๐Mount Ibu Erupts in Indonesia
๐Recent Eruption
๐Mount Ibu, located on Halmahera Island, erupted, spewing an ash tower over 5 km high.
โ ๏ธAuthorities raised the alert level to the second-highest last week.
โ No damage or casualties were reported.
๐About Mount Ibu
๐Height: 1,325-meter stratovolcano with a truncated summit and nested craters.
๐Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for intense volcanic activity.
๐ฅHistory of frequent eruptions with lava flows, ash plumes, and pyroclastic activity.
๐What are Stratovolcanoes?
๐Structure: Steep-sided cones formed by layers of viscous lava and ash.
๐Location: Found above subduction zones like the Ring of Fire.
๐ฅProne to explosive eruptions due to gas buildup in magma.
๐Make up 60% of Earthโs volcanoes.
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๐Recent Eruption
๐Mount Ibu, located on Halmahera Island, erupted, spewing an ash tower over 5 km high.
โ ๏ธAuthorities raised the alert level to the second-highest last week.
โ No damage or casualties were reported.
๐About Mount Ibu
๐Height: 1,325-meter stratovolcano with a truncated summit and nested craters.
๐Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for intense volcanic activity.
๐ฅHistory of frequent eruptions with lava flows, ash plumes, and pyroclastic activity.
๐What are Stratovolcanoes?
๐Structure: Steep-sided cones formed by layers of viscous lava and ash.
๐Location: Found above subduction zones like the Ring of Fire.
๐ฅProne to explosive eruptions due to gas buildup in magma.
๐Make up 60% of Earthโs volcanoes.
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๐พ Indiaโs Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights
๐ Food Subsidy Trends (2017โ2024)
โ 2017-18: โน1,00,000 crore
โ 2018-19: โน1,20,000 crore
โ 2019-20: โน1,50,000 crore
โ 2020-21:โน6,00,000 crore(Peak)
โ 2021-22: โน2,50,000 crore
โ 2022-23: โน3,00,000 crore
โ 2023-24: โน2,50,000 crore
๐พ State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
โ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
โ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
โ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
โ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat
๐ฑ Major Crops Overview
๐พ Rice
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
โ Temperature: 21โ37ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 100 cm+
๐พ Wheat
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
โ Temperature: 10โ25ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ75 cm
๐ฝ Maize
โ Global Producers: USA
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ100 cm
๐พ Sugarcane
โ Global Producers: Brazil > India
โ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 75โ100 cm
๐ฟ Tea
โ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
โ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
โ Temperature: 20โ30ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 150โ300 cm
โ๏ธ Coffee
โ Global Producers: Brazil
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
โ Temperature: 15โ28ยฐC
๐พ Cotton
โ Global Producers: China > India > USA
โ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ100 cm
๐ฑ Other Important Crops
๐ฟ Groundnut
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh
๐ป Sunflower
โ Global Producers: Ukraine
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha
๐พ Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
โ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh
๐พ Jute and Mesta
โ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
โ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam
๐ฑ Rubber
โ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
โ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
โ Temperature: 25ยฐC+
โ Rainfall: 200 cm+
#AGRICULTURE
๐ Food Subsidy Trends (2017โ2024)
โ 2017-18: โน1,00,000 crore
โ 2018-19: โน1,20,000 crore
โ 2019-20: โน1,50,000 crore
โ 2020-21:โน6,00,000 crore(Peak)
โ 2021-22: โน2,50,000 crore
โ 2022-23: โน3,00,000 crore
โ 2023-24: โน2,50,000 crore
๐พ State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
โ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
โ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
โ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
โ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat
๐ฑ Major Crops Overview
๐พ Rice
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
โ Temperature: 21โ37ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 100 cm+
๐พ Wheat
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
โ Temperature: 10โ25ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ75 cm
๐ฝ Maize
โ Global Producers: USA
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ100 cm
๐พ Sugarcane
โ Global Producers: Brazil > India
โ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 75โ100 cm
๐ฟ Tea
โ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
โ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
โ Temperature: 20โ30ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 150โ300 cm
โ๏ธ Coffee
โ Global Producers: Brazil
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
โ Temperature: 15โ28ยฐC
๐พ Cotton
โ Global Producers: China > India > USA
โ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
โ Temperature: 21โ27ยฐC
โ Rainfall: 50โ100 cm
๐ฑ Other Important Crops
๐ฟ Groundnut
โ Global Producers: China > India
โ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh
๐ป Sunflower
โ Global Producers: Ukraine
โ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha
๐พ Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
โ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh
๐พ Jute and Mesta
โ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
โ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam
๐ฑ Rubber
โ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
โ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
โ Temperature: 25ยฐC+
โ Rainfall: 200 cm+
#AGRICULTURE
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๐ Gandikota Canyon: The Grand Canyon of India
๐ Location
๐ The Gandikota Canyon, created by the Pennar River, is located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
โ Over millions of years, the Pennar River eroded the rocks, carving a deep canyon with steep, jagged walls in shades of red, resembling the Grand Canyon in the US.
โ The Pennar River flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, making it a key river in South India.
๐ Cultural and Historical Significance
โ The canyon houses the 12th-century Gandikota Fort, which includes: House of the Drum, Charminar, Jail, and Red Koneru (a water tank).
โ Inside the fort, the Madhavaraya Swamy Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
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๐ Location
๐ The Gandikota Canyon, created by the Pennar River, is located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
โ Over millions of years, the Pennar River eroded the rocks, carving a deep canyon with steep, jagged walls in shades of red, resembling the Grand Canyon in the US.
โ The Pennar River flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, making it a key river in South India.
๐ Cultural and Historical Significance
โ The canyon houses the 12th-century Gandikota Fort, which includes: House of the Drum, Charminar, Jail, and Red Koneru (a water tank).
โ Inside the fort, the Madhavaraya Swamy Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
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๐ Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb Islands
๐ Location
โ The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
โ Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.
๐ Recent Context
โ Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
โ Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
๐ Significance
โ Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
โ Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.
๐ Current Status
โ Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.
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๐ Location
โ The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
โ Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.
๐ Recent Context
โ Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
โ Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
๐ Significance
โ Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
โ Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.
๐ Current Status
โ Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
๐12โค1
๐ The Blue Line: UN-Recognized Demarcation
๐ What is the Blue Line?
โ A 120-km United Nations-recognized demarcation, established in 2000 to mark the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon.
๐ Key Features
โ Separates Lebanon from Israel and the Golan Heights.
โ Not recognized as an official international border.
โ Marked by blue barrels, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Golan Heights.
๐ Significance
โ Serves as a buffer zone to reduce conflicts between Lebanon and Israel.
โ Highlights the ongoing disputes in the Middle East over territorial boundaries.
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๐ What is the Blue Line?
โ A 120-km United Nations-recognized demarcation, established in 2000 to mark the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon.
๐ Key Features
โ Separates Lebanon from Israel and the Golan Heights.
โ Not recognized as an official international border.
โ Marked by blue barrels, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Golan Heights.
๐ Significance
โ Serves as a buffer zone to reduce conflicts between Lebanon and Israel.
โ Highlights the ongoing disputes in the Middle East over territorial boundaries.
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Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
๐13โค3
๐Goma:
โ The M23 rebel groupโs recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
โ Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
โ It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
๐The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
โ Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
โ It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
โ The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
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โ The M23 rebel groupโs recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
โ Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
โ It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
๐The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
โ Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
โ It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
โ The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
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๐15โค1
Ghaggar River:
โ The Ghaggar River is an intermittent river that flows in India and Pakistan (Hakra).
โ The river flows only during the monsoon season.
โ It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Haryana and Rajasthan before disappearing into the Thar Desert.
โ This seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.
โ The Hakra, which flows in Pakistan, is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India, and they are together called the Ghaggar-Hakra River.
๐Historical Significance:
โ Several historians identify Ghaggar with the Vedic Saraswati River.
โ Along the banks of the Ghaggar River, many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been excavated.
โ It is believed that the rivers Sutlej and Yamuna once flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra river bed.
โ Tributaries: The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the Kaushalya, Markanda, Sarsuti, Tangri and Chautang.
#River_Series
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โ The Ghaggar River is an intermittent river that flows in India and Pakistan (Hakra).
โ The river flows only during the monsoon season.
โ It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Haryana and Rajasthan before disappearing into the Thar Desert.
โ This seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.
โ The Hakra, which flows in Pakistan, is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India, and they are together called the Ghaggar-Hakra River.
๐Historical Significance:
โ Several historians identify Ghaggar with the Vedic Saraswati River.
โ Along the banks of the Ghaggar River, many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been excavated.
โ It is believed that the rivers Sutlej and Yamuna once flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra river bed.
โ Tributaries: The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the Kaushalya, Markanda, Sarsuti, Tangri and Chautang.
#River_Series
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Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Darfur Region:
โ Darfur is a region in western Sudan.
It lies between Kordofan to the east and Wadai to the west and extended southward to the Al-Ghazฤl (Gazelle) River and northward to the Libyan Desert.
โ It consists of an immense rolling plain that has an area of approximately 440,000 sq.km.
โ The volcanic highlands of the Marrah Mountains dominate the central part of this plain.
โ It was an independent sultanate until annexed by Sudan in 1916.
โ The name โDarfurโ is derived from โdar fur,โ meaning โthe land of the Furโ in Arabic.
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โ Darfur is a region in western Sudan.
It lies between Kordofan to the east and Wadai to the west and extended southward to the Al-Ghazฤl (Gazelle) River and northward to the Libyan Desert.
โ It consists of an immense rolling plain that has an area of approximately 440,000 sq.km.
โ The volcanic highlands of the Marrah Mountains dominate the central part of this plain.
โ It was an independent sultanate until annexed by Sudan in 1916.
โ The name โDarfurโ is derived from โdar fur,โ meaning โthe land of the Furโ in Arabic.
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๐7โค1
Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
RAS PRELIMS PAPER 2nd FEB 2025.pdf
33.3 MB
RAS PRELIMS PAPER
Kurdistan Region: Key Facts
๐ Country: Iraq (Semi-Autonomous)
๐ Capital: Erbil
๐ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja
๐ Political Structure: Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) operates autonomously, but its authority is contested by Iraqโs central government.
๐ Borders:
๐น๐ท Turkey | ๐ฎ๐ท Iran | ๐ธ๐พ Syria | ๐ฎ๐ถ Baghdad-controlled Iraq
๐ Geographical Features:
๐ป Mountains: Zagros Mountains form natural borders with Iran & Turkey.
๐ Rivers: Tigris & Greater Zab support agriculture & settlements.
๐ก Climate: Continentalโhot summers, cold winters, shaped by mountainous terrain.
#mapping
๐ Country: Iraq (Semi-Autonomous)
๐ Capital: Erbil
๐ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja
๐ Political Structure: Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) operates autonomously, but its authority is contested by Iraqโs central government.
๐ Borders:
๐น๐ท Turkey | ๐ฎ๐ท Iran | ๐ธ๐พ Syria | ๐ฎ๐ถ Baghdad-controlled Iraq
๐ Geographical Features:
๐ป Mountains: Zagros Mountains form natural borders with Iran & Turkey.
๐ Rivers: Tigris & Greater Zab support agriculture & settlements.
๐ก Climate: Continentalโhot summers, cold winters, shaped by mountainous terrain.
#mapping
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๐ Blue Holes: Natureโs Mysterious Sinkholes
๐ What is a Blue Hole?
โ Blue holes are vertical, water-filled sinkholes found in coastal regions, formed when soluble rocks like limestone, marble, or gypsum collapse after being dissolved by surface water.
โ Famous examples include:
Dean's Blue Hole, Bahamas.
Dahab Blue Hole, Egypt.
Great Blue Hole, Belize.
๐ About Taam Ja' Blue Hole
โ Located in Chetumal Bay, off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
โ Holds the title of the deepest known underwater sinkhole, extending at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level.
โ Scientists believe it may be connected to a complex network of submarine caves and tunnels.
๐ Significance of Blue Holes
โ Provide insight into geological processes and marine ecosystems.
โ Act as time capsules, preserving ancient fossils and climate data.
โ Offer opportunities for scientific exploration and discovery.
#Geography
๐ What is a Blue Hole?
โ Blue holes are vertical, water-filled sinkholes found in coastal regions, formed when soluble rocks like limestone, marble, or gypsum collapse after being dissolved by surface water.
โ Famous examples include:
Dean's Blue Hole, Bahamas.
Dahab Blue Hole, Egypt.
Great Blue Hole, Belize.
๐ About Taam Ja' Blue Hole
โ Located in Chetumal Bay, off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
โ Holds the title of the deepest known underwater sinkhole, extending at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level.
โ Scientists believe it may be connected to a complex network of submarine caves and tunnels.
๐ Significance of Blue Holes
โ Provide insight into geological processes and marine ecosystems.
โ Act as time capsules, preserving ancient fossils and climate data.
โ Offer opportunities for scientific exploration and discovery.
#Geography
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