Chaff
It is a passive expendable electronic countermeasure technology used worldwide to protect naval ships from enemy’s radar and Radio Frequency (RF) missile seekers.
The importance of this development lies in the fact that very less quantity of chaff material deployed in the air acts as decoy to deflect enemy’s missiles for safety of the ships.
#Pre_Revision
It is a passive expendable electronic countermeasure technology used worldwide to protect naval ships from enemy’s radar and Radio Frequency (RF) missile seekers.
The importance of this development lies in the fact that very less quantity of chaff material deployed in the air acts as decoy to deflect enemy’s missiles for safety of the ships.
#Pre_Revision
Seechewal Method
It was first introduced by Balbir Singh Seechewal, an environmentalist in Punjab.
The model is a pipe-and-pump formula used to remove heavy solid particles, oil, and other material from water.
The Seechewal model has rejuvenated the 160-km Kali Bein, a rivulet of the Beas in the Doaba region of Punjab.
Under this method first the water from sewerage system is collected in a pond and a filter-mash is used to remove objects floating on the surface of water.
Then the polluted water is taken into three separate wells,
In the first well the silt from the sewerage is removed.
In the second well fats, oil is taken away.
The third well conveys the cleaned water into the main pond.
The water collected in the pond is cleaned with sun rays, then a motor pump is installed to lift the treated water to send it to fields for irrigation.
#Pre_Revision
It was first introduced by Balbir Singh Seechewal, an environmentalist in Punjab.
The model is a pipe-and-pump formula used to remove heavy solid particles, oil, and other material from water.
The Seechewal model has rejuvenated the 160-km Kali Bein, a rivulet of the Beas in the Doaba region of Punjab.
Under this method first the water from sewerage system is collected in a pond and a filter-mash is used to remove objects floating on the surface of water.
Then the polluted water is taken into three separate wells,
In the first well the silt from the sewerage is removed.
In the second well fats, oil is taken away.
The third well conveys the cleaned water into the main pond.
The water collected in the pond is cleaned with sun rays, then a motor pump is installed to lift the treated water to send it to fields for irrigation.
#Pre_Revision
Madhu Kranti portal:
Madhu Kranti portal is an initiative of the National Bee Board (NBB), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare under the National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM).
This portal is being developed for online registration to achieve traceability source of honey and other beehive products on a digital platform.
#Pre_Revision
Madhu Kranti portal is an initiative of the National Bee Board (NBB), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare under the National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM).
This portal is being developed for online registration to achieve traceability source of honey and other beehive products on a digital platform.
#Pre_Revision
Anamaya:
Anamaya is a tribal health collaborative supported by Piramal Foundation and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
It will converge efforts of various government agencies and organisations to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities of India.
The initiative is committed to ending preventable deaths in the tribal communities.
#Pre_Revision
Anamaya is a tribal health collaborative supported by Piramal Foundation and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
It will converge efforts of various government agencies and organisations to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities of India.
The initiative is committed to ending preventable deaths in the tribal communities.
#Pre_Revision
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally occurring organic compounds which contain nitrogen atom or atoms (amino or amido in some cases) in their structures.
These nitrogen atoms cause alkalinity of these compounds.
Well-known alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine.
The medicinal properties of alkaloids are quite diverse. Morphine is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pain, though its addictive properties limit its usefulness.
Codeine, the methyl ether derivative of morphine found in the opium poppy, is an excellent analgesic that is relatively nonaddictive.
#Pre_Revision
Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally occurring organic compounds which contain nitrogen atom or atoms (amino or amido in some cases) in their structures.
These nitrogen atoms cause alkalinity of these compounds.
Well-known alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine.
The medicinal properties of alkaloids are quite diverse. Morphine is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pain, though its addictive properties limit its usefulness.
Codeine, the methyl ether derivative of morphine found in the opium poppy, is an excellent analgesic that is relatively nonaddictive.
#Pre_Revision
#Non_Fungible_Token (NFT)
A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unit of data on a digital ledger called a block chain, where each NFT can represent a unique digital item, and thus they are not interchangeable.
NFTs can represent digital files such as art, audio, videos, items in video games and other forms of creative work.
The NFTs can be bought on an NFT market, it has access to any copy of the original file, however, is not restricted to the owner of the token.
While the digital files themselves are infinitely reproducible, the NFTs representing them are tracked on their underlying block chains and provide buyers with proof of ownership of the NFTs.
NFTs can be used to commodify digital creations, such as digital art, video game items, and music files.
NFTs mostly run on a proof-of-work block chain, which is less energy efficient than a proof-of-stake block chain.
Indian cryptocurrency exchange, WazirX has launched a non-fungible tokens (NFT) marketplace for Indian artists and creators.
#Pre_Revision
A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unit of data on a digital ledger called a block chain, where each NFT can represent a unique digital item, and thus they are not interchangeable.
NFTs can represent digital files such as art, audio, videos, items in video games and other forms of creative work.
The NFTs can be bought on an NFT market, it has access to any copy of the original file, however, is not restricted to the owner of the token.
While the digital files themselves are infinitely reproducible, the NFTs representing them are tracked on their underlying block chains and provide buyers with proof of ownership of the NFTs.
NFTs can be used to commodify digital creations, such as digital art, video game items, and music files.
NFTs mostly run on a proof-of-work block chain, which is less energy efficient than a proof-of-stake block chain.
Indian cryptocurrency exchange, WazirX has launched a non-fungible tokens (NFT) marketplace for Indian artists and creators.
#Pre_Revision
#Asian_Houbara_Bustard
It is a large terrestrial bird found in parts of Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
The North African houbara (Chlamydotis undulata) and the Asian houbara (Chlamydotis macqueenii) are separate species.
The Asian houbara is related to the critically endangered great Indian bustard native to India.
The IUCN lists the birds as vulnerable, and the CITES has placed them on the most sensitive listing i.e. Appendix I which prohibits any commercial trade of these birds.
#Pre_Revision
It is a large terrestrial bird found in parts of Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
The North African houbara (Chlamydotis undulata) and the Asian houbara (Chlamydotis macqueenii) are separate species.
The Asian houbara is related to the critically endangered great Indian bustard native to India.
The IUCN lists the birds as vulnerable, and the CITES has placed them on the most sensitive listing i.e. Appendix I which prohibits any commercial trade of these birds.
#Pre_Revision
Doppler Weather Radars
Recently, the Ministry of Earth Sciences has commissioned two of the ten indigenously built Doppler weather radars.
The DWR provides detailed information on storm’s internal wind flow and structure.
Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the intensity of the precipitation.
Both types of data can be analysed to determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather.
The DWR, can detect Weather phenomenon up to 500 km.
The Doppler weather radars will closely monitor the weather changes over the Himalayas
#Pre_Revision
Recently, the Ministry of Earth Sciences has commissioned two of the ten indigenously built Doppler weather radars.
The DWR provides detailed information on storm’s internal wind flow and structure.
Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the intensity of the precipitation.
Both types of data can be analysed to determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather.
The DWR, can detect Weather phenomenon up to 500 km.
The Doppler weather radars will closely monitor the weather changes over the Himalayas
#Pre_Revision
Lumpy Skin Disease
It is primarily spread between animals by biting insects (vector), such as mosquitoes and biting flies.
The virus, which is closely related to the pox viruses of sheep and goats, and causes nodular skin lesions on the animal’s body.
It has remained confined to Africa, where it was first discovered in 1929, and parts of West Asia, so far the disease has not occurred in North America.
The most apparent sign of the disease will be multiple nodules on the body, including the muzzle, nostrils, head, neck, back, legs, scrotum, perineum, udder, eyelids, nasal and oral mucosa, and tail.
The humans are not at risk of developing lumpy skin disease.
#Pre_Revision
It is primarily spread between animals by biting insects (vector), such as mosquitoes and biting flies.
The virus, which is closely related to the pox viruses of sheep and goats, and causes nodular skin lesions on the animal’s body.
It has remained confined to Africa, where it was first discovered in 1929, and parts of West Asia, so far the disease has not occurred in North America.
The most apparent sign of the disease will be multiple nodules on the body, including the muzzle, nostrils, head, neck, back, legs, scrotum, perineum, udder, eyelids, nasal and oral mucosa, and tail.
The humans are not at risk of developing lumpy skin disease.
#Pre_Revision
The Ministry of Science & Technology has formulated following schemes to provide attractive avenues and opportunities to Indian researchers who are residing in foreign countries to work in Indian Institutes and Universities.
#Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA) Faculty Scheme
This Scheme is to bring overseas scientists and academicians including Non-resident Indians (NRI) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) to India to work in public funded Institutions and Universities for a specific period of time.
The scheme offers adjunct / visiting faculty assignments to overseas scientists including Indian researchers to undertake high quality collaborative research in cutting edge areas of science and technology with one or more Indian collaborators.
#Ramanujan Fellowship
This Fellowship provides attractive avenues and opportunities to Indian researchers of high calibre, who are residing abroad, to work in Indian Institutes/Universities in all areas of Science, Engineering and Medicine.
It is directed to scientists and engineers below the age of 40 years, who want to return to India from abroad.
#Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship
The programme is to encourage scientists (Indian Nationals) working outside the country, who would like to return to the home country to pursue their research interests in Life Sciences, Modern Biology, Biotechnology, and other related areas.
#Biomedical Research Career Programme (BRCP)
This program provides opportunity to early, intermediate and senior level researchers to establish their research & academic career in Basic biomedical or Clinical & Public Health in India.
These fellowships are open to all eligible researchers who wish to relocate or continue to work in India.
#Scientists/ Technologists of Indian Origin (STIO) in Indian research Laboratory
There is a provision to appoint Scientists/ Technologists of Indian Origin (STIO) on a contractual basis at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories to nurture a research field in their area of expertise.
#Senior Research Associateship (SRA) (Scientist's Pool Scheme)
This scheme is primarily meant to provide temporary placement to highly qualified Indian scientists, engineers, technologists, and medical personnel returning from abroad, who are not holding any employment in India.
The Senior Research Associateship is not a regular appointment, but is a temporary facility to enable the Associate to do research/teaching in India while looking for a regular position.
#Pre_Revision
#Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA) Faculty Scheme
This Scheme is to bring overseas scientists and academicians including Non-resident Indians (NRI) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) to India to work in public funded Institutions and Universities for a specific period of time.
The scheme offers adjunct / visiting faculty assignments to overseas scientists including Indian researchers to undertake high quality collaborative research in cutting edge areas of science and technology with one or more Indian collaborators.
#Ramanujan Fellowship
This Fellowship provides attractive avenues and opportunities to Indian researchers of high calibre, who are residing abroad, to work in Indian Institutes/Universities in all areas of Science, Engineering and Medicine.
It is directed to scientists and engineers below the age of 40 years, who want to return to India from abroad.
#Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship
The programme is to encourage scientists (Indian Nationals) working outside the country, who would like to return to the home country to pursue their research interests in Life Sciences, Modern Biology, Biotechnology, and other related areas.
#Biomedical Research Career Programme (BRCP)
This program provides opportunity to early, intermediate and senior level researchers to establish their research & academic career in Basic biomedical or Clinical & Public Health in India.
These fellowships are open to all eligible researchers who wish to relocate or continue to work in India.
#Scientists/ Technologists of Indian Origin (STIO) in Indian research Laboratory
There is a provision to appoint Scientists/ Technologists of Indian Origin (STIO) on a contractual basis at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories to nurture a research field in their area of expertise.
#Senior Research Associateship (SRA) (Scientist's Pool Scheme)
This scheme is primarily meant to provide temporary placement to highly qualified Indian scientists, engineers, technologists, and medical personnel returning from abroad, who are not holding any employment in India.
The Senior Research Associateship is not a regular appointment, but is a temporary facility to enable the Associate to do research/teaching in India while looking for a regular position.
#Pre_Revision
Epidemic Diseases (Amendment) Bill, 2020
The bill amends the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 to include protections for health care service personnel combating epidemic diseases.
The legislation makes harm, injury, hurt or danger to the life of health care service personnel as a cognizable and non-bailable offence.
It has provisions of imprisonment from three months to five years and a fine between 50 thousand rupees to two lakh rupees.
Persons convicted of offences under the bill will also be liable to pay compensation to the health care service personnel whom they have hurt.
The bill also expands the powers of the Central Government to prevent the spread of such diseases.
The earlier Act specifies that the central government may regulate:
√The inspection of any ship or vessel leaving or arriving at any port.
√The detention of any person intending to travel from the port, during an outbreak.
The Bill expands the powers of the central government to regulate the inspection of any bus, train, goods vehicle, ship, vessel, or aircraft leaving or arriving at any land port, port, or aerodrome.
Further, the government may regulate the detention of any person intending to travel by these means.
#Pre_Revision
The bill amends the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 to include protections for health care service personnel combating epidemic diseases.
The legislation makes harm, injury, hurt or danger to the life of health care service personnel as a cognizable and non-bailable offence.
It has provisions of imprisonment from three months to five years and a fine between 50 thousand rupees to two lakh rupees.
Persons convicted of offences under the bill will also be liable to pay compensation to the health care service personnel whom they have hurt.
The bill also expands the powers of the Central Government to prevent the spread of such diseases.
The earlier Act specifies that the central government may regulate:
√The inspection of any ship or vessel leaving or arriving at any port.
√The detention of any person intending to travel from the port, during an outbreak.
The Bill expands the powers of the central government to regulate the inspection of any bus, train, goods vehicle, ship, vessel, or aircraft leaving or arriving at any land port, port, or aerodrome.
Further, the government may regulate the detention of any person intending to travel by these means.
#Pre_Revision
Ocean Services, Modelling, Applications, Resources and Technology (O-SMART) scheme
It is an umbrella scheme of Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
Objectives of the scheme
To generate and regularly update information on Marine Living Resources and their relationship with the physical environment in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
To periodically monitor levels of sea water pollutants for health assessment of coastal waters of India, to develop shoreline change maps for assessment of coastal erosion due to natural and anthropogenic activities.
To develop a wide range of state-of-the art ocean observation systems for acquisition of real-time data from the seas around India.
To generate and disseminate a suite of user-oriented ocean information, advisories, warnings, data and data products for the benefit of society.
To develop high resolution models for ocean forecast and reanalysis system.
To develop algorithms for validation of satellite data for coastal research and to monitor changes in the coastal research.
Acquisition of 2 Coastal Research Vessels (CRVs) as replacement of 2 old CRVs for coastal pollution monitoring, testing of various underwater components and technology demonstration.
To develop technologies to tap the marine bio resources.
To develop technologies generating freshwater and energy from ocean,
To develop underwater vehicles and technologies.
Establishment of Ballast water treatment facility.
To support operation and maintenance of 5 Research vessels for ocean survey/monitoring/technology demonstration programmes.
Establishment of state of the art sea front facility to cater to the testing and sea trial activities of ocean technology.
To carryout exploration of Polymetallic Nodules (MPN) from water depth of 5500 m in site of 75000 sq.km allotted to India by United Nations in Central Indian Ocean Basin, to carryout investigations of gas hydrates.
Exploration of polymetallic sulphides near Rodrigues Triple junction in 10000 sq. km of area allotted to India in International waters by International Seabed Authority/UN.
Submission of India's claim over continental shelf extending beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone supported by scientific data, and Topographic survey of EEZ of India.
#Pre_Revision
It is an umbrella scheme of Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
Objectives of the scheme
To generate and regularly update information on Marine Living Resources and their relationship with the physical environment in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
To periodically monitor levels of sea water pollutants for health assessment of coastal waters of India, to develop shoreline change maps for assessment of coastal erosion due to natural and anthropogenic activities.
To develop a wide range of state-of-the art ocean observation systems for acquisition of real-time data from the seas around India.
To generate and disseminate a suite of user-oriented ocean information, advisories, warnings, data and data products for the benefit of society.
To develop high resolution models for ocean forecast and reanalysis system.
To develop algorithms for validation of satellite data for coastal research and to monitor changes in the coastal research.
Acquisition of 2 Coastal Research Vessels (CRVs) as replacement of 2 old CRVs for coastal pollution monitoring, testing of various underwater components and technology demonstration.
To develop technologies to tap the marine bio resources.
To develop technologies generating freshwater and energy from ocean,
To develop underwater vehicles and technologies.
Establishment of Ballast water treatment facility.
To support operation and maintenance of 5 Research vessels for ocean survey/monitoring/technology demonstration programmes.
Establishment of state of the art sea front facility to cater to the testing and sea trial activities of ocean technology.
To carryout exploration of Polymetallic Nodules (MPN) from water depth of 5500 m in site of 75000 sq.km allotted to India by United Nations in Central Indian Ocean Basin, to carryout investigations of gas hydrates.
Exploration of polymetallic sulphides near Rodrigues Triple junction in 10000 sq. km of area allotted to India in International waters by International Seabed Authority/UN.
Submission of India's claim over continental shelf extending beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone supported by scientific data, and Topographic survey of EEZ of India.
#Pre_Revision
Controller General of Accounts
The information regarding accounts of the union government are released / disseminated by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA). These include data related to budget estimates, fiscal / revenue deficits etc.
CGA works under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Though it itself is not a constitutional body, it derives its mandate from Article 150 of the constitution which says: The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, prescribe.
Its statutory mandate {duties and functions} have been defined in the Allocation of Business Rules, 1961, which include:
defining general principles of government accounting {both state and union} and framing rules, manuals, forms etc.
Reconciliation of Cash Balance of Union with RBI
Overseeing of accounting functions.
Administration of Central Treasury Rules
Cadre Management of Group A {Civil servants} and Group B {Central Civil Account Offices} and matters related to accounts related group C and D staff.
Disbursement of payments of Central Civil Pensioners; Freedom Fighters; High Court Judges; Ex MPs and Ex Presidents via Public Sector Banks.
Further, CGA also onducts various examinations for the purpose of promotion and assessment of suitability of an employee for retention in posts. Some of these include Junior Accounts Officer; Departmental Confirmatory Examination for Accountants etc.
The information regarding accounts of the union government are released / disseminated by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA). These include data related to budget estimates, fiscal / revenue deficits etc.
CGA works under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Though it itself is not a constitutional body, it derives its mandate from Article 150 of the constitution which says: The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, prescribe.
Its statutory mandate {duties and functions} have been defined in the Allocation of Business Rules, 1961, which include:
defining general principles of government accounting {both state and union} and framing rules, manuals, forms etc.
Reconciliation of Cash Balance of Union with RBI
Overseeing of accounting functions.
Administration of Central Treasury Rules
Cadre Management of Group A {Civil servants} and Group B {Central Civil Account Offices} and matters related to accounts related group C and D staff.
Disbursement of payments of Central Civil Pensioners; Freedom Fighters; High Court Judges; Ex MPs and Ex Presidents via Public Sector Banks.
Further, CGA also onducts various examinations for the purpose of promotion and assessment of suitability of an employee for retention in posts. Some of these include Junior Accounts Officer; Departmental Confirmatory Examination for Accountants etc.
Mangroves
They represent the littoral forest ecosystem.
Low lying areas of tropical and subtropical regions (Between 24 degrees North and 38 degrees South) are home to Mangroves
They are also called Halophytes – They are salt-tolerant.
The trees that grow in Mangrove Forests are generally 8-20 meters high. These trees have thick leaves.
They have blind roots which are called Pneumatophores. These roots help these trees to respire in anaerobic soils.
The seeds of Mangrove Forests trees germinate in the trees itself before falling – This is called Viviparity mode of reproduction
Mangrove Forests trees project different types of roots:
Prop – They are down into the water
Air – They are vertically configured up from the mud
Stilt – These roots emerge from the main trunk of the tree; also called adventitious roots
There are types of Mangroves:
Red – Found along the coastlines
Black – Major feature of such mangrove trees is their dark bark. They have access to more oxygen.
White – Compared to Red and Black mangroves; they grow at the highest elevation.
#Pre_Revision
They represent the littoral forest ecosystem.
Low lying areas of tropical and subtropical regions (Between 24 degrees North and 38 degrees South) are home to Mangroves
They are also called Halophytes – They are salt-tolerant.
The trees that grow in Mangrove Forests are generally 8-20 meters high. These trees have thick leaves.
They have blind roots which are called Pneumatophores. These roots help these trees to respire in anaerobic soils.
The seeds of Mangrove Forests trees germinate in the trees itself before falling – This is called Viviparity mode of reproduction
Mangrove Forests trees project different types of roots:
Prop – They are down into the water
Air – They are vertically configured up from the mud
Stilt – These roots emerge from the main trunk of the tree; also called adventitious roots
There are types of Mangroves:
Red – Found along the coastlines
Black – Major feature of such mangrove trees is their dark bark. They have access to more oxygen.
White – Compared to Red and Black mangroves; they grow at the highest elevation.
#Pre_Revision
National Medical Commission (NMC), 2019
The Centre has formed four autonomous boards under the NMC Act, viz.
Under-Graduate Medical Education Board
Post-Graduate Medical Education Board
Medical Assessment and Rating Board
Ethics and Medical Registration Board
Apart from the Chairman, the NMC will consist of 10 ex-officio members and 22 part-time members appointed by the Central government.
The NMC members will have to declare their assets at the time of joining and while demitting the office also.
The members will not be allowed to accept for a period of two years, any employment in any capacity in a private medical institution whose matter has been dealt with them either directly or indirectly.
Under the Bill, the NMC may grant a limited license to certain mid-level practitioners connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
These mid-level practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.
In any other cases, these practitioners may only prescribe medicines under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner.
The Act proposes a common final year undergraduate examination called the National Exit Test for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for practice.
This test will also serve as the basis for admission into post-graduate courses at medical institutions
#Pre_Revision
The Centre has formed four autonomous boards under the NMC Act, viz.
Under-Graduate Medical Education Board
Post-Graduate Medical Education Board
Medical Assessment and Rating Board
Ethics and Medical Registration Board
Apart from the Chairman, the NMC will consist of 10 ex-officio members and 22 part-time members appointed by the Central government.
The NMC members will have to declare their assets at the time of joining and while demitting the office also.
The members will not be allowed to accept for a period of two years, any employment in any capacity in a private medical institution whose matter has been dealt with them either directly or indirectly.
Under the Bill, the NMC may grant a limited license to certain mid-level practitioners connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
These mid-level practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.
In any other cases, these practitioners may only prescribe medicines under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner.
The Act proposes a common final year undergraduate examination called the National Exit Test for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for practice.
This test will also serve as the basis for admission into post-graduate courses at medical institutions
#Pre_Revision
#Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
At the center of most galaxies — including our own Milky Way — there’s a gargantuan black hole that can have the mass of millions or even billions of Suns.
In some galaxies, this supermassive black hole may collect a swirling disk of gas, dust and stellar debris around it to eat from.
As material in the disk falls toward the black hole, its gravitational energy can be converted to light, making the centers of these galaxies very bright and giving them the name Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN).
#Quasars
A minority of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) (~15%) emit collimated charged particles called Jets, travelling at speeds close to the speed of light. Scientists call this a Quasar.
#Blazars
When a galaxy happens to be oriented so the jets point toward Earth — and we’re staring right down the barrel of the gun, as it were — it’s called a Blazar.
In other words, Blazars are AGN whose jets are aligned with the observer’s line of sight.
It's the same thing as a quasar, just pointed at a different angle.
Blazars are one of the most luminous and energetic objects in the universe.
These are powered by material falling onto a super-massive black hole at the center of the host galaxy – the luminosity being because of their a jet composed of ionized matter traveling at nearly the speed of light towards an observer (the Earth).
Some blazars are thought to host binary black holes in them and could be potential targets for future gravitational-wave searches.
#Pre_Revision
At the center of most galaxies — including our own Milky Way — there’s a gargantuan black hole that can have the mass of millions or even billions of Suns.
In some galaxies, this supermassive black hole may collect a swirling disk of gas, dust and stellar debris around it to eat from.
As material in the disk falls toward the black hole, its gravitational energy can be converted to light, making the centers of these galaxies very bright and giving them the name Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN).
#Quasars
A minority of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) (~15%) emit collimated charged particles called Jets, travelling at speeds close to the speed of light. Scientists call this a Quasar.
#Blazars
When a galaxy happens to be oriented so the jets point toward Earth — and we’re staring right down the barrel of the gun, as it were — it’s called a Blazar.
In other words, Blazars are AGN whose jets are aligned with the observer’s line of sight.
It's the same thing as a quasar, just pointed at a different angle.
Blazars are one of the most luminous and energetic objects in the universe.
These are powered by material falling onto a super-massive black hole at the center of the host galaxy – the luminosity being because of their a jet composed of ionized matter traveling at nearly the speed of light towards an observer (the Earth).
Some blazars are thought to host binary black holes in them and could be potential targets for future gravitational-wave searches.
#Pre_Revision
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species.
It mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs.
Humans generally acquire the disease through direct contact with infected animals, by eating or drinking contaminated animal products or by inhaling airborne agents.
Most cases are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which causes production losses in livestock.
The disease induces abortion at the last stage of pregnancy, infertility and other reproductive problem which causes losses in production of milk and meat.
Globally the disease is reported in approximately half a million human population every year.
In India huge population involved in dairy farming is directly affected with the Brucellosis.
#Pre_Revision
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species.
It mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs.
Humans generally acquire the disease through direct contact with infected animals, by eating or drinking contaminated animal products or by inhaling airborne agents.
Most cases are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which causes production losses in livestock.
The disease induces abortion at the last stage of pregnancy, infertility and other reproductive problem which causes losses in production of milk and meat.
Globally the disease is reported in approximately half a million human population every year.
In India huge population involved in dairy farming is directly affected with the Brucellosis.
#Pre_Revision
Open Skies Treaty (OST)
It was first proposed by USA in 1955 to deescalate tensions during the Cold War.
This treaty was eventually signed in 1992 between NATO members and former Warsaw Pact countries following the demise of the Soviet Union. It finally came into effect in 2002.
Aim:
Building confidence: The OST aims at building confidence among its 34 signatories countries through mutual openness, thus reducing the chances of accidental war.
Terms:
Open surveillance: Under the treaty, a member State can undertake surveillance on any part of the host nation, with the latter’s consent.
Only approved imaging equipment is permitted on the surveillance flights.
Officials from the host state can also stay on board throughout the planned journey.
Sharing strategic information: The information gathered, such as on troop movements, military exercises and missile deployments, has to be shared with all member States.
India is not a member of this treaty.
#Pre_Revision
It was first proposed by USA in 1955 to deescalate tensions during the Cold War.
This treaty was eventually signed in 1992 between NATO members and former Warsaw Pact countries following the demise of the Soviet Union. It finally came into effect in 2002.
Aim:
Building confidence: The OST aims at building confidence among its 34 signatories countries through mutual openness, thus reducing the chances of accidental war.
Terms:
Open surveillance: Under the treaty, a member State can undertake surveillance on any part of the host nation, with the latter’s consent.
Only approved imaging equipment is permitted on the surveillance flights.
Officials from the host state can also stay on board throughout the planned journey.
Sharing strategic information: The information gathered, such as on troop movements, military exercises and missile deployments, has to be shared with all member States.
India is not a member of this treaty.
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