🔆Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki:
✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
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✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Shipki La Pass Reopened: Key Facts
✅ Himachal Pradesh reopened Shipki La Pass for tourists.
✅ It was an old trade route between India and Tibet.
✅ Trade included wool, salt, grains, and turquoise.
✅ It shortens Delhi–Mansarovar route by 14 days.
✅ Strong cultural ties exist across the India-China border here.
✅ Reopening can boost tourism, jobs, and people-to-people contact.
✅ May support soft diplomacy and regional peace.
✅ Himachal Pradesh reopened Shipki La Pass for tourists.
✅ It was an old trade route between India and Tibet.
✅ Trade included wool, salt, grains, and turquoise.
✅ It shortens Delhi–Mansarovar route by 14 days.
✅ Strong cultural ties exist across the India-China border here.
✅ Reopening can boost tourism, jobs, and people-to-people contact.
✅ May support soft diplomacy and regional peace.
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🔆 Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) – Climate Indicator
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
🔆 External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword
📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Melting Himalayan Glaciers: Cascading Effects on India’s Water Resources
(UPSC 2020, 2013)
✅ Accelerated glacial melt, driven by climate change, threatens India’s water security
✅ Himalayan glaciers feed Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus – vital for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water
✅ Initial melt may cause flooding (e.g., Uttarakhand 2013)
✅ Long-term effects: reduced river flows during dry seasons
✅ May trigger:
• Water shortages
• Crop failures
• Interstate water conflicts
• Decline in groundwater recharge, esp. in Indo-Gangetic Plain
• Disrupted monsoons → strain on water systems
🔁 Urgent need for:
➡️ Sustainable adaptation strategies
➡️ Efficient water management practices
#geography
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
(UPSC 2020, 2013)
✅ Accelerated glacial melt, driven by climate change, threatens India’s water security
✅ Himalayan glaciers feed Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus – vital for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water
✅ Initial melt may cause flooding (e.g., Uttarakhand 2013)
✅ Long-term effects: reduced river flows during dry seasons
✅ May trigger:
• Water shortages
• Crop failures
• Interstate water conflicts
• Decline in groundwater recharge, esp. in Indo-Gangetic Plain
• Disrupted monsoons → strain on water systems
🔁 Urgent need for:
➡️ Sustainable adaptation strategies
➡️ Efficient water management practices
#geography
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Cook Islands
📍Political Status:
✅A self-governing nation in free association with New Zealand. It was formerly a dependent New Zealand colony from 1901 to 1965.
✅Citizens of the Cook Islands are also citizens of New Zealand.
✅Administrative Centre: Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga.
✅Geography: Situated in Polynesia, Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean.
Located northeast of New Zealand, between American Samoa and French Polynesia.
✅It comprises 15 islands, formed by volcanic activity, with a total land area of approximately 236.7 sq km.
📍Political Status:
✅A self-governing nation in free association with New Zealand. It was formerly a dependent New Zealand colony from 1901 to 1965.
✅Citizens of the Cook Islands are also citizens of New Zealand.
✅Administrative Centre: Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga.
✅Geography: Situated in Polynesia, Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean.
Located northeast of New Zealand, between American Samoa and French Polynesia.
✅It comprises 15 islands, formed by volcanic activity, with a total land area of approximately 236.7 sq km.
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Her GS scores = Gold 🥇
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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