🔷SEAFLOOR SPREADING
🔹 Proposed by: Harry Hess in the early 1960s
🔹 Meaning:
✅ Seafloor spreading is a geological process at oceanic ridges where new crust forms and spreads apart.
✅ It occurs continuously along mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain chains).
🔹 Process of Sea-Spreading:
✅ Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates move apart.
🔷 Process Explained Step-by-Step
1️⃣ As the plates separate, magma from the asthenosphere rises due to mantle convection.
2️⃣ Magma cools and solidifies on contact with seawater, forming new oceanic crust.
3️⃣ This creates symmetrical magnetic patterns (magnetic anomalies) on both sides of the ridge due to Earth’s magnetic field.
🔹 Proposed by: Harry Hess in the early 1960s
🔹 Meaning:
✅ Seafloor spreading is a geological process at oceanic ridges where new crust forms and spreads apart.
✅ It occurs continuously along mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain chains).
🔹 Process of Sea-Spreading:
✅ Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates move apart.
🔷 Process Explained Step-by-Step
1️⃣ As the plates separate, magma from the asthenosphere rises due to mantle convection.
2️⃣ Magma cools and solidifies on contact with seawater, forming new oceanic crust.
3️⃣ This creates symmetrical magnetic patterns (magnetic anomalies) on both sides of the ridge due to Earth’s magnetic field.
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🔆 Ninetyeast Ridge
✅ A linear submarine volcanic ridge running north to south near 90° East longitude.
✅ Formed by hotspot volcanic activity beneath the Indian Ocean.
✅ Linked to the Kerguelen hotspot, which is a moving hotspot, influencing the ridge’s formation and path.
✅ Reference: Nature Article on Kerguelen Hotspot Movement
✅ A linear submarine volcanic ridge running north to south near 90° East longitude.
✅ Formed by hotspot volcanic activity beneath the Indian Ocean.
✅ Linked to the Kerguelen hotspot, which is a moving hotspot, influencing the ridge’s formation and path.
✅ Reference: Nature Article on Kerguelen Hotspot Movement
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🔆 Georges and Grand Banks
✅ Georges Bank: Located off the coast of New England, USA.
✅ Grand Banks: Situated off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
✅ Among the world’s richest fishing grounds due to the mixing of warm Gulf Stream and cold Labrador Current waters.
✅ Experienced collapse of fisheries in the 1990s, especially cod, due to overfishing.
#geography #fisheries
✅ Georges Bank: Located off the coast of New England, USA.
✅ Grand Banks: Situated off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
✅ Among the world’s richest fishing grounds due to the mixing of warm Gulf Stream and cold Labrador Current waters.
✅ Experienced collapse of fisheries in the 1990s, especially cod, due to overfishing.
#geography #fisheries
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🔆 Key Takeaways: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Indian Monsoon
✅ What is MJO?
• A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator.
• Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
• Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
✅ Structure and Movement:
• Moves eastward at 4–8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30–60 days (sometimes up to 90 days).
• Two phases:
• Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms.
• Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
✅ Relevance to Indian Monsoon:
• Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase.
• Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
✅ Cyclone and Rainfall Connection:
• Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
✅ Interaction with El Niño:
• MJO and El Niño may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
✅ Geographical Impact:
• Influences weather between 30°N and 30°S; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
#climate #monsoon
✅ What is MJO?
• A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator.
• Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
• Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
✅ Structure and Movement:
• Moves eastward at 4–8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30–60 days (sometimes up to 90 days).
• Two phases:
• Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms.
• Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
✅ Relevance to Indian Monsoon:
• Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase.
• Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
✅ Cyclone and Rainfall Connection:
• Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
✅ Interaction with El Niño:
• MJO and El Niño may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
✅ Geographical Impact:
• Influences weather between 30°N and 30°S; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
#climate #monsoon
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🔆 Key Takeaways: Unseasonal Weather and Urban Flooding Crisis
✅ Unseasonal Weather Patterns:
• Early monsoon in Kerala and Maharashtra, with Mumbai receiving rains 16 days ahead of schedule — earliest in 75 years.
• Reflects growing trend of unpredictable weather events.
✅ Urban Flooding and Infrastructure Stress:
• Mumbai recorded its wettest May in 107 years, disrupting transport and infrastructure.
• Disruptions worsened by unanticipated downpours and incomplete pre-monsoon desilting.
✅ Drainage Infrastructure Deficiencies:
• Despite post-2005 flood initiatives (widened drains, pumping stations), BRIMSTOWAD project remains incomplete.
• Colonial-era drainage designed for 25 mm/hour rainfall is inadequate for current extreme rains.
✅ Encroachment and Mismanagement of Water Bodies:
• River catchments like Mithi encroached by real estate, reducing flood absorption.
• Garbage dumping further weakens water bodies’ capacity.
✅ Pan-India Implications:
• Cities like Bengaluru and Delhi face similar drainage, infrastructure, and encroachment issues.
• Delhi recorded 9x normal May rainfall without matching drainage upgrades.
✅ Governance and Urban Planning Failures:
• Crisis highlights failure despite wealth of cities.
• Urgent need to incorporate climate adaptation and weather management in urban planning.
✅ Unseasonal Weather Patterns:
• Early monsoon in Kerala and Maharashtra, with Mumbai receiving rains 16 days ahead of schedule — earliest in 75 years.
• Reflects growing trend of unpredictable weather events.
✅ Urban Flooding and Infrastructure Stress:
• Mumbai recorded its wettest May in 107 years, disrupting transport and infrastructure.
• Disruptions worsened by unanticipated downpours and incomplete pre-monsoon desilting.
✅ Drainage Infrastructure Deficiencies:
• Despite post-2005 flood initiatives (widened drains, pumping stations), BRIMSTOWAD project remains incomplete.
• Colonial-era drainage designed for 25 mm/hour rainfall is inadequate for current extreme rains.
✅ Encroachment and Mismanagement of Water Bodies:
• River catchments like Mithi encroached by real estate, reducing flood absorption.
• Garbage dumping further weakens water bodies’ capacity.
✅ Pan-India Implications:
• Cities like Bengaluru and Delhi face similar drainage, infrastructure, and encroachment issues.
• Delhi recorded 9x normal May rainfall without matching drainage upgrades.
✅ Governance and Urban Planning Failures:
• Crisis highlights failure despite wealth of cities.
• Urgent need to incorporate climate adaptation and weather management in urban planning.
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🔆 National Parks in Assam
📍 List of National Parks (West to East)
1. Raimona National Park
2. Manas National Park (WHS/ TR/ ER/ BR)
3. Orang National Park and Tiger Reserve (NP/ TR)
4. Nameri National Park (TR)
5. Kaziranga National Park (mentioned later)
6. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (BR)
7. Dehing Patkai National Park (ER)
📍 List of National Parks (West to East)
1. Raimona National Park
2. Manas National Park (WHS/ TR/ ER/ BR)
3. Orang National Park and Tiger Reserve (NP/ TR)
4. Nameri National Park (TR)
5. Kaziranga National Park (mentioned later)
6. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (BR)
7. Dehing Patkai National Park (ER)
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🔆 Important Lakes of Europe
📍 Lake Ladoga
✅ Country: Russia
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Onega
✅ Country: Russia
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Constance
✅ Countries: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Como
✅ Country: Italy
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Skadar
✅ Countries: Montenegro, Albania
✅ Type: Karst (in a Karst Depression)
#mapping
📍 Lake Ladoga
✅ Country: Russia
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Onega
✅ Country: Russia
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Constance
✅ Countries: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Como
✅ Country: Italy
✅ Type: Glacial
📍 Lake Skadar
✅ Countries: Montenegro, Albania
✅ Type: Karst (in a Karst Depression)
#mapping
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Drought in Amazon : decline in biomass, big losses and mortality of the largest trees.
The loss of ~ 40% of the total weight of the vegetation and the carbon stored within....
🔆 What 24 Years of Drought Simulation in the Amazon Revealed
✅ About the Project:
• The Esecaflor project (2000–present) is the world’s longest-running drought experiment in a rainforest.
• Located in Caxiuana National Forest, scientists diverted 50% of rainfall using 6,000 plastic panels to mimic long-term drought.
✅ Key Findings:
• After 8 years, the forest showed a sharp decline in biomass and 40% loss in vegetation weight.
• Large trees suffered high mortality, leading to significant carbon release into the atmosphere.
• The Amazon shifted from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter, losing its ability to absorb CO₂.
✅ Why It Matters:
• Forest trees store the equivalent of 2 years of global carbon emissions.
• Cutting or death of these trees due to drought accelerates climate change.
• In extreme dry years (El Niño + climate change), impacts were most severe.
✅ Next Steps:
• Scientists are now observing if the forest can regenerate and return to baseline post-drought.
• The project helps predict future resilience of the Amazon amid changing climate patterns.
#Amazon #ClimateCrisis #ForestDrought #CarbonSink
The loss of ~ 40% of the total weight of the vegetation and the carbon stored within....
🔆 What 24 Years of Drought Simulation in the Amazon Revealed
✅ About the Project:
• The Esecaflor project (2000–present) is the world’s longest-running drought experiment in a rainforest.
• Located in Caxiuana National Forest, scientists diverted 50% of rainfall using 6,000 plastic panels to mimic long-term drought.
✅ Key Findings:
• After 8 years, the forest showed a sharp decline in biomass and 40% loss in vegetation weight.
• Large trees suffered high mortality, leading to significant carbon release into the atmosphere.
• The Amazon shifted from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter, losing its ability to absorb CO₂.
✅ Why It Matters:
• Forest trees store the equivalent of 2 years of global carbon emissions.
• Cutting or death of these trees due to drought accelerates climate change.
• In extreme dry years (El Niño + climate change), impacts were most severe.
✅ Next Steps:
• Scientists are now observing if the forest can regenerate and return to baseline post-drought.
• The project helps predict future resilience of the Amazon amid changing climate patterns.
#Amazon #ClimateCrisis #ForestDrought #CarbonSink
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In snow free areas, the ground reflects 2.2% more sunlight, causing colling effect.
🔆 Key Takeaways: Subtle Vegetation Shifts Made Earth Brighter and Cooler
✅ Satellite data (2001-20) shows snow-free areas reflect 2.2% more sunlight, causing a cooling effect.
✅ Increased brightness mainly due to drying grasses and shrubs replacing darker plants.
✅ These subtle shifts caused 3.9-8.1 times more cooling than land-use changes.
✅ Shrublands and short natural vegetation are the biggest contributors.
✅ Shrinking snow cover accounts for only 14% of the cooling effect.
#ClimateScience #EarthObservation #VegetationChanges
#geography
🔆 Key Takeaways: Subtle Vegetation Shifts Made Earth Brighter and Cooler
✅ Satellite data (2001-20) shows snow-free areas reflect 2.2% more sunlight, causing a cooling effect.
✅ Increased brightness mainly due to drying grasses and shrubs replacing darker plants.
✅ These subtle shifts caused 3.9-8.1 times more cooling than land-use changes.
✅ Shrublands and short natural vegetation are the biggest contributors.
✅ Shrinking snow cover accounts for only 14% of the cooling effect.
#ClimateScience #EarthObservation #VegetationChanges
#geography
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🔆 Glacier Loss Warning: Only 24% May Survive at 2.7°C Warming
✅ Key Findings:
• At 2.7°C rise, only 24% of glaciers may remain globally
• Limiting to 1.5°C (Paris target) could save up to 54% glacier mass
• Indian glaciers & Hindu Kush: only 25% ice remains at 2°C
• Glacier retreat is faster in South Asia, steepest in Indian sub-regions
✅ Why it Matters:
• Major rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra) are glacier-fed
• Melting raises sea levels, threatens millions of lives
✅ Study Used:
• 21 scientists, 8 models, 200,000+ glaciers simulated
✅ Key Findings:
• At 2.7°C rise, only 24% of glaciers may remain globally
• Limiting to 1.5°C (Paris target) could save up to 54% glacier mass
• Indian glaciers & Hindu Kush: only 25% ice remains at 2°C
• Glacier retreat is faster in South Asia, steepest in Indian sub-regions
✅ Why it Matters:
• Major rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra) are glacier-fed
• Melting raises sea levels, threatens millions of lives
✅ Study Used:
• 21 scientists, 8 models, 200,000+ glaciers simulated
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Mount Etna : world heritage site since 2013
🔆 Key Takeaways: Mount Etna’s Massive Eruption
✅ Eruption Details:
• Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, erupted explosively on June 1, sending ash and smoke several kilometers into the sky.
• Experts suggest the eruption was triggered by increasing pressure inside the volcano, leading to the collapse of the southeast crater.
• This was categorized as a Strombolian eruption, characterized by bursts of lava, rock, and ash.
✅ Location & Importance:
• Mount Etna, an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, is Europe’s largest active volcano and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• The volcano has been active for over 2,700 years and is known for its frequent eruptions.
#MountEtna #Volcano #Eruption #Strombolian #Italy
🔆 Key Takeaways: Mount Etna’s Massive Eruption
✅ Eruption Details:
• Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, erupted explosively on June 1, sending ash and smoke several kilometers into the sky.
• Experts suggest the eruption was triggered by increasing pressure inside the volcano, leading to the collapse of the southeast crater.
• This was categorized as a Strombolian eruption, characterized by bursts of lava, rock, and ash.
✅ Location & Importance:
• Mount Etna, an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, is Europe’s largest active volcano and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• The volcano has been active for over 2,700 years and is known for its frequent eruptions.
#MountEtna #Volcano #Eruption #Strombolian #Italy
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🔆 Important Volcanoes
📍 Mount Yasur
✅ Location: Tanna Island, Vanuatu
✅ Details: One of the world’s most accessible active volcanoes; continuous activity.
📍 Mount Ruapehu
✅ Location: North Island, New Zealand
✅ Details: Active stratovolcano; highest point in the North Island.
📍 Mount Tavurvur
✅ Location: East New Britain, Papua New Guinea
✅ Details: Active volcano; part of the Rabaul caldera.
📍 Mount Yasur
✅ Location: Tanna Island, Vanuatu
✅ Details: One of the world’s most accessible active volcanoes; continuous activity.
📍 Mount Ruapehu
✅ Location: North Island, New Zealand
✅ Details: Active stratovolcano; highest point in the North Island.
📍 Mount Tavurvur
✅ Location: East New Britain, Papua New Guinea
✅ Details: Active volcano; part of the Rabaul caldera.
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🔆 Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica
✅ Location:
• The Ellsworth Mountains are situated in West Antarctica.
✅ Key Feature:
• These mountains include Mount Vinson, the highest peak in Antarctica, standing at 4,892 meters.
#EllsworthMountains #MountVinson #Antarctica #Geography
✅ Location:
• The Ellsworth Mountains are situated in West Antarctica.
✅ Key Feature:
• These mountains include Mount Vinson, the highest peak in Antarctica, standing at 4,892 meters.
#EllsworthMountains #MountVinson #Antarctica #Geography
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🔆 Hydrology of the Brahmaputra: Key Insights
📍 Origin & Flow
The Brahmaputra originates as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, enters India as Siang in Arunachal, and flows as Brahmaputra in Assam before becoming Jamuna in Bangladesh.
📍 Rainfall Dependency
Arunachal contributes 42.57% of India’s Brahmaputra basin rainfall; Tibet contributes <20% of water yield in India.
📍 Chinese Projects
China’s upstream dams, including the massive Medog dam and South-North Water Diversion Project, pose concerns but lie upstream of Arunachal, limiting major impact.
📍 Indian Strategy
India must prepare a long-term river strategy focusing on real-time data, resilience, and multilateral diplomacy to counter upstream threats.
📍 Origin & Flow
The Brahmaputra originates as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, enters India as Siang in Arunachal, and flows as Brahmaputra in Assam before becoming Jamuna in Bangladesh.
📍 Rainfall Dependency
Arunachal contributes 42.57% of India’s Brahmaputra basin rainfall; Tibet contributes <20% of water yield in India.
📍 Chinese Projects
China’s upstream dams, including the massive Medog dam and South-North Water Diversion Project, pose concerns but lie upstream of Arunachal, limiting major impact.
📍 Indian Strategy
India must prepare a long-term river strategy focusing on real-time data, resilience, and multilateral diplomacy to counter upstream threats.
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🔆 Post: Jammu–Srinagar Rail Link & Chenab Bridge Highlights
📍 Project Overview
✅ 272 km rail line from Udhampur to Baramulla
✅ Divided into 4 sections with 943 bridges and 36 tunnels
✅ Includes the Chenab Bridge & Anji Khad Bridge
📍 Chenab Bridge
✅ Tallest railway bridge in the world: 359m above riverbed
✅ Length: 1.315 km, Arch span: 467m, 17 spans
✅ Cost: ₹1,486 crore, Steel used: 28,660 MT
✅ Built to withstand Zone V earthquakes & wind speeds up to 266 km/h
✅ Design life: 120 years
📍 Anji Khad Bridge
✅ India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge
📍 Operations
✅ Vande Bharat Express to run 6 days/week
✅ Expected full Delhi–Srinagar service by Sept 2024
📍 Project Overview
✅ 272 km rail line from Udhampur to Baramulla
✅ Divided into 4 sections with 943 bridges and 36 tunnels
✅ Includes the Chenab Bridge & Anji Khad Bridge
📍 Chenab Bridge
✅ Tallest railway bridge in the world: 359m above riverbed
✅ Length: 1.315 km, Arch span: 467m, 17 spans
✅ Cost: ₹1,486 crore, Steel used: 28,660 MT
✅ Built to withstand Zone V earthquakes & wind speeds up to 266 km/h
✅ Design life: 120 years
📍 Anji Khad Bridge
✅ India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge
📍 Operations
✅ Vande Bharat Express to run 6 days/week
✅ Expected full Delhi–Srinagar service by Sept 2024
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🔆 Mineral Belts of India – Areas & Potentials
📍 The North Eastern Peninsular Belt
✅ Area/Region: Extends from the Aravalli range in Rajasthan in the west to the Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and Odisha in the east.
✅ Potentials: Rich deposits of coal, iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc.
📍 The South Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in the states of Karnataka, Goa, and parts of Maharashtra.
✅ Potentials: Abundant reserves of iron ore, manganese, limestone, and bauxite.
📍 The North Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Spread across Rajasthan and Gujarat.
✅ Potentials: Deposits of limestone, marble, gypsum, rock phosphate, lignite, and bentonite.
📍 The Central Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
✅ Potentials:
• Coal: Substantial reserves, key for India’s energy needs.
• Iron Ore: Supports the iron and steel industry.
• Bauxite, Limestone, and Dolomite: Crucial for aluminium production, cement manufacturing, and construction materials.
📍 The Southern Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
✅ Potentials: Rich deposits of iron ore, bauxite, and limestone.
📍 The Eastern Belt
✅ Area/Region: Extends through Odisha, West Bengal, and parts of Jharkhand.
✅ Potentials: Vast reserves of iron ore, coal, manganese, and chromite.
📍 The Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
✅ Potentials: Deposits of manganese, bauxite, limestone, and gypsum.
📍 The North Eastern Peninsular Belt
✅ Area/Region: Extends from the Aravalli range in Rajasthan in the west to the Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and Odisha in the east.
✅ Potentials: Rich deposits of coal, iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc.
📍 The South Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in the states of Karnataka, Goa, and parts of Maharashtra.
✅ Potentials: Abundant reserves of iron ore, manganese, limestone, and bauxite.
📍 The North Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Spread across Rajasthan and Gujarat.
✅ Potentials: Deposits of limestone, marble, gypsum, rock phosphate, lignite, and bentonite.
📍 The Central Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
✅ Potentials:
• Coal: Substantial reserves, key for India’s energy needs.
• Iron Ore: Supports the iron and steel industry.
• Bauxite, Limestone, and Dolomite: Crucial for aluminium production, cement manufacturing, and construction materials.
📍 The Southern Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
✅ Potentials: Rich deposits of iron ore, bauxite, and limestone.
📍 The Eastern Belt
✅ Area/Region: Extends through Odisha, West Bengal, and parts of Jharkhand.
✅ Potentials: Vast reserves of iron ore, coal, manganese, and chromite.
📍 The Western Belt
✅ Area/Region: Located in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
✅ Potentials: Deposits of manganese, bauxite, limestone, and gypsum.
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🔆 Modern Methods of Water Management
✅ Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater is a very efficient way to replenish the groundwater table and save natural water.
✅ Pressure Reducing Valves: In a hydraulic system, a pressure-reducing valve essentially regulates the amount of pressure. These valves guarantee that the water level to be used is predetermined.
✅ Water metering: Installing water metres to track water usage in both residential and business buildings is another effective technique to reduce water waste. It can aid in leak detection.
✅ Greywater recycling: It is a technique for reusing used and wastewater from showers, washing machines, and kitchen sinks for things like flushing toilets and watering plants.
✅ Water-efficient Accessories: New developments are pushing the limits of water saving without compromising usage patterns, such as altered spray patterns in taps and showers and enhanced flush pressure in toilets.
✅ Fog Harvesting: Exploring fog harvesting technologies in hilly regions. Specialized mesh structures capture moisture droplets from fog, providing a valuable water source in areas with limited rainfall. That have been implemented in countries like Chile, Morocco, and Peru.
#gs1 #Geography #mains
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅ Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater is a very efficient way to replenish the groundwater table and save natural water.
✅ Pressure Reducing Valves: In a hydraulic system, a pressure-reducing valve essentially regulates the amount of pressure. These valves guarantee that the water level to be used is predetermined.
✅ Water metering: Installing water metres to track water usage in both residential and business buildings is another effective technique to reduce water waste. It can aid in leak detection.
✅ Greywater recycling: It is a technique for reusing used and wastewater from showers, washing machines, and kitchen sinks for things like flushing toilets and watering plants.
✅ Water-efficient Accessories: New developments are pushing the limits of water saving without compromising usage patterns, such as altered spray patterns in taps and showers and enhanced flush pressure in toilets.
✅ Fog Harvesting: Exploring fog harvesting technologies in hilly regions. Specialized mesh structures capture moisture droplets from fog, providing a valuable water source in areas with limited rainfall. That have been implemented in countries like Chile, Morocco, and Peru.
#gs1 #Geography #mains
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
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