#Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element on the earth. Commercial phosphate fertilizers are manufactured using phosphate rock(India is 90℅ dependent on imports)
Approximately two-thirds of the world’s phosphate resources are derived from sedimentary and marine phosphate rock deposits.
Ground rock phosphate has been used as a source of phosphorous for soils in the past.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient required for plant growth. It helps in root development, plant maturation, and seed development.
If soils are deficient in phosphorus(gets depleted of phosphorus due to several reasons including being washed away by rain) , food production becomes restricted
The most commonly used phosphatic fertilizers are Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP), NPKs, and SSP.
DAP is the world’s most widely used phosphorus fertilizer. It is popular due to its relatively high nutrient content and its excellent physical properties.
DAP is an excellent source of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) for plant nutrition.
It provides the correct proportion of phosphorous and nitrogen for the farming of grains such as wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables.
NPKs, also called compound fertilizers, are fertilizers that contain all three nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in different proportions.
#Baihetan_Dam
It is the world’s second-biggest hydroelectric dam under construction in southwestern China.
The dam is being constructed on Jinsha river, a tributary of the Yangtze.
The 289-m-tall Baihetan Dam will have 16 generating units with a capacity of 1 million kilowatts each.
Three Gorges Dam, opened in 2003 on the Yangtze, is the world’s biggest hydroelectric dam.
#Fukuoka_Grand_Prize
Journalist P. Sainath will receive the ‘Grand Prize’ of the Fukuoka Prize while the Academic Prize and the Prize for Arts and Culture will go to Kishimoto Mio of Japan and filmmaker Prabda Yoon of Thailand, respectively.
The Fukuoka Prize is given annually to distinguished people to foster and increase awareness of Asian cultures, and to create a broad framework of exchange and mutual learning among the Asian people.
Eleven Indians have received the Fukuoka Prize so far.
The prize was established in 1990.
#Pre_Revision
Phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element on the earth. Commercial phosphate fertilizers are manufactured using phosphate rock(India is 90℅ dependent on imports)
Approximately two-thirds of the world’s phosphate resources are derived from sedimentary and marine phosphate rock deposits.
Ground rock phosphate has been used as a source of phosphorous for soils in the past.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient required for plant growth. It helps in root development, plant maturation, and seed development.
If soils are deficient in phosphorus(gets depleted of phosphorus due to several reasons including being washed away by rain) , food production becomes restricted
The most commonly used phosphatic fertilizers are Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP), NPKs, and SSP.
DAP is the world’s most widely used phosphorus fertilizer. It is popular due to its relatively high nutrient content and its excellent physical properties.
DAP is an excellent source of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) for plant nutrition.
It provides the correct proportion of phosphorous and nitrogen for the farming of grains such as wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables.
NPKs, also called compound fertilizers, are fertilizers that contain all three nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in different proportions.
#Baihetan_Dam
It is the world’s second-biggest hydroelectric dam under construction in southwestern China.
The dam is being constructed on Jinsha river, a tributary of the Yangtze.
The 289-m-tall Baihetan Dam will have 16 generating units with a capacity of 1 million kilowatts each.
Three Gorges Dam, opened in 2003 on the Yangtze, is the world’s biggest hydroelectric dam.
#Fukuoka_Grand_Prize
Journalist P. Sainath will receive the ‘Grand Prize’ of the Fukuoka Prize while the Academic Prize and the Prize for Arts and Culture will go to Kishimoto Mio of Japan and filmmaker Prabda Yoon of Thailand, respectively.
The Fukuoka Prize is given annually to distinguished people to foster and increase awareness of Asian cultures, and to create a broad framework of exchange and mutual learning among the Asian people.
Eleven Indians have received the Fukuoka Prize so far.
The prize was established in 1990.
#Pre_Revision
#Fund_for_Industrial_Research_Engagement (FIRE)
The FIRE program was launched under the Industry Relevant R&D (IRRD) Scheme of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)
It aims to utilize the expertise available in academic institutions and national laboratories to solve industry-specific problems for the larger benefit of society.
The scheme supports ideas that address a well-defined problem of industrial relevance, defined jointly with concerned industries, in a project mode through an open call at the national level by SERB.
#Science_and_Engineering_Research_Board
It is a statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology established by an Act of the Parliament of India in 2009.
It is chaired by the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Science and Technology and has other senior government officials and eminent scientists as members.
It was set up for promoting basic research in science and engineering and to provide financial assistance to scientists, academic institutions, Research and Development laboratories, industrial concerns and other agencies for such research.
#Accelerate_Vigyan_Scheme
SERB launched
Objective: To give more thrust on encouraging high-end scientific research and preparing scientific manpower, which can lead to careers in research and knowledge-based economy.
Vision: To expand the research base, with three broad goals i.e. consolidation/aggregation of all scientific programs, initiating high-end orientation workshops, and creating opportunities for research internships.
Components of AV
#ABHYAAS
It is an attempt to boost research and development in the country by enabling and grooming potential PG/PhD students by means of developing their research skills in selected areas across different disciplines or fields.
It has two components: High-End Workshops (‘KARYASHALA’) and Research Internships (‘VRITIKA’).
This is especially important for those researchers who have limited opportunities to access such learning capacities/facilities/infrastructure.
#SAMOOHAN
Mission ‘SAMOOHAN’ marks the beginning of Accelerate Vigyan.
It aims to encourage, aggregate and consolidate all scientific interactions in the country under one common roof.
It has been sub-divided into ‘SAYONJIKA’ and ‘SANGOSHTI’.
SAYONJIKA is an open-ended program to catalogue the capacity building activities in science and technology supported by all government funding agencies in the country.
SANGOSHTI is a pre-existing program of SERB.
#Pre_Revision
The FIRE program was launched under the Industry Relevant R&D (IRRD) Scheme of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)
It aims to utilize the expertise available in academic institutions and national laboratories to solve industry-specific problems for the larger benefit of society.
The scheme supports ideas that address a well-defined problem of industrial relevance, defined jointly with concerned industries, in a project mode through an open call at the national level by SERB.
#Science_and_Engineering_Research_Board
It is a statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology established by an Act of the Parliament of India in 2009.
It is chaired by the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Science and Technology and has other senior government officials and eminent scientists as members.
It was set up for promoting basic research in science and engineering and to provide financial assistance to scientists, academic institutions, Research and Development laboratories, industrial concerns and other agencies for such research.
#Accelerate_Vigyan_Scheme
SERB launched
Objective: To give more thrust on encouraging high-end scientific research and preparing scientific manpower, which can lead to careers in research and knowledge-based economy.
Vision: To expand the research base, with three broad goals i.e. consolidation/aggregation of all scientific programs, initiating high-end orientation workshops, and creating opportunities for research internships.
Components of AV
#ABHYAAS
It is an attempt to boost research and development in the country by enabling and grooming potential PG/PhD students by means of developing their research skills in selected areas across different disciplines or fields.
It has two components: High-End Workshops (‘KARYASHALA’) and Research Internships (‘VRITIKA’).
This is especially important for those researchers who have limited opportunities to access such learning capacities/facilities/infrastructure.
#SAMOOHAN
Mission ‘SAMOOHAN’ marks the beginning of Accelerate Vigyan.
It aims to encourage, aggregate and consolidate all scientific interactions in the country under one common roof.
It has been sub-divided into ‘SAYONJIKA’ and ‘SANGOSHTI’.
SAYONJIKA is an open-ended program to catalogue the capacity building activities in science and technology supported by all government funding agencies in the country.
SANGOSHTI is a pre-existing program of SERB.
#Pre_Revision
#Atmanirbhar_Krishi_App
The app provides realtime useful and appropriate information to farmers digitally.
It is a component under the KisanMitr Initiative of Office of Principal Scientific Adviser, Government of India (GoI).
The app combines data from various government ministries/departments like Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC), and others and making it available to the farmers through the Atmanirbhar Krishi app.
The Atmanirbhar Krishi app was created to equip farmers with actionable agricultural insights and early weather alerts.
Data related to soil type, soil health, moisture, weather, and water table were aggregated and analysed to generate personalized insights related to crop selection, fertilizers requirements, and water needs for each farmer at the farm-holding level.
#KisanMitr (Friends of the Farmers project)
It is an initiative of the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA), Government of India.
This project aims to make Indian farmers more self-reliant by giving them insights and recommendations based on information from various data sources from different departments of the Government.
KisanMitr was developed by Indian Centre for Social Transformation (ICSST), a Bengaluru-based Public Charitable Trust.
ICST’s platform epashuhaat launched in 2020 for improvement of indigenous milch cattle was repurposed to create KisanMitr.
#Registered_Valuer
It is in accordance with the Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation) Rules, 2017.
Under Section 458 of the Companies Act, IBBI has been specified as the authority by the central government.
The valuer can get themselves registered for valuation of assets such as
Land and building;
Plant and machinery; and
Securities and financial assets
They can get registered for valuation of all three classes, and can undertake valuation of only the assets for which they have got the registration.
#Chilika_lake
Chilika lake is the a largest brackish water lake. It is located at the Daya River flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
The lake is also the second largest coastal lagoon in the world after the New Caledonian barrier reef in New Caledonia. Chilika lake was also designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1981.
The lake is also home to the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent. These birds travel great distances to reach Chilika Lake. The Irrawaddy dolphin (IUCN Red List –Endangered) is the flagship species of Chilika Lake
#Coral_Triangle (CT)
The Coral Triangle (CT) is a roughly triangular area in the tropical waters around Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
The Coral Triangle is located between the Pacific and Indian oceans.
The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the region a top priority for marine conservation, and is addressing ecological threats to the region through its Coral Triangle Program
#Pre_Revision
The app provides realtime useful and appropriate information to farmers digitally.
It is a component under the KisanMitr Initiative of Office of Principal Scientific Adviser, Government of India (GoI).
The app combines data from various government ministries/departments like Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC), and others and making it available to the farmers through the Atmanirbhar Krishi app.
The Atmanirbhar Krishi app was created to equip farmers with actionable agricultural insights and early weather alerts.
Data related to soil type, soil health, moisture, weather, and water table were aggregated and analysed to generate personalized insights related to crop selection, fertilizers requirements, and water needs for each farmer at the farm-holding level.
#KisanMitr (Friends of the Farmers project)
It is an initiative of the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA), Government of India.
This project aims to make Indian farmers more self-reliant by giving them insights and recommendations based on information from various data sources from different departments of the Government.
KisanMitr was developed by Indian Centre for Social Transformation (ICSST), a Bengaluru-based Public Charitable Trust.
ICST’s platform epashuhaat launched in 2020 for improvement of indigenous milch cattle was repurposed to create KisanMitr.
#Registered_Valuer
It is in accordance with the Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation) Rules, 2017.
Under Section 458 of the Companies Act, IBBI has been specified as the authority by the central government.
The valuer can get themselves registered for valuation of assets such as
Land and building;
Plant and machinery; and
Securities and financial assets
They can get registered for valuation of all three classes, and can undertake valuation of only the assets for which they have got the registration.
#Chilika_lake
Chilika lake is the a largest brackish water lake. It is located at the Daya River flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
The lake is also the second largest coastal lagoon in the world after the New Caledonian barrier reef in New Caledonia. Chilika lake was also designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1981.
The lake is also home to the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent. These birds travel great distances to reach Chilika Lake. The Irrawaddy dolphin (IUCN Red List –Endangered) is the flagship species of Chilika Lake
#Coral_Triangle (CT)
The Coral Triangle (CT) is a roughly triangular area in the tropical waters around Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
The Coral Triangle is located between the Pacific and Indian oceans.
The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the region a top priority for marine conservation, and is addressing ecological threats to the region through its Coral Triangle Program
#Pre_Revision
#Revamped_Distribution_Sector_Scheme
The Scheme seeks to improve the operational efficiencies and financial sustainability of all DISCOMs/ Power Departments excluding Private Sector DISCOMs.
The scheme provides conditional financial assistance to DISCOMs for strengthening of supply infrastructure.
The assistance will be based on meeting pre-qualifying criteria as well as upon achievement of basic minimum benchmarks by the DISCOM evaluated on the basis of agreed evaluation framework tied to financial improvements.
Implementation of the Scheme would be based on the action plan worked out for each state rather than a “one-size-fits-all” approach.
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) and Power Finance Corporation (PFC) have been nominated as nodal agencies for facilitating implementation of the Scheme
#Deendayal_Upadhyaya_Gram_Jyoti_Yojana
Objective:
To augment power supply to the rural areas
To strengthen sub-transmission and distribution systems
It focuses on feeder separation (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of sub-transmission & distribution infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural areas
This will help in providing round the clock power to rural households and adequate power to agricultural consumers
The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component
#Pradhan_Mantri_Sahaj_Bijli_Har_Ghar_Yojana (Saubhagya): To ensure electrification of all willing households in the country in rural as well as urban areas
#GARV (Grameen Vidyutikaran) App: To monitor transparency in implementation of the electrification schemes, Grameen Vidyut Abhiyanta (GVAs) have been appointed by the government to report progress through the GARV app.
#Ujwal_Discom_Assurance_Yojana (UDAY): For operational and financial turnaround of Discoms.
‘4 Es’ in the Revised Tariff Policy: The 4Es include Electricity for all, Efficiency to ensure affordable tariffs, Environment for a sustainable future, Ease of doing business to attract investments and ensure financial viability
#Pre_Revision
The Scheme seeks to improve the operational efficiencies and financial sustainability of all DISCOMs/ Power Departments excluding Private Sector DISCOMs.
The scheme provides conditional financial assistance to DISCOMs for strengthening of supply infrastructure.
The assistance will be based on meeting pre-qualifying criteria as well as upon achievement of basic minimum benchmarks by the DISCOM evaluated on the basis of agreed evaluation framework tied to financial improvements.
Implementation of the Scheme would be based on the action plan worked out for each state rather than a “one-size-fits-all” approach.
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) and Power Finance Corporation (PFC) have been nominated as nodal agencies for facilitating implementation of the Scheme
#Deendayal_Upadhyaya_Gram_Jyoti_Yojana
Objective:
To augment power supply to the rural areas
To strengthen sub-transmission and distribution systems
It focuses on feeder separation (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of sub-transmission & distribution infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural areas
This will help in providing round the clock power to rural households and adequate power to agricultural consumers
The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component
#Pradhan_Mantri_Sahaj_Bijli_Har_Ghar_Yojana (Saubhagya): To ensure electrification of all willing households in the country in rural as well as urban areas
#GARV (Grameen Vidyutikaran) App: To monitor transparency in implementation of the electrification schemes, Grameen Vidyut Abhiyanta (GVAs) have been appointed by the government to report progress through the GARV app.
#Ujwal_Discom_Assurance_Yojana (UDAY): For operational and financial turnaround of Discoms.
‘4 Es’ in the Revised Tariff Policy: The 4Es include Electricity for all, Efficiency to ensure affordable tariffs, Environment for a sustainable future, Ease of doing business to attract investments and ensure financial viability
#Pre_Revision
#National_Hydrology_Project
It is a Central Sector Scheme with 100% grant to implementing agencies on pan India basis that was started in 2016.
It is implemented by the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (DOWR, RD & GR).
It is supported by the World Bank.
It aims to improve the extent, quality and accessibility of water resources information and to strengthen the capacity of targeted water resources management institutions in India.
#Ministry_of_Jal_Shakti
The government has created a new Ministry called ‘Jal Shakti’ after merging Ministries of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation along with Drinking Water and Sanitation.
‘Jal Shakti’ ministry will encompass issues ranging from providing clean drinking water, international and inter-states water disputes, to the Namami Gange project aimed at cleaning Ganga and its tributaries, and sub-tributaries.
#Jal_Jeevan_Mission
Aims to provide individual household water tap connection to every rural household in the country by 2024.
It envisages supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.
The Scheme will be implemented through institutional mechanism at four levels- National, State, District, and Gram Panchayat, in which a major role will be played by women and the Paani Samitis or the user group.
#Atal_Bhujal_Yojana
The Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) is a central sector scheme worth Rs.6,000 crore for sustainable management of groundwater with community participation.
It envisages people's participation through the formation of ‘Water User Associations’, water budgeting, preparation & implementation of Gram-panchayat-wise water security plans, etc.
The scheme is being funded by the Government of India and the World Bank on 50:50 basis.
The identified over-exploited and water-stressed areas for the implementation of the scheme are Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
#Jal_Shakti_Abhiyan
It is a collaborative effort of the Central and State Governments to accelerate progress on water conservation activities in the most water stressed blocks and districts of India.
The campaign aims to promote focused interventions for water collection and conservation, including restoration and renovation of traditional water bodies.
#Pre_Revision
It is a Central Sector Scheme with 100% grant to implementing agencies on pan India basis that was started in 2016.
It is implemented by the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (DOWR, RD & GR).
It is supported by the World Bank.
It aims to improve the extent, quality and accessibility of water resources information and to strengthen the capacity of targeted water resources management institutions in India.
#Ministry_of_Jal_Shakti
The government has created a new Ministry called ‘Jal Shakti’ after merging Ministries of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation along with Drinking Water and Sanitation.
‘Jal Shakti’ ministry will encompass issues ranging from providing clean drinking water, international and inter-states water disputes, to the Namami Gange project aimed at cleaning Ganga and its tributaries, and sub-tributaries.
#Jal_Jeevan_Mission
Aims to provide individual household water tap connection to every rural household in the country by 2024.
It envisages supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.
The Scheme will be implemented through institutional mechanism at four levels- National, State, District, and Gram Panchayat, in which a major role will be played by women and the Paani Samitis or the user group.
#Atal_Bhujal_Yojana
The Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) is a central sector scheme worth Rs.6,000 crore for sustainable management of groundwater with community participation.
It envisages people's participation through the formation of ‘Water User Associations’, water budgeting, preparation & implementation of Gram-panchayat-wise water security plans, etc.
The scheme is being funded by the Government of India and the World Bank on 50:50 basis.
The identified over-exploited and water-stressed areas for the implementation of the scheme are Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
#Jal_Shakti_Abhiyan
It is a collaborative effort of the Central and State Governments to accelerate progress on water conservation activities in the most water stressed blocks and districts of India.
The campaign aims to promote focused interventions for water collection and conservation, including restoration and renovation of traditional water bodies.
#Pre_Revision
#SUJALAM_SUFALAM_JAL_ABHIYAN
Launched in 2018 by Gujarat, the scheme aims to deepen water bodies in the state to increase storage of rainwater to be used during times of scarcity.
It involves cleaning and desilting of riverfronts, sprucing up of Irrigation canals. It also involves deepening of lakes, tanks and reservoirs.
The drive runs on a Public Private Partnership mode and contribution from the government shall remain 60% of the expenditure of the work while 40% share will be from people’s contribution
In #Rajasthan, there is a scheme called ‘#Mukhya_Mantri_Jal_Swavlamban_Abhiyan’. One of its objectives is to ensure effective implementation of water conservation and water harvesting related activities in rural areas.
#Maharashtra has launched a project called ‘#Jalyukt_Shivar’, which aims to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every year.
The #Telangana government has launched a mission called #Mission_Kakatiya, the objective of which is to enhance the development of agriculture based income for small and marginal farmers, by accelerating the development of minor irrigation infrastructure, strengthening community based irrigation management and adopting a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks.
#Mendez_principles
These principles called for the development of a universal set of standards for non-coercive interviewing and associated procedural safeguards during investigations to ensure that no person — including suspects, witnesses, victims, and other persons being interviewed — is subjected to torture, ill-treatment, or coercion while being questioned.
#Patrode
It is a delicacy made with colocasia leaves that is popular in Malnad, coastal Karnataka and some other parts of the country.
In addition to Kerala where Patrode is called ‘chembila appam’, the dish is also prepared in parts of Maharashtra, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat and the North East region.
Patrode is widely cooked in coastal and Malnad belts during the rainy season.
A variant of colocasia leaves, which grows on tree trunks during the monsoon, is in huge demand for making the dish.
Iron-rich colocasia leaves help in improving the hemoglobin level.
The leaves contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and sterols, which help in reducing chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis.
The leaves have significant amounts of vitamin C and beta carotene.
#Pre_Revision
Launched in 2018 by Gujarat, the scheme aims to deepen water bodies in the state to increase storage of rainwater to be used during times of scarcity.
It involves cleaning and desilting of riverfronts, sprucing up of Irrigation canals. It also involves deepening of lakes, tanks and reservoirs.
The drive runs on a Public Private Partnership mode and contribution from the government shall remain 60% of the expenditure of the work while 40% share will be from people’s contribution
In #Rajasthan, there is a scheme called ‘#Mukhya_Mantri_Jal_Swavlamban_Abhiyan’. One of its objectives is to ensure effective implementation of water conservation and water harvesting related activities in rural areas.
#Maharashtra has launched a project called ‘#Jalyukt_Shivar’, which aims to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every year.
The #Telangana government has launched a mission called #Mission_Kakatiya, the objective of which is to enhance the development of agriculture based income for small and marginal farmers, by accelerating the development of minor irrigation infrastructure, strengthening community based irrigation management and adopting a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks.
#Mendez_principles
These principles called for the development of a universal set of standards for non-coercive interviewing and associated procedural safeguards during investigations to ensure that no person — including suspects, witnesses, victims, and other persons being interviewed — is subjected to torture, ill-treatment, or coercion while being questioned.
#Patrode
It is a delicacy made with colocasia leaves that is popular in Malnad, coastal Karnataka and some other parts of the country.
In addition to Kerala where Patrode is called ‘chembila appam’, the dish is also prepared in parts of Maharashtra, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat and the North East region.
Patrode is widely cooked in coastal and Malnad belts during the rainy season.
A variant of colocasia leaves, which grows on tree trunks during the monsoon, is in huge demand for making the dish.
Iron-rich colocasia leaves help in improving the hemoglobin level.
The leaves contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and sterols, which help in reducing chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis.
The leaves have significant amounts of vitamin C and beta carotene.
#Pre_Revision
#Traditional_Water_Conservation_Systems
#Phad – It is a community-managed irrigation system in the tapi river basin in Maharashtra. It starts with check dam built across a river and canals to carry water to agricultural blocks with outlets to ensure excess water is removed from the canals.
#Zing – It is found in Ladakh, are small tanks that collect melting glacier water. A network of guiding channels brings water from the glacier to the tank.
#Kuhls – They are surface water channels found in the mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh. The channels carry glacial waters from rivers and streams into the fields.
#Zabo_or_Ruza_System– It is practised in Nagaland. Rainwater that falls on forested hilltops is collected by channels that deposit the run-off water in pond-like structures created on the terraced hillsides.
#Jackwells - The Shompen tribe of the Great Nicobar Islands uses this system, in which bamboos are placed under trees to collect runoff water from leaves and carries it to jackwells which are pits encircled by bunds made from logs of hard wood.
#Pat_system – It is developed in Madhya Pradesh, in which the water is diverted from hill streams into irrigation channels by diversion bunds. They are made across the stream by piling up stones and teak leaves and mud.
#Eri – It is tank system, widely used in Tamil Nadu which acts as flood-control systems, prevent soil erosion and wastage of runoff during periods of heavy rainfall, and also recharge the groundwater.
#Johads – They are small earthern check dams used to conserve and recharge ground water, mainly constructed in an area with naturally high elevation.
#Panam_keni – The Kuruma tribe (a native tribe of Wayanad) uses wooden cylinders as a special type of well, which are made by soaking the stems of toddy palms and immersed in groundwater springs.
#Ahar_Pynes – They are traditional floodwater harvesting systems indigenous to South Bihar. Ahars are reservoirs with embankments on three sides and Pynes are artificial rivulets led off from rivers to collect water in the ahars for irrigation in the dry months.
#Jhalara - Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped stepwells that have tiered steps on three or four sides in the city of Jodhpur.
#Bawari - Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of the ancient networks of water storage in the cities of Rajasthan.
#Taanka - It is a cylindrical paved underground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards or artificially prepared catchments flows. It is indigenous to the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan.
#Khadine – Also called dhora, is a long earthen embankment that is built across the hill slopes of gravelly uplands. It is indigenous to Jaisalmer region and similar to the irrigation methods of Ur region (Present Iraq).
#Kund – It is a saucer-shaped catchment area that gently slopes towards the central circular underground well. It is found in the sandier tracts of western Rajasthan and Gujarat.
#Pre_Revision
#Phad – It is a community-managed irrigation system in the tapi river basin in Maharashtra. It starts with check dam built across a river and canals to carry water to agricultural blocks with outlets to ensure excess water is removed from the canals.
#Zing – It is found in Ladakh, are small tanks that collect melting glacier water. A network of guiding channels brings water from the glacier to the tank.
#Kuhls – They are surface water channels found in the mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh. The channels carry glacial waters from rivers and streams into the fields.
#Zabo_or_Ruza_System– It is practised in Nagaland. Rainwater that falls on forested hilltops is collected by channels that deposit the run-off water in pond-like structures created on the terraced hillsides.
#Jackwells - The Shompen tribe of the Great Nicobar Islands uses this system, in which bamboos are placed under trees to collect runoff water from leaves and carries it to jackwells which are pits encircled by bunds made from logs of hard wood.
#Pat_system – It is developed in Madhya Pradesh, in which the water is diverted from hill streams into irrigation channels by diversion bunds. They are made across the stream by piling up stones and teak leaves and mud.
#Eri – It is tank system, widely used in Tamil Nadu which acts as flood-control systems, prevent soil erosion and wastage of runoff during periods of heavy rainfall, and also recharge the groundwater.
#Johads – They are small earthern check dams used to conserve and recharge ground water, mainly constructed in an area with naturally high elevation.
#Panam_keni – The Kuruma tribe (a native tribe of Wayanad) uses wooden cylinders as a special type of well, which are made by soaking the stems of toddy palms and immersed in groundwater springs.
#Ahar_Pynes – They are traditional floodwater harvesting systems indigenous to South Bihar. Ahars are reservoirs with embankments on three sides and Pynes are artificial rivulets led off from rivers to collect water in the ahars for irrigation in the dry months.
#Jhalara - Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped stepwells that have tiered steps on three or four sides in the city of Jodhpur.
#Bawari - Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of the ancient networks of water storage in the cities of Rajasthan.
#Taanka - It is a cylindrical paved underground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards or artificially prepared catchments flows. It is indigenous to the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan.
#Khadine – Also called dhora, is a long earthen embankment that is built across the hill slopes of gravelly uplands. It is indigenous to Jaisalmer region and similar to the irrigation methods of Ur region (Present Iraq).
#Kund – It is a saucer-shaped catchment area that gently slopes towards the central circular underground well. It is found in the sandier tracts of western Rajasthan and Gujarat.
#Pre_Revision
#Report_on_United_Information_System_for_Education_Plus (#UDISE+) 2019-20 for School Education in India.
By MoE
As per the UDISE+ report 2019-20, Gross Enrolment Ratio at all levels of school education has improved in 2019-20 compared to 2018-19.
Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) has improved at all levels of school education.
According to the report, in 2019-20, enrolment of girls from primary to higher secondary is more than 12.08 crore.
Enrolment of Divyang students has increased by 6.52% over 2018-19
Between 2012-13 and 2019-20, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) at both Secondary and Higher Secondary levels have improved.
The UDISE+ report shows a remarkable improvement in the number of schools with functional electricity, with functional computers, internet facility in 2019-20 over the previous year.
Another major improvement is seen in the number of schools with hand wash facility.
In year 2019-20, more than 90% schools in India had hand wash facility as compared to only 36.3% in 2012-13.
#UDISE+
UDISE+ is one of the largest Management Information Systems on school education.
Launched in 2018-2019, UDISE+ was introduced to speed up data entry, reduce errors, improve data quality and ease its verification.
It is an updated and improved version of UDISE, which was initiated in 2012-13 by the MoE by integrating DISE for elementary education and SEMIS for secondary education.
#MoE_Schemes
#SHREYAS_Scheme: Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skill
It will be operated in conjunction with the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme.
The scheme will be implemented by the Sector Skill Council.
objectives-
Improve employability: The scheme aims to improve the employability of introducing employment relevance to the learning process of higher education.
Linking education with industry: Close link between education and industry/service sector.
Establishing earn while you learn the system into education
#NEAT Scheme- National Educational Alliance for Technology
Objective is to use Artificial Intelligence to make learning more personalised and customised as per the requirements of the learner.
It is a PPP based scheme.
MoE would act as a facilitator to ensure that the solutions are freely available to a large number of economically backward students.
MoE would create and maintain a National NEAT platform that would provide one-stop access to these technological solutions.
EdTech companies would be responsible for developing solutions and manage the registration of learners through the NEAT portal.
#JIGYASA
It is a student- scientist connect programme by the Ministry of HRD and Ministry of S&T.
It focuses on connecting school students and scientists so as to extend student‘s classroom learning to research laboratory based learning by visiting CSIR laboratories and by participating in mini-science projects.
CSIR and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) are collaborating to implement this programme.
#Margadarshan
The scheme aims to provide mentoring to institutes by a well-performing Institute.
Institutions of repute will act as a mentor with its existing facilities to serve as the hub to guide and disperse knowledge to 10 technical institutions.
It is under the purview of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), a national-level apex advisory body under the Ministry of Human Resource and Development.
Mentor institute also provides services to faculty for self-improvement.
Government-owned, aided and self-financed institutes and universities approved by AICTE can participate.
#Diksha_Portal
Ministry has launched Diksha Portal (diksha.gov.in) for providing a digital platform to a teacher to make their lifestyle more digital.
It will serve as National Digital Infrastructure for Teachers.
Diksha portal will enable, accelerate and amplify solutions in the realm of teacher education. It will aid teachers to learn and train themselves for which assessment resources will be available.
#Pre_Revision
By MoE
As per the UDISE+ report 2019-20, Gross Enrolment Ratio at all levels of school education has improved in 2019-20 compared to 2018-19.
Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) has improved at all levels of school education.
According to the report, in 2019-20, enrolment of girls from primary to higher secondary is more than 12.08 crore.
Enrolment of Divyang students has increased by 6.52% over 2018-19
Between 2012-13 and 2019-20, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) at both Secondary and Higher Secondary levels have improved.
The UDISE+ report shows a remarkable improvement in the number of schools with functional electricity, with functional computers, internet facility in 2019-20 over the previous year.
Another major improvement is seen in the number of schools with hand wash facility.
In year 2019-20, more than 90% schools in India had hand wash facility as compared to only 36.3% in 2012-13.
#UDISE+
UDISE+ is one of the largest Management Information Systems on school education.
Launched in 2018-2019, UDISE+ was introduced to speed up data entry, reduce errors, improve data quality and ease its verification.
It is an updated and improved version of UDISE, which was initiated in 2012-13 by the MoE by integrating DISE for elementary education and SEMIS for secondary education.
#MoE_Schemes
#SHREYAS_Scheme: Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skill
It will be operated in conjunction with the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme.
The scheme will be implemented by the Sector Skill Council.
objectives-
Improve employability: The scheme aims to improve the employability of introducing employment relevance to the learning process of higher education.
Linking education with industry: Close link between education and industry/service sector.
Establishing earn while you learn the system into education
#NEAT Scheme- National Educational Alliance for Technology
Objective is to use Artificial Intelligence to make learning more personalised and customised as per the requirements of the learner.
It is a PPP based scheme.
MoE would act as a facilitator to ensure that the solutions are freely available to a large number of economically backward students.
MoE would create and maintain a National NEAT platform that would provide one-stop access to these technological solutions.
EdTech companies would be responsible for developing solutions and manage the registration of learners through the NEAT portal.
#JIGYASA
It is a student- scientist connect programme by the Ministry of HRD and Ministry of S&T.
It focuses on connecting school students and scientists so as to extend student‘s classroom learning to research laboratory based learning by visiting CSIR laboratories and by participating in mini-science projects.
CSIR and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) are collaborating to implement this programme.
#Margadarshan
The scheme aims to provide mentoring to institutes by a well-performing Institute.
Institutions of repute will act as a mentor with its existing facilities to serve as the hub to guide and disperse knowledge to 10 technical institutions.
It is under the purview of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), a national-level apex advisory body under the Ministry of Human Resource and Development.
Mentor institute also provides services to faculty for self-improvement.
Government-owned, aided and self-financed institutes and universities approved by AICTE can participate.
#Diksha_Portal
Ministry has launched Diksha Portal (diksha.gov.in) for providing a digital platform to a teacher to make their lifestyle more digital.
It will serve as National Digital Infrastructure for Teachers.
Diksha portal will enable, accelerate and amplify solutions in the realm of teacher education. It will aid teachers to learn and train themselves for which assessment resources will be available.
#Pre_Revision
#Vidya_Virta_Abhiyan
It is to encourage varsities to display portraits of Param Veer Chakra-decorated soldiers.
The objective is to instil a sense of nationalism and patriotism among the students
Universities and educational institutions across the country will have a wall of heroes, depicting portraits of soldiers who showed extraordinary courage in defending the nation.
#Shodhganga
It is the repository developed to contain an electronic copy of all M.Phil/PhD thesis to make it accessible to all institutions.
The task of setting-up of this repository is assigned to Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET), an interuniversity centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
It also provides access to Indian theses and dissertations in open access to the worldwide academic community and making visibility of Indian research to other countries.
#Global_Cybersecurity_Index (GCI) 2020
It is a composite index produced, analysed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
It is a trusted reference that measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level.
The ranking is based on five pillars i.e. legal measures, technical measures, capacity building measures, cooperation and organisational measures.
The US was ranked on the first spot, indicating highest commitment to cybersecurity.
India improved its ranking from 47 and has entered the top 10 of a global cybersecurity ranking of countries.
#International_Telecommunication_Union
It is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies – ICTs. It is the oldest among all the 15 specialized agencies of UN.
Founded in 1865 to facilitate international connectivity in communications networks, it allocates global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.
Based in Geneva, Switzerland, it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group and has 12 regional and area offices in the world.
ITU has remained an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private sector companies and academic institutions as well as international and regional telecommunication entities.
India got elected as a member of ITU Council for another 4-year term - from 2019 to 2022. India has remained a regular member since 1952.
ITU’s First ever Innovation Centre in India
Besides the Innovation Centre, ITU’s first regional office for South Asia will also get established in India.
#Pre_Revision
It is to encourage varsities to display portraits of Param Veer Chakra-decorated soldiers.
The objective is to instil a sense of nationalism and patriotism among the students
Universities and educational institutions across the country will have a wall of heroes, depicting portraits of soldiers who showed extraordinary courage in defending the nation.
#Shodhganga
It is the repository developed to contain an electronic copy of all M.Phil/PhD thesis to make it accessible to all institutions.
The task of setting-up of this repository is assigned to Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET), an interuniversity centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
It also provides access to Indian theses and dissertations in open access to the worldwide academic community and making visibility of Indian research to other countries.
#Global_Cybersecurity_Index (GCI) 2020
It is a composite index produced, analysed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
It is a trusted reference that measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level.
The ranking is based on five pillars i.e. legal measures, technical measures, capacity building measures, cooperation and organisational measures.
The US was ranked on the first spot, indicating highest commitment to cybersecurity.
India improved its ranking from 47 and has entered the top 10 of a global cybersecurity ranking of countries.
#International_Telecommunication_Union
It is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies – ICTs. It is the oldest among all the 15 specialized agencies of UN.
Founded in 1865 to facilitate international connectivity in communications networks, it allocates global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.
Based in Geneva, Switzerland, it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group and has 12 regional and area offices in the world.
ITU has remained an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private sector companies and academic institutions as well as international and regional telecommunication entities.
India got elected as a member of ITU Council for another 4-year term - from 2019 to 2022. India has remained a regular member since 1952.
ITU’s First ever Innovation Centre in India
Besides the Innovation Centre, ITU’s first regional office for South Asia will also get established in India.
#Pre_Revision
#Indrajaal
Hyderabad-based technology R&D firm Grene Robotics has designed and developed India’s first indigenous drone defence dome called “Indrajaal”.
The drone defence dome has the capability to autonomously protect an area of 1000-2000 sq km against the aerial threats by assessing and acting on aerial threats such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), loitering munitions, and Low- Radar Cross Section (RCS) targets.
#SMASH_2000_plus_Systems
It is manufactured by Israeli based company Sharp Shooter, they are anti-drone systems can be retrofitted onto an AK-47 or any other rifle of a similar make.
The drone detection can be RF-based or via conventional radars tuned to detect drones or via electro-optic payloads that use thermal imaging.
The DRDO has designated Bharat Electronics as the lead agency for development and production of much needed anti-drone system for the armed forces.
#THAAD
It is an acronym for Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, a transportable, ground-based anti-ballistic missile defence system.
First proposed in 1987 and then finally deployed in 2008, the THAAD cannot be used as a form of attack against an enemy.
It is designed to intercept and destroy short and medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase.
THAAD is coupled with space-based and ground-based surveillance stations, which transfer data about the incoming missile and inform the THAAD interceptor missile of the threat type classification.
This system has been designed and manufactured by the USA company Lockheed Martin.
#S_400_Triumf_Missile_System
The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia. It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the world, considered much ahead of the THAAD
The system can engage all types of aerial targets including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise missiles within the range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.
The system can track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.
#Iron_Dome
It is a short-range, ground-to-air, air defence system that includes a radar and Tamir interceptor missiles that track and neutralise any rockets or missiles aimed at Israeli targets.
It is used for countering rockets, artillery & mortars as well as aircraft, helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).
It is capable of being used in all weather conditions, including during the day and night.
It was developed by the state-run Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries and was deployed in 2011.
#Indian_alternatives
#Prithvi_Air_Defence_and_Advance_Air_Defence
It is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception.
It is able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres away. The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.
#Ashwin_Advanced_Air_Defence_Interceptor_Missile
It is also an indigenously produced Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile developed by DRDO
It is the advanced version of the low altitude supersonic ballistic interceptor missile.
The missile also has its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.
It uses an endo-spheric (within the Earth’s atmosphere) interceptor that knocks out ballistic missiles at a maximum altitude of 60,000 to 100,000 feet, and across a range between 90 and 125 miles.
#Pre_Revision
Hyderabad-based technology R&D firm Grene Robotics has designed and developed India’s first indigenous drone defence dome called “Indrajaal”.
The drone defence dome has the capability to autonomously protect an area of 1000-2000 sq km against the aerial threats by assessing and acting on aerial threats such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), loitering munitions, and Low- Radar Cross Section (RCS) targets.
#SMASH_2000_plus_Systems
It is manufactured by Israeli based company Sharp Shooter, they are anti-drone systems can be retrofitted onto an AK-47 or any other rifle of a similar make.
The drone detection can be RF-based or via conventional radars tuned to detect drones or via electro-optic payloads that use thermal imaging.
The DRDO has designated Bharat Electronics as the lead agency for development and production of much needed anti-drone system for the armed forces.
#THAAD
It is an acronym for Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, a transportable, ground-based anti-ballistic missile defence system.
First proposed in 1987 and then finally deployed in 2008, the THAAD cannot be used as a form of attack against an enemy.
It is designed to intercept and destroy short and medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase.
THAAD is coupled with space-based and ground-based surveillance stations, which transfer data about the incoming missile and inform the THAAD interceptor missile of the threat type classification.
This system has been designed and manufactured by the USA company Lockheed Martin.
#S_400_Triumf_Missile_System
The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia. It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the world, considered much ahead of the THAAD
The system can engage all types of aerial targets including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise missiles within the range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.
The system can track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.
#Iron_Dome
It is a short-range, ground-to-air, air defence system that includes a radar and Tamir interceptor missiles that track and neutralise any rockets or missiles aimed at Israeli targets.
It is used for countering rockets, artillery & mortars as well as aircraft, helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).
It is capable of being used in all weather conditions, including during the day and night.
It was developed by the state-run Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries and was deployed in 2011.
#Indian_alternatives
#Prithvi_Air_Defence_and_Advance_Air_Defence
It is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception.
It is able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres away. The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.
#Ashwin_Advanced_Air_Defence_Interceptor_Missile
It is also an indigenously produced Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile developed by DRDO
It is the advanced version of the low altitude supersonic ballistic interceptor missile.
The missile also has its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.
It uses an endo-spheric (within the Earth’s atmosphere) interceptor that knocks out ballistic missiles at a maximum altitude of 60,000 to 100,000 feet, and across a range between 90 and 125 miles.
#Pre_Revision
#Turtles
Turtles are the reptiles of the order Testudines, characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.
It can reside inside freshwater or saltwater.
Tortoise are distinguished from other turtles by being land-dwelling, while many (though not all) other turtle species are at partly aquatic.
Turtles are cold-blooded species.
They have very slow metabolism and can survive without food and water for a long time
Turtles play an important role in the river by scavenging dead organic material and diseased fish by CONTROLLING the water pollution.
They also help in maintaining healthy fish stocks in the water by giving them habitat over their body.
Turtle populations could improve seagrass ecosystem health by removing seagrass biomass and preventing sediment formation.
Turtles are also transporters of nutrients and energy to coastal areas.
#Olive_Ridley
The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world, inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.
These turtles are carnivoresand get their name from their olive coloured carapace.
They are best known for their unique mass nesting called #Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.(India-Bhitarkanika N. P. ,Gahirmatha beach)
IUCN-Vulnerable ,
Appendix 1 in CITES,
Schedule 1 in WPA, 1972.
#Green_Turtle
Green turtles are named after the greenish colour of their cartilage and the fat deposits around their internal organs.
They are black-brown or greenish yellow in colour.
Green turtles are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters.
Symbolic role in traditional Indonesian hindu rituals and ceremonies.
IUCN-EN
#Hawksbill_Turtle
IUCN-CE
Maturation is slow and is estimated between 25 – 40 years
Hawksbills nest on insular and mainland sandy beaches throughout the tropics and subtropics,
found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans.
In India they are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coast of Tamil Nadu and Orissa
#Loggerhead_Turtles
IUCN-VU
Loggerhead sea turtles are named for their large heads that support powerful jaw muscles, allowing them to crush hard-shelled prey like clams and sea urchins.
Unlike other sea turtles they are less likely to be hunted for their meat or shell.
Loggerheads are the most common turtle in the Mediterranean, nesting on beaches from Greece and Turkey to Israel and Libya.
Sea turtles are not only living representatives of a group of reptiles that has existed on Earth for the last 100 million years but are also a fundamental link in marine ecosystems and help maintain the health of coral reefs and seagrass beds.
#Giant_Leatherback_Turtle
IUCN- VU
The largest of the seven species of sea turtles on the planet and also the most long-ranging, Leatherbacks are found in all oceans except the Arctic and the Antarctic.
Within the Indian Ocean, they nest only in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the A&N Islands
The population in A&N Islands is among the most important colonies of the Leatherback globally.
#Pre_Revision
Turtles are the reptiles of the order Testudines, characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.
It can reside inside freshwater or saltwater.
Tortoise are distinguished from other turtles by being land-dwelling, while many (though not all) other turtle species are at partly aquatic.
Turtles are cold-blooded species.
They have very slow metabolism and can survive without food and water for a long time
Turtles play an important role in the river by scavenging dead organic material and diseased fish by CONTROLLING the water pollution.
They also help in maintaining healthy fish stocks in the water by giving them habitat over their body.
Turtle populations could improve seagrass ecosystem health by removing seagrass biomass and preventing sediment formation.
Turtles are also transporters of nutrients and energy to coastal areas.
#Olive_Ridley
The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world, inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.
These turtles are carnivoresand get their name from their olive coloured carapace.
They are best known for their unique mass nesting called #Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.(India-Bhitarkanika N. P. ,Gahirmatha beach)
IUCN-Vulnerable ,
Appendix 1 in CITES,
Schedule 1 in WPA, 1972.
#Green_Turtle
Green turtles are named after the greenish colour of their cartilage and the fat deposits around their internal organs.
They are black-brown or greenish yellow in colour.
Green turtles are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters.
Symbolic role in traditional Indonesian hindu rituals and ceremonies.
IUCN-EN
#Hawksbill_Turtle
IUCN-CE
Maturation is slow and is estimated between 25 – 40 years
Hawksbills nest on insular and mainland sandy beaches throughout the tropics and subtropics,
found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans.
In India they are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coast of Tamil Nadu and Orissa
#Loggerhead_Turtles
IUCN-VU
Loggerhead sea turtles are named for their large heads that support powerful jaw muscles, allowing them to crush hard-shelled prey like clams and sea urchins.
Unlike other sea turtles they are less likely to be hunted for their meat or shell.
Loggerheads are the most common turtle in the Mediterranean, nesting on beaches from Greece and Turkey to Israel and Libya.
Sea turtles are not only living representatives of a group of reptiles that has existed on Earth for the last 100 million years but are also a fundamental link in marine ecosystems and help maintain the health of coral reefs and seagrass beds.
#Giant_Leatherback_Turtle
IUCN- VU
The largest of the seven species of sea turtles on the planet and also the most long-ranging, Leatherbacks are found in all oceans except the Arctic and the Antarctic.
Within the Indian Ocean, they nest only in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the A&N Islands
The population in A&N Islands is among the most important colonies of the Leatherback globally.
#Pre_Revision
#Durgadevi_village--Odisha
The Odisha Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies (OIMSEAS), an archaeological wing of the State government, has recently discovered a 4,000-year-old settlement and ancient artifacts in Durgadevi village in Remuna tehsil, Balasore district, Odisha.
According to the ASI, the site has a circular mud fortification of about 4.9 km between the Sona River to the south and the Burahabalang River on its north-eastern margin.
Archaeologists have come across distinct traces of three cultural phases at the excavation site
The Chalcolithic (2000 BCE to 1000 BCE)
The Iron Age (1000 BCE to 400 BCE) and
The Early Historic Period (400 BCE to 200 BCE)
#Archaeological_Survey_of_India
ASI, under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological research and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
Its activities include carrying out surveys of antiquarian remains, exploration and excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and maintenance of protected monuments etc.
It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI. Alexander Cunningham is also known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”.
These carry out archaeological fieldwork, research activities and implement the various provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958 and Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972.
#LEAF (Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance) Coalition was announced at the Leaders Summit on Climate, 2021.
It is a collective of the governments of the USA, United Kingdom and Norway.
LEAF coalition will be one of the largest ever public-private efforts to protect tropical forests and intend to mobilize at least USD 1 billion in financing to countries committed to protecting their tropical forests.
As it is a public-private effort, thus also supported by transnational corporations (TNCs) like Unilever plc, Amazon.com, Nestle, Airbnb etc.
The LEAF coalition initiative is a step towards concretising the aims and objectives of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism.
REDD+ was created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It monetised the value of carbon locked up in the tropical forests of most developing countries, thereby propelling these countries to help mitigate climate change
#Pre_Revision
The Odisha Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies (OIMSEAS), an archaeological wing of the State government, has recently discovered a 4,000-year-old settlement and ancient artifacts in Durgadevi village in Remuna tehsil, Balasore district, Odisha.
According to the ASI, the site has a circular mud fortification of about 4.9 km between the Sona River to the south and the Burahabalang River on its north-eastern margin.
Archaeologists have come across distinct traces of three cultural phases at the excavation site
The Chalcolithic (2000 BCE to 1000 BCE)
The Iron Age (1000 BCE to 400 BCE) and
The Early Historic Period (400 BCE to 200 BCE)
#Archaeological_Survey_of_India
ASI, under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological research and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
Its activities include carrying out surveys of antiquarian remains, exploration and excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and maintenance of protected monuments etc.
It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI. Alexander Cunningham is also known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”.
These carry out archaeological fieldwork, research activities and implement the various provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958 and Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972.
#LEAF (Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance) Coalition was announced at the Leaders Summit on Climate, 2021.
It is a collective of the governments of the USA, United Kingdom and Norway.
LEAF coalition will be one of the largest ever public-private efforts to protect tropical forests and intend to mobilize at least USD 1 billion in financing to countries committed to protecting their tropical forests.
As it is a public-private effort, thus also supported by transnational corporations (TNCs) like Unilever plc, Amazon.com, Nestle, Airbnb etc.
The LEAF coalition initiative is a step towards concretising the aims and objectives of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism.
REDD+ was created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It monetised the value of carbon locked up in the tropical forests of most developing countries, thereby propelling these countries to help mitigate climate change
#Pre_Revision
#Project_LaCONES(Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species)
In order to support effective conservation measures include both in situ and ex situ using biotechnological tools and techniques in an innovative manner, LaCONES was established.
Project LaCONES was established in 1998 with the support from Dept. of Biotechnology (DBT), Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Government of Andhra Pradesh.
The laboratory was itself established in 2007.
This laboratory would strive to promote excellence in conservation biotechnology and serve for conservation of endangered wildlife in India.
National Wildlife Genetic Resource Bank (NWGRB) was established in 2018 at Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology’s (CCMB’s) Laboratory of Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES) facility in Hyderabad, Telanagana.
It is India’s first genetic resource bank where genetic material will be stored for posterity which will further the cause of conservation of endangered and protected animals.
#Central_Zoo_Authority (CZA)
It was constituted in 1992 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.Under MoEF&CC
It is chaired by the Environment Minister and has 10 members and a member-secretary.
The main objective of the authority is to complement and strengthen the national effort in conservation of rich biodiversity.
The authority provides recognition to zoos and is also tasked with regulating the zoos across the country.
It lays down guidelines and prescribes rules under which animals may be transferred among zoos nationally and internationally.
It coordinates and implements programmes on capacity building of zoo personnel, planned breeding programmes and ex-situ research.
#CSIR
Established--26th September, 1942
Chairperson-PM
HQ : New Delhi
It is an autonomous body and the largest research and development (R&D) organisation in India – running 37 laboratories and 39 field stations or extension centres.
Although it is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates as an autonomous body registered under the Registration of Societies Act, 1860.
The research and development activities of CSIR includes aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, Life sciences, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment.
#The_Centre_for_Cellular_and_Molecular_Biology
CCMB is a premier research organization which conducts high quality basic research and trainings in frontier areas of modern biology, and promote centralized national facilities for new and modern techniques in the interdisciplinary areas of biology.
It was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on April 1, 1977 with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT) Hyderabad.
It is located in Hyderabad and operates under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
It is designated as “Center of Excellence” by the Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network, UNESCO.
#Pre_Revision
In order to support effective conservation measures include both in situ and ex situ using biotechnological tools and techniques in an innovative manner, LaCONES was established.
Project LaCONES was established in 1998 with the support from Dept. of Biotechnology (DBT), Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Government of Andhra Pradesh.
The laboratory was itself established in 2007.
This laboratory would strive to promote excellence in conservation biotechnology and serve for conservation of endangered wildlife in India.
National Wildlife Genetic Resource Bank (NWGRB) was established in 2018 at Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology’s (CCMB’s) Laboratory of Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES) facility in Hyderabad, Telanagana.
It is India’s first genetic resource bank where genetic material will be stored for posterity which will further the cause of conservation of endangered and protected animals.
#Central_Zoo_Authority (CZA)
It was constituted in 1992 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.Under MoEF&CC
It is chaired by the Environment Minister and has 10 members and a member-secretary.
The main objective of the authority is to complement and strengthen the national effort in conservation of rich biodiversity.
The authority provides recognition to zoos and is also tasked with regulating the zoos across the country.
It lays down guidelines and prescribes rules under which animals may be transferred among zoos nationally and internationally.
It coordinates and implements programmes on capacity building of zoo personnel, planned breeding programmes and ex-situ research.
#CSIR
Established--26th September, 1942
Chairperson-PM
HQ : New Delhi
It is an autonomous body and the largest research and development (R&D) organisation in India – running 37 laboratories and 39 field stations or extension centres.
Although it is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates as an autonomous body registered under the Registration of Societies Act, 1860.
The research and development activities of CSIR includes aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, Life sciences, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment.
#The_Centre_for_Cellular_and_Molecular_Biology
CCMB is a premier research organization which conducts high quality basic research and trainings in frontier areas of modern biology, and promote centralized national facilities for new and modern techniques in the interdisciplinary areas of biology.
It was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on April 1, 1977 with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT) Hyderabad.
It is located in Hyderabad and operates under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
It is designated as “Center of Excellence” by the Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network, UNESCO.
#Pre_Revision
#Asian_elephant
Researchers from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous Institute of the Department of Science and Technology studied associations of male Asian elephants Nagarahole and Bandipur National Parks
Highlights of the Study
The time spent by male Asian elephants in all-male and mixed-sex groups depended on the age of the male.
Adult Asian male elephants preferred to spend their time alone than in mixed-sex or in all-male groups.
Besides, old males were found mostly in the company of their age peers and less frequently with young males (15 to 30 years of age).
Also, young males did not disproportionately initiate associations with old males.
Adult male Asian elephants are less social than females.
They enter musth -- a mate-searching strategy for old (above 30 years of age) males, annually.
The researchers hypothesised that when the adult males enter musth, dominance relationships may affect the number of mating opportunities they procure.
Hence, it might be more crucial for old males than for young males to test strength with each other and settle dominance relationships during their nonmusth time.
On the other hand, since young males associated less with females during musth than non-musth time, they might also be using their non-musth time to search for mating opportunities.
#The_Indian_Elephant
GoI declared Indian elephant as National Heritage Animal
One of three extant recognised subspecies of the Asian elephant and native to mainland Asia(other Sumatran and Sri-Lankan)
The Indian has the widest range and accounts for the majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.
IUCN-EN
Karnataka has the highest number of elephants (6,049), followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054)
The wild population has declined by at least 50% since the 1930s
Threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat
#African_elephant-VU
#Project_Elephant
It is a flagship programme of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
Launched in 1992 it is a Centrally-sponsored scheme
Primarily aimed at protecting elephant, their habitats and corridors
It addresses issues of man-animal conflict and welfare of domesticated elephants
World Elephant Day: 12th August
#Elephant_Information_Network (EIN)
Has enabled human-elephant coexistence in southern India
Acts as an early warning mechanism to alert people when elephants are nearby, minimizing negative human-elephant interactions, and increasing people’s tolerance towards elephants.
By Mr. Ananda Kumar
#The_Monitoring_the_Killing_of_Elephants (MIKE) programme launched in 2003 is an international collaboration that tracks trends in information related to the illegal killing of elephants from across Africa and Asia, to monitor effectiveness of field conservation efforts.
#Gaj_Yatra a nationwide awareness campaign to celebrate elephants and highlight the necessity of securing elephant corridors.
#Gajah is the bi-annual journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG)
The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), had come out with a publication on the right of passage in 101 elephant corridors of the country in 2017, stressed on the need for greater surveillance and protection of elephant corridors.
#Asian_Elephant_Alliance
It is an umbrella of five NGOs, was launched to reverse crisis facing elephants.
It is to secure 96 out of the 101 existing corridors used by elephants across 12 States in India
#Asian_Elephant_Specialist_Group (AsESG)
It is a global network of specialists (both scientists and non-scientists) concerned with the study, monitoring, management, and conservation of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
AsESG is an integral part of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the IUCN
#Pre_Revision
Researchers from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous Institute of the Department of Science and Technology studied associations of male Asian elephants Nagarahole and Bandipur National Parks
Highlights of the Study
The time spent by male Asian elephants in all-male and mixed-sex groups depended on the age of the male.
Adult Asian male elephants preferred to spend their time alone than in mixed-sex or in all-male groups.
Besides, old males were found mostly in the company of their age peers and less frequently with young males (15 to 30 years of age).
Also, young males did not disproportionately initiate associations with old males.
Adult male Asian elephants are less social than females.
They enter musth -- a mate-searching strategy for old (above 30 years of age) males, annually.
The researchers hypothesised that when the adult males enter musth, dominance relationships may affect the number of mating opportunities they procure.
Hence, it might be more crucial for old males than for young males to test strength with each other and settle dominance relationships during their nonmusth time.
On the other hand, since young males associated less with females during musth than non-musth time, they might also be using their non-musth time to search for mating opportunities.
#The_Indian_Elephant
GoI declared Indian elephant as National Heritage Animal
One of three extant recognised subspecies of the Asian elephant and native to mainland Asia(other Sumatran and Sri-Lankan)
The Indian has the widest range and accounts for the majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.
IUCN-EN
Karnataka has the highest number of elephants (6,049), followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054)
The wild population has declined by at least 50% since the 1930s
Threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat
#African_elephant-VU
#Project_Elephant
It is a flagship programme of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
Launched in 1992 it is a Centrally-sponsored scheme
Primarily aimed at protecting elephant, their habitats and corridors
It addresses issues of man-animal conflict and welfare of domesticated elephants
World Elephant Day: 12th August
#Elephant_Information_Network (EIN)
Has enabled human-elephant coexistence in southern India
Acts as an early warning mechanism to alert people when elephants are nearby, minimizing negative human-elephant interactions, and increasing people’s tolerance towards elephants.
By Mr. Ananda Kumar
#The_Monitoring_the_Killing_of_Elephants (MIKE) programme launched in 2003 is an international collaboration that tracks trends in information related to the illegal killing of elephants from across Africa and Asia, to monitor effectiveness of field conservation efforts.
#Gaj_Yatra a nationwide awareness campaign to celebrate elephants and highlight the necessity of securing elephant corridors.
#Gajah is the bi-annual journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG)
The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), had come out with a publication on the right of passage in 101 elephant corridors of the country in 2017, stressed on the need for greater surveillance and protection of elephant corridors.
#Asian_Elephant_Alliance
It is an umbrella of five NGOs, was launched to reverse crisis facing elephants.
It is to secure 96 out of the 101 existing corridors used by elephants across 12 States in India
#Asian_Elephant_Specialist_Group (AsESG)
It is a global network of specialists (both scientists and non-scientists) concerned with the study, monitoring, management, and conservation of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
AsESG is an integral part of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the IUCN
#Pre_Revision
#Heat_Dome
A heat dome occurs when the atmosphere traps hot ocean air like a lid or cap.
The scorching heat is ensnared in what is called a heat dome.
High-pressure circulation in the atmosphere acts like a dome or cap, trapping heat at the surface and favoring the formation of a heat wave.
This happens when strong, high-pressure atmospheric conditions combine with influences from La Niña.
This creates vast areas of sweltering heat that gets trapped under the high-pressure “dome“.
The main cause is a strong change (or gradient) in ocean temperatures from west to east in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
In a process known as convection, the gradient causes more warm air, heated by the ocean surface.
This rises over the western Pacific, and decreases convection over the central and eastern Pacific.
As prevailing winds move the hot air east, the northern shifts of the jet stream trap the air.
Thus winds move it toward land, where it sinks, resulting in heat waves.
#Heat_Waves
The heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions.
If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition.
Further, an increase of 7°C or more from the normal temperature is considered as severe heat wave condition.
If the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C, then an increase of 4°C to 5°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 6°C or more is considered as severe heat wave condition.
Additionally, if the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, a heat wave is declared.
#La_Nina
La Nina means The Little Girl in Spanish. It is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Nino, or simply "a cold event."
La Nina events represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
It is indicated by sea-surface temperature decreased by more than 0.9℉ for at least five successive three-month seasons.
La Nina event is observed when the water temperature in the Eastern Pacific gets comparatively colder than normal, as a consequence of which, there is a strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific.
The Conditions of La Nina.
La Nina is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal waters in the tropical Pacific, the area of the Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
La Nina is characterized by lower-than-normal air pressure over the western Pacific. These low-pressure zones contribute to increased rainfall.
La Nina events are also associated with rainier-than-normal conditions over southeastern Africa and northern Brazil.
However, strong La Nina events are associated with catastrophic floods in northern Australia.
La Nina is also characterized by higher-than-normal pressure over the central and eastern Pacific.
This results in decreased cloud production and rainfall in that region.
Drier-than-normal conditions are observed along the west coast of tropical South America, the Gulf Coast of the United States, and the pampas region of southern South America.
#Pre_Revision
A heat dome occurs when the atmosphere traps hot ocean air like a lid or cap.
The scorching heat is ensnared in what is called a heat dome.
High-pressure circulation in the atmosphere acts like a dome or cap, trapping heat at the surface and favoring the formation of a heat wave.
This happens when strong, high-pressure atmospheric conditions combine with influences from La Niña.
This creates vast areas of sweltering heat that gets trapped under the high-pressure “dome“.
The main cause is a strong change (or gradient) in ocean temperatures from west to east in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
In a process known as convection, the gradient causes more warm air, heated by the ocean surface.
This rises over the western Pacific, and decreases convection over the central and eastern Pacific.
As prevailing winds move the hot air east, the northern shifts of the jet stream trap the air.
Thus winds move it toward land, where it sinks, resulting in heat waves.
#Heat_Waves
The heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions.
If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition.
Further, an increase of 7°C or more from the normal temperature is considered as severe heat wave condition.
If the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C, then an increase of 4°C to 5°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 6°C or more is considered as severe heat wave condition.
Additionally, if the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, a heat wave is declared.
#La_Nina
La Nina means The Little Girl in Spanish. It is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Nino, or simply "a cold event."
La Nina events represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
It is indicated by sea-surface temperature decreased by more than 0.9℉ for at least five successive three-month seasons.
La Nina event is observed when the water temperature in the Eastern Pacific gets comparatively colder than normal, as a consequence of which, there is a strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific.
The Conditions of La Nina.
La Nina is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal waters in the tropical Pacific, the area of the Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
La Nina is characterized by lower-than-normal air pressure over the western Pacific. These low-pressure zones contribute to increased rainfall.
La Nina events are also associated with rainier-than-normal conditions over southeastern Africa and northern Brazil.
However, strong La Nina events are associated with catastrophic floods in northern Australia.
La Nina is also characterized by higher-than-normal pressure over the central and eastern Pacific.
This results in decreased cloud production and rainfall in that region.
Drier-than-normal conditions are observed along the west coast of tropical South America, the Gulf Coast of the United States, and the pampas region of southern South America.
#Pre_Revision
GHP Raju (IPS, 1993 batch) with a long standing experience of serving in North East India is presently serving as a Principal Secretary to the Govt of Meghalaya.
He will be sharing his perspective with the candidates on how to prepare for the Civil Services Personality Test. Aspirants will also get an opportunity to ask him questions and resolve their doubts.
https://youtu.be/SSYNMF7IxKw
He will be sharing his perspective with the candidates on how to prepare for the Civil Services Personality Test. Aspirants will also get an opportunity to ask him questions and resolve their doubts.
https://youtu.be/SSYNMF7IxKw
YouTube
"How to Prepare for Civil Services Interview?" | GHP Raju Sir | IMP | Level Up IAS
Interview Mentorship Program (IMP)
---------------------------------------------
Features of the program:
Expert and Experienced Panel Members
One DAF session, 2 Mock interviews
Video recording of the sessions
Lectures and Sessions on topics which are important…
---------------------------------------------
Features of the program:
Expert and Experienced Panel Members
One DAF session, 2 Mock interviews
Video recording of the sessions
Lectures and Sessions on topics which are important…
#NIPUN_Bharat_Mission(National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy)
To create an enabling environment to ensure universal acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy. It will enable every child to achieve the desired learning competencies in reading, writing and numeracy by the end of Grade 3 by 2026-27.
NIPUN Bharat will be implemented by the Department of School Education and Literacy.
A five-tier implementation mechanism will be set up at the national- state- district- block- school level in all states and UTs for the mission.
No additional funding is being allocated for the mission. Instead, money is being allocated from the Samagra Shiksha scheme, which saw a 20% drop in its budget in 2021.
•Foundational literacy and numeracy is one of the goals under the National Education Policy 2020.
Initially, the policy had included a 2025 deadline to achieve this goal. But the target has been extended to 2026-27, given that COVID-19 has already disrupted two academic years.
#Samagra_Shiksha
Samagra Shiksha is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2000-2001.
Samagra Shiksha is an integrated scheme for school education extending from pre-school to class XII to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.
It subsumes the three Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the two T’s – Teacher and Technology.
The vision of the Scheme is in accordance with SDG for Education
#SDG_4.1: Aims to ensure that all boys and girls complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
#SDG_4.5: Aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education.
#Annual_Status_of_Education_Report
It is a nationwide survey of rural education and learning outcomes in terms of reading and arithmetic skills that has been conducted by the NGO Pratham for the last 15 years.
It uses Census 2011 as the sampling frame and continues to be an important national source of information about children’s foundational skills across the country.
ASER findings-impact of Covid- 19 Pandemic:
About 20% of rural children have no textbooks at home.
In the week of the survey, about one in three rural children had done no learning activity at all.
About two in three had no learning material or activity given by their school that week, and only one in 10 had access to live online classes.
3% of rural children aged 6-10 years had not yet enrolled in school this year, in comparison to just 1.8% in 2018.
Enrolment patterns also show a slight shift toward government schools, with private schools seeing a drop in enrolment in all age groups
#Pre_Revision
To create an enabling environment to ensure universal acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy. It will enable every child to achieve the desired learning competencies in reading, writing and numeracy by the end of Grade 3 by 2026-27.
NIPUN Bharat will be implemented by the Department of School Education and Literacy.
A five-tier implementation mechanism will be set up at the national- state- district- block- school level in all states and UTs for the mission.
No additional funding is being allocated for the mission. Instead, money is being allocated from the Samagra Shiksha scheme, which saw a 20% drop in its budget in 2021.
•Foundational literacy and numeracy is one of the goals under the National Education Policy 2020.
Initially, the policy had included a 2025 deadline to achieve this goal. But the target has been extended to 2026-27, given that COVID-19 has already disrupted two academic years.
#Samagra_Shiksha
Samagra Shiksha is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2000-2001.
Samagra Shiksha is an integrated scheme for school education extending from pre-school to class XII to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.
It subsumes the three Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the two T’s – Teacher and Technology.
The vision of the Scheme is in accordance with SDG for Education
#SDG_4.1: Aims to ensure that all boys and girls complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
#SDG_4.5: Aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education.
#Annual_Status_of_Education_Report
It is a nationwide survey of rural education and learning outcomes in terms of reading and arithmetic skills that has been conducted by the NGO Pratham for the last 15 years.
It uses Census 2011 as the sampling frame and continues to be an important national source of information about children’s foundational skills across the country.
ASER findings-impact of Covid- 19 Pandemic:
About 20% of rural children have no textbooks at home.
In the week of the survey, about one in three rural children had done no learning activity at all.
About two in three had no learning material or activity given by their school that week, and only one in 10 had access to live online classes.
3% of rural children aged 6-10 years had not yet enrolled in school this year, in comparison to just 1.8% in 2018.
Enrolment patterns also show a slight shift toward government schools, with private schools seeing a drop in enrolment in all age groups
#Pre_Revision
#Clinical_Trials_Registry_India (CTRI)
It was launched in July 2007 and has been managed by the ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India.
It is an online, free and searchable system for the prospective registration of all clinical studies being conducted in India.
In addition, the CTRI also registers clinical studies being conducted in countries which do not have a Primary Registry of their own.
It is a primary register of Clinical Trials under WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).
Initiated as a voluntary measure, since 15th June 2009, trial registration in the CTRI has been made mandatory by the Drugs Controller General India (DCGI).
To make Ayurveda based clinical trials, a worldwide visibility, the Ayurveda dataset on CTRI Portal will be launched online by the Union AYUSH Minister Shri Kiren Rijiju.
This Ayurveda Dataset of CTRI has been jointly developed by ICMR and Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Ministry of Ayush.
Until now the clinical trials in Ayurveda were dependent on terminology borrowed from modern medicine.
The Minister will also launch four more Portals, AMAR, SAHI, e-MEDHA and RMIS.
All of these four portals are primarily developed by CCRAS while RMIS is a collaborative effort of ICMR and CCRAS
#Drugs_Controller_General_of_India (DCGI)
DCGI under gamut of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is responsible for approval of licenses of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, vaccines, IV fluids and sera in India.
DCGI lays down standards and quality of manufacturing, selling, import and distribution of drugs in India.
It acts as appellate authority in case of any dispute regarding quality of drugs.
It prepares and maintains national reference standard.
It brings about uniformity in enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
It trains Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other Institutions.
#Ayurveda
In Ayurveda it is believed living man is a conglomeration of three humors (Vata, Pitta & Kapha), seven basic tissues (Rasa, Rakta, Mansa, Meda, Asthi, Majja & Shukra) and the waste products of the body i.e. mala, mutra and sweda
In 1835, the teaching of Ayurveda was suspended in the Calcutta Medical College.
The Bhore Committee( in 1943 under Sir Joseph William Bhore) recommendations were in favour of modern medicine thus Ayurveda did not get support to modernise in colonial times.
Recently GoI allows postgraduate students in Ayurveda undergoing ‘Shalya’ (general surgery) and ‘Shalakya’ (dealing with eye, ear, nose, throat, head and neck, oro-dentistry) to perform 58 specified surgical procedures.
The Rigveda is the earliest account of ancient Indian civilization which mentions that Ashwini Kumaras known as Dev Vaidya were the chief surgeons of Vedic periods, who had performed rare legendary surgical operations.
#Charaka
known as Father of Medicine ,debate around which time period he existed.
Author of Charaka Samhita – deals with physiology, etiology, embryology etc. Emphasis on physical examination and rational cure of diseases.
Emphasized on the principle that prevention is better than cure.
Wrote extensively on digestion, metabolism, immune system, genetics like the factors responsible for sex of a child.
probably the first to have made a reference about smallpox.
steered Indian medicine towards scientific approach , away from the notions that diseases are caused by supernatural forces and that treatments were possible by rituals and prayers.
#Sushruta from Banaras, is the father of surgery, his works are compiled as Sushrutaa Samhita. He described 60 types of upakarma for treatment of wounds, 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures.
Sushruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated that surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances and hence is the highest in value of all the medical tantras.
#Pre_Revision
It was launched in July 2007 and has been managed by the ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India.
It is an online, free and searchable system for the prospective registration of all clinical studies being conducted in India.
In addition, the CTRI also registers clinical studies being conducted in countries which do not have a Primary Registry of their own.
It is a primary register of Clinical Trials under WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).
Initiated as a voluntary measure, since 15th June 2009, trial registration in the CTRI has been made mandatory by the Drugs Controller General India (DCGI).
To make Ayurveda based clinical trials, a worldwide visibility, the Ayurveda dataset on CTRI Portal will be launched online by the Union AYUSH Minister Shri Kiren Rijiju.
This Ayurveda Dataset of CTRI has been jointly developed by ICMR and Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Ministry of Ayush.
Until now the clinical trials in Ayurveda were dependent on terminology borrowed from modern medicine.
The Minister will also launch four more Portals, AMAR, SAHI, e-MEDHA and RMIS.
All of these four portals are primarily developed by CCRAS while RMIS is a collaborative effort of ICMR and CCRAS
#Drugs_Controller_General_of_India (DCGI)
DCGI under gamut of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is responsible for approval of licenses of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, vaccines, IV fluids and sera in India.
DCGI lays down standards and quality of manufacturing, selling, import and distribution of drugs in India.
It acts as appellate authority in case of any dispute regarding quality of drugs.
It prepares and maintains national reference standard.
It brings about uniformity in enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
It trains Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other Institutions.
#Ayurveda
In Ayurveda it is believed living man is a conglomeration of three humors (Vata, Pitta & Kapha), seven basic tissues (Rasa, Rakta, Mansa, Meda, Asthi, Majja & Shukra) and the waste products of the body i.e. mala, mutra and sweda
In 1835, the teaching of Ayurveda was suspended in the Calcutta Medical College.
The Bhore Committee( in 1943 under Sir Joseph William Bhore) recommendations were in favour of modern medicine thus Ayurveda did not get support to modernise in colonial times.
Recently GoI allows postgraduate students in Ayurveda undergoing ‘Shalya’ (general surgery) and ‘Shalakya’ (dealing with eye, ear, nose, throat, head and neck, oro-dentistry) to perform 58 specified surgical procedures.
The Rigveda is the earliest account of ancient Indian civilization which mentions that Ashwini Kumaras known as Dev Vaidya were the chief surgeons of Vedic periods, who had performed rare legendary surgical operations.
#Charaka
known as Father of Medicine ,debate around which time period he existed.
Author of Charaka Samhita – deals with physiology, etiology, embryology etc. Emphasis on physical examination and rational cure of diseases.
Emphasized on the principle that prevention is better than cure.
Wrote extensively on digestion, metabolism, immune system, genetics like the factors responsible for sex of a child.
probably the first to have made a reference about smallpox.
steered Indian medicine towards scientific approach , away from the notions that diseases are caused by supernatural forces and that treatments were possible by rituals and prayers.
#Sushruta from Banaras, is the father of surgery, his works are compiled as Sushrutaa Samhita. He described 60 types of upakarma for treatment of wounds, 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures.
Sushruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated that surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances and hence is the highest in value of all the medical tantras.
#Pre_Revision