🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.
📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.
⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.
🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.
#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography
🔆Brahmani River:
✅It is one of the major rivers in eastern India, primarily flowing through
✅The river is known as Dhamra in its lower reaches.
Course:
✅It is formed by the confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers near the major industrial town of Rourkela in Odisha.
✅Both the sources of the Brahmani River are on the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
✅The Sankh River has its origins near the Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh border, along with the South Koel River, which also rises in Jharkhand.
✅The basin flows through Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, draining a total area of 39,033 sq.km. before it outfalls into the Bay of Bengal.
✅Together with the rivers Mahanadi and Baitarani, it forms a large delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal at Palmyras Point, Odisha.
✅The Brahmani delta is the site of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, famous for its estuarine crocodiles.
Length: The total length of its run is about 799 km, of which 541 km are in Odisha itself.
✅It is one of the few rivers that cut across the Eastern Ghats and has formed a minor gorge at Rengali in Odisha, where a dam has been built.
✅Tributaries: The principal tributaries of this river are Sankh, Tikra, and Karo.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅It is one of the major rivers in eastern India, primarily flowing through
✅The river is known as Dhamra in its lower reaches.
Course:
✅It is formed by the confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers near the major industrial town of Rourkela in Odisha.
✅Both the sources of the Brahmani River are on the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
✅The Sankh River has its origins near the Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh border, along with the South Koel River, which also rises in Jharkhand.
✅The basin flows through Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, draining a total area of 39,033 sq.km. before it outfalls into the Bay of Bengal.
✅Together with the rivers Mahanadi and Baitarani, it forms a large delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal at Palmyras Point, Odisha.
✅The Brahmani delta is the site of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, famous for its estuarine crocodiles.
Length: The total length of its run is about 799 km, of which 541 km are in Odisha itself.
✅It is one of the few rivers that cut across the Eastern Ghats and has formed a minor gorge at Rengali in Odisha, where a dam has been built.
✅Tributaries: The principal tributaries of this river are Sankh, Tikra, and Karo.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
📍Schengen area
✅The zone is known after Schengen, the tiny Luxembourg village bordering France and Germany, where the agreement was signed in 1985 among five of the six EU founding members except Italy.
✅Currently, it is an area encompassing 27 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.
✅It mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes.
✅Croatia, a EU member since 2013, joined Schengen in 2023, while Romania and Bulgaria, EU members since 2007, will gain partial Schengen entry from 31 March 2024.
✅The zone is known after Schengen, the tiny Luxembourg village bordering France and Germany, where the agreement was signed in 1985 among five of the six EU founding members except Italy.
✅Currently, it is an area encompassing 27 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.
✅It mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes.
✅Croatia, a EU member since 2013, joined Schengen in 2023, while Romania and Bulgaria, EU members since 2007, will gain partial Schengen entry from 31 March 2024.
🔆 Factors Responsible for Localization of Agro-Based Food Processing Industries in North-West India
(UPSC Mains 2019)
📍 Region Covered: Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan
📍 Key Contributing Factors
✅ Raw Material Availability
• Fertile alluvial plains enable intensive agriculture
• Rich in wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits & vegetables
✅ Irrigation & Water Resources
• Extensive canal networks like Indira Gandhi Canal
• Widespread tubewell irrigation ensures reliable water supply
✅ Favorable Climate
• Temperate conditions support perishable crop cultivation (fruits, vegetables)
✅ Well-Developed Transport Network
• Dense rail & road systems help raw material procurement and market linkage
✅ Policy Support
• States like Punjab & Haryana offer subsidies, tax benefits, & infrastructure via food processing policies
✅ Mandis & Cold Chains
• Strong presence of regulated mandis
• Expanding cold storage and logistics chains enhance supply-chain efficiency
✅ Skilled & Semi-Skilled Workforce
• Availability of local & migrant labor for production, packaging, and logistics
✅ Proximity to Large Markets
• Delhi NCR & major cities act as key consumption hubs for processed food
✅ Research & Extension Support
• Institutions like Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) aid with R&D, innovation, and farmer outreach
🔆 Conclusion
A synergistic mix of agri-resource richness, policy incentives, market access, and infrastructure has made North-West India a hub for agro-based food processing industries.
#Geography
(UPSC Mains 2019)
📍 Region Covered: Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan
📍 Key Contributing Factors
✅ Raw Material Availability
• Fertile alluvial plains enable intensive agriculture
• Rich in wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits & vegetables
✅ Irrigation & Water Resources
• Extensive canal networks like Indira Gandhi Canal
• Widespread tubewell irrigation ensures reliable water supply
✅ Favorable Climate
• Temperate conditions support perishable crop cultivation (fruits, vegetables)
✅ Well-Developed Transport Network
• Dense rail & road systems help raw material procurement and market linkage
✅ Policy Support
• States like Punjab & Haryana offer subsidies, tax benefits, & infrastructure via food processing policies
✅ Mandis & Cold Chains
• Strong presence of regulated mandis
• Expanding cold storage and logistics chains enhance supply-chain efficiency
✅ Skilled & Semi-Skilled Workforce
• Availability of local & migrant labor for production, packaging, and logistics
✅ Proximity to Large Markets
• Delhi NCR & major cities act as key consumption hubs for processed food
✅ Research & Extension Support
• Institutions like Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) aid with R&D, innovation, and farmer outreach
🔆 Conclusion
A synergistic mix of agri-resource richness, policy incentives, market access, and infrastructure has made North-West India a hub for agro-based food processing industries.
#Geography
🔆 Ocean Pollution: A Global Environmental Threat
📍 What is Ocean Pollution?
Ocean pollution refers to the introduction of plastics, toxic metals, chemicals, and agricultural runoff into marine ecosystems, leading to ecological imbalance and human health risks.
📍 Key Impacts
✅ Microplastics Menace
• Account for 80% of ocean debris
• Ingested by marine animals, reaching humans via seafood
• Detected at 100m depth, disrupting the carbon cycle
📖 Source: Nature (2023)
✅ Harmed Marine Life
• Ingestion leads to reduced feeding and poor health
• Pollutants destroy habitats, threaten biodiversity
✅ Oxygen Depletion
• Decomposing waste consumes oxygen, suffocating marine life
✅ Risks to Human Health
• Contaminated seafood
• Toxic aerosols from sea spray may affect coastal populations
📍 Mitigation Measures
✅ Climate Change Action
• Cut greenhouse gas emissions to ease ocean stress
✅ Enhanced Monitoring
• Invest in data, satellite tech to track oxygen levels & pollution sources
✅ Awareness & Behaviour Change
• Public education to reduce plastic use & marine dumping
📍 Global Action & Treaties
✅ MARPOL – Regulates pollution from ships
✅ UNCLOS – Ensures sustainable ocean governance
✅ High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement, 2023)
• Adopted under UNCLOS
• Focus: Conserve marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
• Targets: Reduce pollution, support sustainable use of high seas resources
📍 Fact Sheet
✅ Plastic = 80% of all marine pollution
✅ 8–10 million metric tons/year plastic enters oceans
✅ By 2050, plastic could outweigh all fish
📖 Source: UNESCO, Environmental Studies
#environment
📍 What is Ocean Pollution?
Ocean pollution refers to the introduction of plastics, toxic metals, chemicals, and agricultural runoff into marine ecosystems, leading to ecological imbalance and human health risks.
📍 Key Impacts
✅ Microplastics Menace
• Account for 80% of ocean debris
• Ingested by marine animals, reaching humans via seafood
• Detected at 100m depth, disrupting the carbon cycle
📖 Source: Nature (2023)
✅ Harmed Marine Life
• Ingestion leads to reduced feeding and poor health
• Pollutants destroy habitats, threaten biodiversity
✅ Oxygen Depletion
• Decomposing waste consumes oxygen, suffocating marine life
✅ Risks to Human Health
• Contaminated seafood
• Toxic aerosols from sea spray may affect coastal populations
📍 Mitigation Measures
✅ Climate Change Action
• Cut greenhouse gas emissions to ease ocean stress
✅ Enhanced Monitoring
• Invest in data, satellite tech to track oxygen levels & pollution sources
✅ Awareness & Behaviour Change
• Public education to reduce plastic use & marine dumping
📍 Global Action & Treaties
✅ MARPOL – Regulates pollution from ships
✅ UNCLOS – Ensures sustainable ocean governance
✅ High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement, 2023)
• Adopted under UNCLOS
• Focus: Conserve marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
• Targets: Reduce pollution, support sustainable use of high seas resources
📍 Fact Sheet
✅ Plastic = 80% of all marine pollution
✅ 8–10 million metric tons/year plastic enters oceans
✅ By 2050, plastic could outweigh all fish
📖 Source: UNESCO, Environmental Studies
#environment
🔆 Weather in Indian Summer Season: Key Drivers
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ Sun shifts northward → wind pattern reverses over India.
✅ A low-pressure belt (ITCZ) moves northwards by July.
✅ Result: Westerly jet stream withdraws from Indian skies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ A strong easterly jet appears over southern India in June.
✅ Speed: Up to 90 km/h, shifts north from 15°N to 22°N by Sept.
✅ These easterlies don’t reach above 30°N in the upper air.
📍 3. Tropical Depressions & Rainfall
✅ Easterly jet guides tropical depressions into India.
✅ These cause monsoon rains in major parts of the country.
✅ The track, intensity, and frequency of these depressions determine how much & where rainfall happens during the southwest monsoon.
#Geography
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ Sun shifts northward → wind pattern reverses over India.
✅ A low-pressure belt (ITCZ) moves northwards by July.
✅ Result: Westerly jet stream withdraws from Indian skies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ A strong easterly jet appears over southern India in June.
✅ Speed: Up to 90 km/h, shifts north from 15°N to 22°N by Sept.
✅ These easterlies don’t reach above 30°N in the upper air.
📍 3. Tropical Depressions & Rainfall
✅ Easterly jet guides tropical depressions into India.
✅ These cause monsoon rains in major parts of the country.
✅ The track, intensity, and frequency of these depressions determine how much & where rainfall happens during the southwest monsoon.
#Geography
🔆 Winter Weather in India: Key Drivers & Effects
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
✅ Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
✅ These collide with trade winds → unstable zone forms.
✅ Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
✅ Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
🔹 North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
🔹 South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
✅ Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
📍 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
✅ Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
✅ Bring light winter rain → great for wheat crops.
✅ Tropical cyclones still possible in Oct–Nov, driven by easterlies.
✅ Hit east coast states – TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
📍 1. Surface Pressure & Winds
✅ High-pressure zone forms in Central & West Asia.
✅ Cold continental winds blow into India from the north.
✅ These collide with trade winds → unstable zone forms.
✅ Result: Northwest India experiences dry, cold North-Westerlies.
📍 2. Jet Stream & Upper Air Circulation
✅ Westerly jet streams dominate Asia in winter.
✅ Tibetan Himalayas split jet into two:
🔹 North branch flows over Tibetan Plateau.
🔹 South branch crosses south of the Himalayas.
✅ Subtropical westerly jet brings winter rain to northwest India.
📍 3. Western Disturbances & Cyclones
✅ Western disturbances (from the Mediterranean) hit north & northwest India.
✅ Bring light winter rain → great for wheat crops.
✅ Tropical cyclones still possible in Oct–Nov, driven by easterlies.
✅ Hit east coast states – TN, AP, Odisha with heavy rain + wind.
#Geography
🔆 Effects of Ocean Currents
📍 Climate Control
✅ Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
➡️ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
📍 Rainfall & Deserts
✅ Warm currents → more rainfall.
✅ Cold currents → desert formation.
➡️ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
📍 Fishing Zones
✅ Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton → rich fish stocks.
➡️ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
📍 Navigation
✅ Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
📍 Temperature Moderation
✅ Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
➡️ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
📍 Climate Control
✅ Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
➡️ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.
📍 Rainfall & Deserts
✅ Warm currents → more rainfall.
✅ Cold currents → desert formation.
➡️ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.
📍 Fishing Zones
✅ Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton → rich fish stocks.
➡️ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
📍 Navigation
✅ Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.
📍 Temperature Moderation
✅ Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
➡️ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.
#Geography
Forwarded from Environment & Ecology UPSC prelims mains
🔆 UNOC 2025: A Tidal Push for Ocean Protection
📍What is UNOC?
✅ The 3rd UN Oceans Conference held in France
✅ Goal: Speed up action on protecting high seas, curbing overfishing, and regulating deep-sea mining
📍The BBNJ Treaty (High Seas Treaty)
✅ Core treaty to protect oceans beyond national jurisdiction
✅ Needs 60 ratifications to become law — 56 countries onboard, India “in process”, U.S. still absent
✅ Aims to protect 30% of marine/coastal areas by 2030
📍Key Treaty Tools
✅ Create marine protected areas beyond national borders
✅ Enforce environmental impact assessments
✅ Share marine genetic resources fairly
✅ Build capacity in developing countries
📍The Big Challenge
✅ Who gets the commercial benefits from marine genetic resources?
✅ No clear equity mechanism yet in place
📍Who’s Paying to Protect the Oceans?
✅ EU: €1 billion for conservation and sustainable fishing
✅ New Zealand: $52 million for Pacific ocean governance
✅ Germany: €100 million to clean up underwater munitions
✅ Italy: €6.5 million for marine surveillance
✅ Canada: $9 million to fight ocean risks + launched coalition on noise pollution
✅ Spain: New MPAs covering 25% of its waters
✅ French Polynesia: Plans world’s largest MPA
📍What’s Next?
✅ A Conference of Parties (COP) for BBNJ is expected by late 2026
✅ Target: 70 ratifications by Sept 2025 to activate the treaty.
📍What is UNOC?
✅ The 3rd UN Oceans Conference held in France
✅ Goal: Speed up action on protecting high seas, curbing overfishing, and regulating deep-sea mining
📍The BBNJ Treaty (High Seas Treaty)
✅ Core treaty to protect oceans beyond national jurisdiction
✅ Needs 60 ratifications to become law — 56 countries onboard, India “in process”, U.S. still absent
✅ Aims to protect 30% of marine/coastal areas by 2030
📍Key Treaty Tools
✅ Create marine protected areas beyond national borders
✅ Enforce environmental impact assessments
✅ Share marine genetic resources fairly
✅ Build capacity in developing countries
📍The Big Challenge
✅ Who gets the commercial benefits from marine genetic resources?
✅ No clear equity mechanism yet in place
📍Who’s Paying to Protect the Oceans?
✅ EU: €1 billion for conservation and sustainable fishing
✅ New Zealand: $52 million for Pacific ocean governance
✅ Germany: €100 million to clean up underwater munitions
✅ Italy: €6.5 million for marine surveillance
✅ Canada: $9 million to fight ocean risks + launched coalition on noise pollution
✅ Spain: New MPAs covering 25% of its waters
✅ French Polynesia: Plans world’s largest MPA
📍What’s Next?
✅ A Conference of Parties (COP) for BBNJ is expected by late 2026
✅ Target: 70 ratifications by Sept 2025 to activate the treaty.
🔆Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki:
✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region.
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Shipki La Pass Reopened: Key Facts
✅ Himachal Pradesh reopened Shipki La Pass for tourists.
✅ It was an old trade route between India and Tibet.
✅ Trade included wool, salt, grains, and turquoise.
✅ It shortens Delhi–Mansarovar route by 14 days.
✅ Strong cultural ties exist across the India-China border here.
✅ Reopening can boost tourism, jobs, and people-to-people contact.
✅ May support soft diplomacy and regional peace.
✅ Himachal Pradesh reopened Shipki La Pass for tourists.
✅ It was an old trade route between India and Tibet.
✅ Trade included wool, salt, grains, and turquoise.
✅ It shortens Delhi–Mansarovar route by 14 days.
✅ Strong cultural ties exist across the India-China border here.
✅ Reopening can boost tourism, jobs, and people-to-people contact.
✅ May support soft diplomacy and regional peace.
Subject wise channel Statics+ current affairs with pyq
Polity CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
History CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
Society CLICK HERE
Security CLICK HERE
Economy CLICK HERE MCQ click here
IR CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
Mains pyq CLICK HERE
Prelims PYQ GS CLICK HERE
CSAT PYQ CLICK HERE
Polity CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
History CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
Society CLICK HERE
Security CLICK HERE
Economy CLICK HERE MCQ click here
IR CLICK HERE MCQ CLICK HERE
Mains pyq CLICK HERE
Prelims PYQ GS CLICK HERE
CSAT PYQ CLICK HERE
🔆 Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) – Climate Indicator
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
📍 Definition: Total heat absorbed & stored in oceans, measured at various depths.
✅ Key Facts
• Oceans absorb 90% of excess global heat.
• Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans warm faster than global average.
• Since 1980s, OHC has doubled/tripled (2023 study).
✅ Significance
• Drives sea level rise, alters weather, disrupts ecosystems, and strengthens cyclones.
• A stable climate change indicator beyond surface temperatures.
#Geography
🔆 External Migration: A Double-Edged Sword
📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍Migration brings economic benefits but also social challenges.
✅ Positive Impacts
• Remittances boost economy: India received over $100 billion recently.
• Employment generation abroad: Eases pressure on local job markets.
• Skill transfer: Returnees bring global expertise (e.g., IT professionals).
• Improved living standards: Better access to health and education.
• Cultural exposure: Enhances language, awareness, global ties.
• Diplomatic leverage: Diaspora strengthens India’s global influence.
❌ Negative Impacts
• Brain drain: Skilled youth, especially STEM grads, migrate.
• Family disruption: Long separation causes emotional stress.
• Regional imbalance: Punjab, Kerala over-dependent on remittances.
• Worker exploitation: Many face wage theft, legal issues abroad.
• Remittance dependency: Economic shocks like COVID-19 hit hard.
• Cultural erosion: Identity conflicts among migrant youth.
#geography #society
Join https://www.tg-me.com/Mapping_prelims_mains