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🔆Mount Ibu Erupts in Indonesia

📍Recent Eruption
🌋Mount Ibu, located on Halmahera Island, erupted, spewing an ash tower over 5 km high.
⚠️Authorities raised the alert level to the second-highest last week.
✅No damage or casualties were reported.

📍About Mount Ibu
📏Height: 1,325-meter stratovolcano with a truncated summit and nested craters.
🌎Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for intense volcanic activity.
🔥History of frequent eruptions with lava flows, ash plumes, and pyroclastic activity.

📍What are Stratovolcanoes?
🏔Structure: Steep-sided cones formed by layers of viscous lava and ash.
🌐Location: Found above subduction zones like the Ring of Fire.
💥Prone to explosive eruptions due to gas buildup in magma.
🌋Make up 60% of Earth’s volcanoes.

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🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights

📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024)
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore


🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat

🌱 Major Crops Overview

🌾 Rice
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+

🌾 Wheat
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm

🌽 Maize
✅ Global Producers: USA
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌾 Sugarcane
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm

🌿 Tea
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm

☕️ Coffee
✅ Global Producers: Brazil
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C

🌾 Cotton
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌱 Other Important Crops

🌿 Groundnut
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh

🌻 Sunflower
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha

🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh

🌾 Jute and Mesta
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam

🌱 Rubber
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 25°C+
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+

#AGRICULTURE

🔆 Gandikota Canyon: The Grand Canyon of India
📍 Location
🏞 The Gandikota Canyon, created by the Pennar River, is located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
✅ Over millions of years, the Pennar River eroded the rocks, carving a deep canyon with steep, jagged walls in shades of red, resembling the Grand Canyon in the US.
✅ The Pennar River flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, making it a key river in South India.

📍 Cultural and Historical Significance
✅ The canyon houses the 12th-century Gandikota Fort, which includes: House of the Drum, Charminar, Jail, and Red Koneru (a water tank).
✅ Inside the fort, the Madhavaraya Swamy Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.


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🔆 Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb Islands

📍 Location
✅ The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
✅ Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.

📍 Recent Context
✅ Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
✅ Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

📍 Significance
✅ Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
✅ Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.

📍 Current Status
✅ Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.

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🔆 The Blue Line: UN-Recognized Demarcation

📍 What is the Blue Line?
✅ A 120-km United Nations-recognized demarcation, established in 2000 to mark the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon.

📍 Key Features
✅ Separates Lebanon from Israel and the Golan Heights.
✅ Not recognized as an official international border.
✅ Marked by blue barrels, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Golan Heights.

📍 Significance
✅ Serves as a buffer zone to reduce conflicts between Lebanon and Israel.
✅ Highlights the ongoing disputes in the Middle East over territorial boundaries.


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🔆Goma:

✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.

Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.

📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):

✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.

✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.

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Economic Survey Complete 2024-25 hindi

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Ghaggar River:

✅The Ghaggar River is an intermittent river that flows in India and Pakistan (Hakra).
✅The river flows only during the monsoon season.
✅It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Haryana and Rajasthan before disappearing into the Thar Desert.
✅This seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.
✅The Hakra, which flows in Pakistan, is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India, and they are together called the Ghaggar-Hakra River.
📍Historical Significance:
✅Several historians identify Ghaggar with the Vedic Saraswati River.
✅Along the banks of the Ghaggar River, many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been excavated.
✅It is believed that the rivers Sutlej and Yamuna once flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra river bed.
✅Tributaries: The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the Kaushalya, Markanda, Sarsuti, Tangri and Chautang.

#River_Series
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Darfur Region:
✅Darfur is a region in western Sudan.
It lies between Kordofan to the east and Wadai to the west and extended southward to the Al-Ghazāl (Gazelle) River and northward to the Libyan Desert.
✅It consists of an immense rolling plain that has an area of approximately 440,000 sq.km.
✅The volcanic highlands of the Marrah Mountains dominate the central part of this plain.
✅It was an independent sultanate until annexed by Sudan in 1916.
✅The name “Darfur” is derived from “dar fur,” meaning “the land of the Fur” in Arabic.

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Kurdistan Region: Key Facts

📍 Country: Iraq (Semi-Autonomous)
🏛 Capital: Erbil
📌 Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja
🏛 Political Structure: Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) operates autonomously, but its authority is contested by Iraq’s central government.

🌍 Borders:
🇹🇷 Turkey | 🇮🇷 Iran | 🇸🇾 Syria | 🇮🇶 Baghdad-controlled Iraq

🏔 Geographical Features:
🗻 Mountains: Zagros Mountains form natural borders with Iran & Turkey.
🌊 Rivers: Tigris & Greater Zab support agriculture & settlements.
🌡 Climate: Continental—hot summers, cold winters, shaped by mountainous terrain.

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🔆 Blue Holes: Nature’s Mysterious Sinkholes

📍 What is a Blue Hole?
✅ Blue holes are vertical, water-filled sinkholes found in coastal regions, formed when soluble rocks like limestone, marble, or gypsum collapse after being dissolved by surface water.
✅ Famous examples include:
Dean's Blue Hole, Bahamas.
Dahab Blue Hole, Egypt.
Great Blue Hole, Belize.

📍 About Taam Ja' Blue Hole
✅ Located in Chetumal Bay, off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
✅ Holds the title of the deepest known underwater sinkhole, extending at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level.
✅ Scientists believe it may be connected to a complex network of submarine caves and tunnels.

📍 Significance of Blue Holes
✅ Provide insight into geological processes and marine ecosystems.
✅ Act as time capsules, preserving ancient fossils and climate data.
✅ Offer opportunities for scientific exploration and discovery.

#Geography