🔆 Constitutional Provisions on Separation of Powers

📍 Key Provisions Ensuring Balance Among Organs
✅ Article 50: Directs the State to separate judiciary from the executive, especially in lower courts.
✅ Part V & Part VI: Clearly define roles of Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary at Union and State levels.
✅ Articles 121 & 211: Prohibit Parliament/State Legislatures from discussing conduct of Supreme Court or High Court judges in their official duties.
✅ Articles 122 & 212: Prevent judiciary from questioning legislative procedures—upholding legislative privilege.

📍 Structural Safeguards
✅ Office of Profit: Limits legislators from holding executive posts, though exceptions exist in India’s parliamentary system.
✅ 91st Amendment: Caps the Council of Ministers to 15% of legislature strength, minimizing executive-legislature fusion.
✅ Article 98: Empowers Parliament to manage its own secretariat and staffing, separate from executive control.
✅ Article 146: Grants CJI control over Supreme Court staff appointments, unless Parliament legislates otherwise.

📍 Conclusion
✅ These provisions help maintain institutional independence, promote checks and balances, and prevent concentration of power, even in a parliamentary democracy like India.

#GS2

🔆 Significance and Applications of the Discovery

📍 1. Cellular Development
✅ miRNAs are key for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells.
✅ Crucial for tissue and organ formation during embryonic development.

📍 2. Immune System Regulation
✅ Controls both innate and adaptive immune responses.
✅ Helps regulate immune-related proteins production.

📍 3. Cancer and Oncogenesis
✅ Abnormal miRNA activity linked to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
✅ Involved in mutations causing:
• Congenital hearing loss
• Skeletal deformities
• Eye-related genetic diseases

📍 4. Diagnostics and Therapeutics
✅ miRNAs serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and other diseases.
✅ Potential targets for drug development and personalized medicine.

#science_and_technology

🔆 Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)

📍 What is ADAS?
ADAS are digital systems in vehicles that assist drivers with tasks like navigation and parking.

📍 How does it work?
✅ Sensors, cameras, and radar are used to monitor the vehicle’s environment, enabling features like:
• Automatic emergency braking
• Forward collision warning
• Blind spot collision warning
• Lane-keeping assist
• Adaptive cruise control

📍 Objective:
✅ The main goal is to reduce the frequency and impact of unavoidable vehicle accidents, thus preventing fatalities and injuries.

#science_and_technology

🔆 Trade Policy For Viksit Bharat

📍 About Trade Policy
✅ Defines the nation’s framework of laws, regulations, agreements, and practices governing international trade.
✅ Aims to strengthen the domestic economy through structured trade practices.
✅ Growth Target: Exports to rise from $775 billion (2023-24) to $2 trillion by 2030.
✅ This growth is three times faster than the global export pace.

📍 Challenges to India’s Trade Policy
✅ Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs): Domestic legal barriers hinder trade agreements.
✅ Low Regional Integration: Trade with SAARC & BIMSTEC nations remains under 6%.
✅ Weak Global Supply Chain Integration: Limits India’s role in global trade dominance.
✅ Service Export Constraints: Restrictions under GATS limit flexibility.
✅ EU’s CBAM Impact: Could hurt steel and cement exports.

📍 Vision: Viksit Bharat 2047 aims to achieve economic growth, sustainability, social progress, and good governance.

#governance

The Extent of Human Land Use