrogen production, use & export.
βœ… Target: 5 MMT Green Hydrogen/year by 2030

#Environment #cse
πŸ”† Govt Initiatives to Strengthen Microfinance

βœ… SHG–Bank Linkage: Expands SHG credit access; shifts focus to income-generating activities.
βœ… PM MUDRA Yojana: Provides collateral-free micro loans to small businesses.
βœ… NABARD Refinance: Offers long-term funds to MFIs to boost lending capacity.

#cse
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πŸ”† Temple Discoveries Highlight Chalukya Expansion
πŸ“ Location – Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda district, Telangana

πŸ“ About the Discovery
βœ… Archaeologists from Public Research Institute of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) unearthed two ancient temples and a rare inscription from the Badami Chalukyan period.

πŸ“ Key Highlights
βœ… Temples: Dated between 543–750 AD, during the Badami Chalukya rule.
β€’ Blend of Badami Chalukyan and Kadamba Nagara styles under Rekha Nagara format.
β€’ One temple revealed an apanavattam (base of a Shiva lingam).
β€’ Another yielded a Vishnu idol.

βœ… Inscription: Mentions β€˜Gandaloranru’, dated to the 8th–9th century AD.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
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πŸ”† Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

πŸ“ Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
βœ… Triggered by crop failure and drought in Kheda, Gujarat.
βœ… Led by Sardar Patel with Gandhi’s support, demanding remission of land tax.
βœ… Outcome – Tax suspended, rates reduced, and confiscated property returned.

πŸ“ Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
βœ… Protest against land revenue hike in Gujarat.
βœ… Led by Patel; women bestowed on him the title β€œSardar.”
βœ… Ended with government conceding to peasants’ demands.

πŸ“ Role in Constituent Assembly
βœ… Chairman:
β€’ Committee on Fundamental Rights & Minorities
β€’ Provincial Constitution Committee
βœ… Presided over Karachi Session (1931) that adopted Fundamental Rights & Economic Policy.

πŸ“ Statue of Unity
βœ… 182 m statue at Kevadia (Ekta Nagar), facing Sardar Sarovar Dam β€” world’s tallest statue.

πŸ“ National Unity Day (31 October)
βœ… Celebrated to honour Sardar Patel’s birth anniversary and his role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union.

#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
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#Goodmorning

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πŸ”† Rogue Planet

βœ… Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
βœ… Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
βœ… Orbit: No parent star β€” moves independently through space.
βœ… Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.

#Science_and_Technology #cse
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❀1
#Goodmorning

⏳25 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
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⏳20 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
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πŸ”† India Hosts 8th Session of Codex Committee on Spices & Culinary Herbs (CCSCH-8)

πŸ“ Venue: Guwahati | Date: 17 Oct 2025 | Source: PIB Delhi

βœ… Key Outcome: Finalized Codex standards for large cardamom, vanilla, and coriander β€” boosting global spice quality and trade benchmarks.
βœ… Organised by: Spices Board India under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry; operates within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO & WHO).
βœ… Significance:
β€’ Ensures uniform global benchmarks for spice quality and safety.
β€’ Enhances India’s export competitiveness as a leading producer of cardamom and coriander.
β€’ Strengthens India’s role as a trusted partner in the global spice trade.
βœ… Participation: Delegates from 30 countries, emphasizing science-based, harmonized, and fair-trade standards.

πŸ“ Mains Question:
How does India’s leadership in Codex standard-setting strengthen its position in global agri-trade and promote food safety diplomacy?

#Agriculture
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO Anmol vachan
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