UPPCS 2025 GS1

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🔆 Earth’s Oldest Rocks Found in Quebec, Canada

📍 Researchers identify Earth’s oldest-known rocks
✅ Located along Hudson Bay in Quebec, Canada
✅ Rocks belong to Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt
✅ Dated to 4.16 billion years ago, from the Hadean Eon
✅ Rocks are metamorphosed volcanic rocks of basaltic composition
✅ Formed from magma intrusions, which cooled & solidified underground
✅ Provide rare insights into Earth’s earliest crust formation
✅ Help decode conditions during the Hadean, a time with little physical evidence
✅ Previous record: 4.03 billion-year-old rocks from Northwest Territories, Canada

📘 Source: Reuters | Study published in journal Science

📝 Prelims Question:
Which geological formation was recently found to contain Earth’s oldest-known rocks?
A. Canadian Shield
B. Appalachian Belt
C. Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt ✅
D. Laurentian Plateau



📝 Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of the discovery of 4.16-billion-year-old rocks in Quebec for understanding early Earth history and the formation of the planet’s crust.

#Geography #GS1

🔆 Melting Himalayan Glaciers: Cascading Effects on India’s Water Resources
(UPSC 2020, 2013)

✅ Accelerated glacial melt, driven by climate change, threatens India’s water security
✅ Himalayan glaciers feed Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus – vital for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water
✅ Initial melt may cause flooding (e.g., Uttarakhand 2013)
✅ Long-term effects: reduced river flows during dry seasons

✅ May trigger:
• Water shortages
• Crop failures
• Interstate water conflicts
• Decline in groundwater recharge, esp. in Indo-Gangetic Plain
• Disrupted monsoons → strain on water systems

🔁 Urgent need for:
➡️ Sustainable adaptation strategies
➡️ Efficient water management practices

#geography
#mains

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🔆 Why Large Cities Attract More Migrants than Smaller Towns
📘 A Developing Country Perspective – UPSC 2024

📍 Migration is skewed towards big cities due to:

✅ Diverse & abundant employment in formal/informal sectors
• Example: Mumbai & Bengaluru attract rural youth in tech, finance, construction

✅ Better access to education & healthcare
• Example: Delhi’s DU and AIIMS draw families for advancement

✅ Superior infrastructure & logistics
• Example: Metro, airports, 24×7 power in Chennai enhance urban appeal

✅ Urban informal economy absorbs unskilled labor
• Example: Bihar & UP migrants work in Mumbai’s construction/domestic sectors

✅ Presence of migrant networks & support systems
• Example: Malayali migrants in Kochi facilitate Gulf migration links

✅ Urban aspirations & perceived mobility
• Example: Media portrayals of progress create a strong “pull effect”

📝 Mains GS1 Question
Explain the economic and socio-cultural factors that make large Indian cities preferred migration destinations compared to smaller towns.


#GS1 #geography

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🔆 Agra to Host South Asia’s First Global Potato Research Centre
Source: The Hindu, June 27

📍 Union Cabinet clears regional wing of Peru-based International Potato Center (CIP) in Agra
✅ To be called CIP-South Asia Regional Centre (CSARC) at Singna, Agra
✅ India will access the largest global germplasm collection for potato & sweet potato
✅ Objective: Boost farmers’ income, nutrition security & climate-resilient crops
✅ CSARC to focus on disease-free, climate-resilient, processing-grade tubers
✅ Project cost: ₹171 crore (India: ₹111.5 cr; CIP: ₹59.5 cr)
✅ Will reduce import of seed potatoes & help local agro-industries
✅ Potatoes are the 3rd most consumed food globally; sweet potato is 6th
✅ India is 2nd largest producer & consumer of potatoes (after China)
✅ India’s yield: 25 T/ha (potential: 50 T/ha); low due to poor seed quality

📝 Prelims Question:
Which of the following statements is correct about the proposed Global Potato Centre in Agra?
A. It is an initiative of ICAR only
B. It focuses only on table potato exports
C. It will be a regional centre of a Peru-based institute ✅
D. It will be set up in Bihar

📝 Mains Question:
Highlight the importance of setting up the Global Potato Research Centre in Agra for food security, agri-diversification, and climate resilience in India.

#Agriculture #GS3

🔆 Monsoon Covers India Early: What Enabled the June Surge?

📍 Monsoon covered entire India by June 29 — 9 days early; only 10th time since 1960
✅ Early onset in Kerala (May 24) + rapid northward spread aided early coverage
✅ Main driver: Low Pressure Systems pulling in moisture-laden winds
✅ Boosted by Active MJO Phase — enhanced cloud activity from equator
✅ Neutral ENSO & IOD Phase kept oceanic conditions stable for rainfall
✅ June rainfall was 8% above normal; central India got 24.8% surplus
✅ Rainfall deficit removed for the first time since 2022
✅ NE states like Manipur & Mizoram got record June rainfall
✅ Below-normal rains still affected parts of east & peninsular India

📝 Prelims Question:
Which of the following best explains the early national coverage of monsoon in 2025?
(a) Strong El Niño phase
(b) High-pressure systems over land
(c) Active MJO & low-pressure systems ✅
(d) Subtropical westerlies

📝 Mains GS1 Question:
Explain how low-pressure systems and Madden-Julian Oscillation contribute to rapid monsoon advancement across India.

#GS1 #IndianMonsoon #geography

🔆Cook Islands
📍Political Status:
✅A self-governing nation in free association with New Zealand. It was formerly a dependent New Zealand colony from 1901 to 1965.
✅Citizens of the Cook Islands are also citizens of New Zealand.
✅Administrative Centre: Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga.
✅Geography: Situated in Polynesia, Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean.
Located northeast of New Zealand, between American Samoa and French Polynesia.
✅It comprises 15 islands, formed by volcanic activity, with a total land area of approximately 236.7 sq km.

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🔆 Hyderabad Pharma Blast Sparks Concerns on Industrial Safety Norms

📍 36 killed in blast at Sigachi Industries’ pharma unit, Hyderabad
✅ Chemical involved: Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) — inert but risky if mishandled
✅ Victims mostly young, poor migrant workers from eastern & northern India
✅ Blast likely caused by equipment malfunction due to poor maintenance
✅ Highlights lack of trained personnel and inadequate process safety norms
✅ Telangana govt announced ₹1 crore ex gratia for affected families
✅ Puts spotlight on pharma industry’s safety culture, especially post similar accidents in Visakhapatnam and Hyderabad
✅ Urgent need for HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) and process hazard analysis
✅ Plants must conform to global safety norms, ensure training, & data-driven monitoring
✅ India’s export-reliant pharma sector now under intense media & regulatory scrutiny

📝 Mains GS3 Question:
Discuss the role of safety protocols in India’s industrial manufacturing sector. What lessons can be drawn from recent accidents in pharma plants?

#GS3 #DisasterManagement

#geographyoptional
#Disaster_management

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🔆 Bhopal Tragedy: Toxic Waste Incineration Concludes One Chapter

📍 Key Developments
✅ 337 tonnes of toxic waste from the Union Carbide site in Bhopal was incinerated at a private treatment facility in Pithampur.
✅ The effort cost ₹126 crore and was completed within six months, showcasing what political will and coordination can achieve.
✅ State government organized the operation, including public outreach to manage anxiety over emissions.

📍 Ongoing Concerns
✅ The incinerated waste yielded 800+ tonnes of ash and residue, which must now be safely landfilled with regular upkeep and funding.
✅ More toxic materials remain at the original site — including contaminated soil, artefacts, and subsurface resources — requiring further remediation.

📍 Victims Still Await Justice
✅ Survivor groups and activists argue that injuries and deaths are undercounted and damages remain unpaid.
✅ Petitions continue demanding inflation-adjusted compensation and better long-term care.
✅ Medical support is inadequate, with hospital shortages and inactive advisory bodies.

📍 What Must Be Done
✅ Dow must be held accountable for complete remediation.
✅ Both State and Centre must address pending claims and ensure well-being of survivors—with statutory support if needed.

📝 Mains GS2/GS3 Question
Despite decades since the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, several challenges persist in environmental and survivor justice. Discuss the role of state capacity and legal remedies in addressing long-term disaster aftermaths.

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #BhopalGasTragedy #EnvironmentJustice #environment #ToxicWaste

🔆 Distribution of Mineral Oil & Its Global Implications
(UPSC Mains GS1 – 2015 Topic Revisited)

📍 Uneven Global Distribution
✅ Major reserves in Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran), North America (USA, Canada), Russia, Venezuela
✅ Significant offshore deposits in Arctic, North Sea, and West Africa

📍 Geopolitical Tensions
✅ Oil-rich nations wield strategic influence
✅ Oil-importing nations face energy security risks

📍 Economic Impact
✅ Drives industrialization and trade
✅ Prone to market volatility due to demand-supply mismatch

📍 Environmental Costs
✅ Extraction leads to pollution, habitat destruction, climate change
✅ Combustion worsens global warming

📍 Energy Transition & Future Outlook
✅ Renewables rising, but oil remains indispensable
✅ Emphasizes need for sustainable management & equitable resource policies

#GS1 #EnergySecurity

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🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures

📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)

✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)

✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)

✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)

✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)

✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)

✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)

✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)

✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)

✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)

✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)

✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
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🔆 Case Study: Sinking of Joshimath

📍 Joshimath, located in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, is facing severe land subsidence driven by both natural vulnerabilities and human-induced stress.

✅ Key Geophysical Factors
• Located in a high-risk seismic zone (Zone V).
• Lies over active fault lines — Vaikrita Thrust and Main Central Thrust.
• Built on geologically unstable terrain of old landslide debris.

✅ Human-Induced Stress
• Unregulated construction and large-scale hydroelectric projects have disturbed the fragile ecosystem.
• Increased rainfall and blocked drainage systems further exacerbate ground instability.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Urgent steps needed include:
• Regulated development
• Scientific and geological reassessment
• Seismic risk mitigation planning

Protecting Joshimath demands a balance between ecology and development.

📝 Mains GS1 Q
Q. The crisis in Joshimath highlights the tension between environmental fragility and developmental pressures in Himalayan towns. Analyse the causes of the crisis and suggest sustainable solutions.

#GS1 #Geography #DisasterManagement #Joshimath

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🔆 Coastal Landforms – UPSC Notes

📍 Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response

✅ Erosional Landforms
➤ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
➤ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
➤ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands → grow into arches → collapse into stacks → eroded into stumps.

✅ Depositional Landforms
➤ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
➤ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.

✅ Significance of Coastal Landforms
➤ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
➤ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).

✅ Threats of Coastal Erosion
➤ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of India’s coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
➤ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.

✅ Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
➤ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
➤ Installing Geo-tubes
➤ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?

(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
✅ Ans: (c) Lagoon

📝 Mains Q (GS1 – Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting India’s coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?

#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation