🔆 Significance and Applications of the Discovery

📍 1. Cellular Development
✅ miRNAs are key for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells.
✅ Crucial for tissue and organ formation during embryonic development.

📍 2. Immune System Regulation
✅ Controls both innate and adaptive immune responses.
✅ Helps regulate immune-related proteins production.

📍 3. Cancer and Oncogenesis
✅ Abnormal miRNA activity linked to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
✅ Involved in mutations causing:
• Congenital hearing loss
• Skeletal deformities
• Eye-related genetic diseases

📍 4. Diagnostics and Therapeutics
✅ miRNAs serve as biomarkers for cancer detection and other diseases.
✅ Potential targets for drug development and personalized medicine.

#science_and_technology

🔆 Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)

📍 What is ADAS?
ADAS are digital systems in vehicles that assist drivers with tasks like navigation and parking.

📍 How does it work?
✅ Sensors, cameras, and radar are used to monitor the vehicle’s environment, enabling features like:
• Automatic emergency braking
• Forward collision warning
• Blind spot collision warning
• Lane-keeping assist
• Adaptive cruise control

📍 Objective:
✅ The main goal is to reduce the frequency and impact of unavoidable vehicle accidents, thus preventing fatalities and injuries.

#science_and_technology

🔆 Trade Policy For Viksit Bharat

📍 About Trade Policy
✅ Defines the nation’s framework of laws, regulations, agreements, and practices governing international trade.
✅ Aims to strengthen the domestic economy through structured trade practices.
✅ Growth Target: Exports to rise from $775 billion (2023-24) to $2 trillion by 2030.
✅ This growth is three times faster than the global export pace.

📍 Challenges to India’s Trade Policy
✅ Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs): Domestic legal barriers hinder trade agreements.
✅ Low Regional Integration: Trade with SAARC & BIMSTEC nations remains under 6%.
✅ Weak Global Supply Chain Integration: Limits India’s role in global trade dominance.
✅ Service Export Constraints: Restrictions under GATS limit flexibility.
✅ EU’s CBAM Impact: Could hurt steel and cement exports.

📍 Vision: Viksit Bharat 2047 aims to achieve economic growth, sustainability, social progress, and good governance.

#governance

The Extent of Human Land Use

The Neelakurinji was listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2024

🔆 Mitochondrial Donation Treatment (MDT)
An advanced reproductive technique using healthy mitochondrial DNA from a donor to prevent transmission of mitochondrial diseases.

📍Key Benefits
✅ Prevents inherited diseases – avoids passing mitochondrial disorders.
✅ Genetic continuity – retains parents’ nuclear DNA.
✅ Supports same-sex couples – enables both partners to contribute genetically.
✅ Reduces long-term healthcare costs.
✅ Drives medical innovation – encourages research and new tech.
✅ India status – currently not permitted.

📍Key Concerns
✅ Health risks to donors – egg retrieval is invasive.
✅ Ethical dilemmas – child’s identity, psychological impacts.
✅ Access inequality – risk of exploitation and elite monopoly.
✅ Data gap – limited evidence on safety.
✅ High cost – unaffordable for many.

📍Way Forward
✅ Need for regulatory body, ethical safeguards, and clinical trials before adoption.

🔆 Implications of Ageing

📍 Key Challenges
✅ Shrinking workforce, slowing growth, and rising pension burden
✅ Increased geriatric care demand and healthcare system stress
✅ Breakdown of joint families, elder loneliness, and social insecurity
✅ Need for reform in retirement age, pension systems, and re-skilling

📍 Government Initiatives
✅ National Policy for Older Persons (1999): Ensures rights-based welfare
✅ MWPSC Act (2007): Mandates family support for elders
✅ IPOP: Supports NGO-led elderly services
✅ Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana: Assistive devices for BPL seniors
✅ IGNOAPS: Monthly pensions for 60+ BPL citizens
✅ Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund: Uses unclaimed deposits for elder care

#social_issue #GS1 #GS2 #GS3

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🔬 Applications of Nanotechnology in Health & Medicine

📍 Key Uses

✅ Diagnostics
• Early detection using nanocrystals (e.g., gold nanoparticles in COVID test kits).

✅ Drug Delivery Systems
• Nanoparticles target cancer cells (e.g., Abraxane).
• Smart pills monitor and release drugs.
• Nanorobots assist in surgery and precision delivery.

✅ Regenerative Medicine
• Tissue repair using nanoscaffolds.

✅ Pharmaceuticals
• Enhanced drug stability, bioavailability (e.g., nanocurcumin).

✅ Nanofibres
• Used in wound dressings (e.g., silver bandages for ulcers).

🔆 Issues in Handling Left Wing Extremism/Naxalism

📍 Operational & Strategic Challenges
✅ Negligence of established Standard Operating Procedures (SOP): Leads to security personnel deaths.
➤ Example: In Jan 2025, Naxalites killed 8 DRG personnel + 1 driver in Bijapur, Chhattisgarh.
➤ Insufficient intelligence backup

✅ Structural deficits and deficiencies: IPS officers posted to senior CRPF roles without field experience.

✅ Laundering of funds: Naxal leaders (esp. Bihar, Jharkhand) invest extorted money in movable & immovable properties.

✅ Inefficient technology: Current tech can’t detect deep-planted mines—leads to casualties.

✅ Complex locations: Dense forests & hilly terrain make operations harder.

✅ Delay in acquisition of technology: Out of 157 sanctioned MPVs, only 13 delivered to CAPFs by Ordnance Factory Board.

✅ Unfamiliar area: Central Forces lack local language & terrain knowledge—limits effectiveness.

#security

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🔆 India’s Demographic Dividend

📍 Key Facts
✅ The term “Demographic Dividend” describes economic expansion due to a distribution shift of the population’s age.

✅ India currently has 62.5% of its population between the ages of 15 and 59. This percentage is steadily rising and will reach its peak around 2036 (65%).

✅ Demographic dividend availability began in 2005–2006 and will continue until 2055–2056.

✅ The Economic Survey 2018–19 predicts that India’s Demographic Dividend will reach its peak around 2041 when 59% of the population will be of working age, or 20–59 years old.

✅ India has one of the youngest populations with a median age of just 28 years, compared to China (37 years), Western Europe (45 years), and Japan (49 years).

✅ Bulge in working-age population: India’s working-age population (15–64 years) has grown larger than the dependent population (below 14 and above 65 years) since 2018. This bulge is expected to last till 2055. (UNFPA Report)

#society