#Organisation_for_the_Prohibition of_Chemical_Weapons (OPCW)
It is an international organization established by the Chemical Weapons Convention, 1997 to implement and enforce the terms of the non-proliferation treaty, which prohibits the use, stockpiling, or transfer of chemical weapons by signatory states.
The OPCW is authorized to perform inspections to verify that signatory states are complying with the convention.
This includes a commitment to grant inspectors full access to chemical weapons sites.
The OPCW also performs testing of sites and victims of suspected chemical weapons attacks.
By the 2001 Relationship Agreement between the OPCW and the United Nations, the OPCW reports on its inspections and other activities to the UN through the office of the Secretary General.
The OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013.
Hq. --Hague, Netherlands.
#Chlorine_gas
Chlorine is a choking agent. Its greenish-yellow clouds of gas cause shortness of breath, wheezing, respiratory failure, irritation in the eyes, vomiting, and sometimes death.
#Sarin_gas
Sarin is a chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent.
They are similar to certain kinds of insecticides (insect killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kind of harmful effects they cause.
It was originally developed in 1938 in Germany as a pesticide.
Sarin is a clear, colorless, and tasteless liquid that has no odor in its pure form. However, sarin can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and spread into the environment. It is also known as GB.
#Pre_Revision
It is an international organization established by the Chemical Weapons Convention, 1997 to implement and enforce the terms of the non-proliferation treaty, which prohibits the use, stockpiling, or transfer of chemical weapons by signatory states.
The OPCW is authorized to perform inspections to verify that signatory states are complying with the convention.
This includes a commitment to grant inspectors full access to chemical weapons sites.
The OPCW also performs testing of sites and victims of suspected chemical weapons attacks.
By the 2001 Relationship Agreement between the OPCW and the United Nations, the OPCW reports on its inspections and other activities to the UN through the office of the Secretary General.
The OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013.
Hq. --Hague, Netherlands.
#Chlorine_gas
Chlorine is a choking agent. Its greenish-yellow clouds of gas cause shortness of breath, wheezing, respiratory failure, irritation in the eyes, vomiting, and sometimes death.
#Sarin_gas
Sarin is a chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent.
They are similar to certain kinds of insecticides (insect killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kind of harmful effects they cause.
It was originally developed in 1938 in Germany as a pesticide.
Sarin is a clear, colorless, and tasteless liquid that has no odor in its pure form. However, sarin can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and spread into the environment. It is also known as GB.
#Pre_Revision
#CEO_Water_Mandate
It is a UN Global Compact initiative which demonstrates commitment and efforts of companies to enhance their water and sanitation agendas in line with Sustainable Development Goals.
#UN_Global_Compact_initiative
It is a non-binding United Nations pact to encourage businesses and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on their implementation.
Launched in 2000.
It is a principle-based framework for businesses, stating ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption.
Under the Global Compact, companies are brought together with UN agencies, labor groups and civil society.
Cities can join the Global Compact through the Cities Programme.
India’s largest power utility, #NTPC Ltd, has become a signatory of UN Global Compact’s CEO Water Mandate.
#NTPC Ltd.
is a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power(1975)
It became a Maharatna company in May 2010.
It is located in New Delhi.
#Maharatna_status
Shall be given to CPSEs:
Having Navratna status.
Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public shareholding under SEBI regulations.
Average annual turnover of more than Rs. 25,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Average annual net worth of more than Rs. 15,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Average annual net profit after tax of more than Rs. 5,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Should have significant global presence/international operations.
Maharatna CPSEs
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
Coal India Limited
GAIL (India) Limited
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
NTPC Limited
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Steel Authority of India Limited
#Navratna_status
The Miniratna Category – I and Schedule ‘A’ CPSEs, which have obtained ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ rating under the Memorandum of Understanding system in three of the last five years, and have composite score of 60 or above in the six selected performance parameters, namely,
net profit to net worth.
manpower cost to total cost of production/services.
profit before depreciation, interest and taxes to capital employed.
profit before interest and taxes to turnover.
earning per share.
inter-sectoral performance.
Navratna CPSEs
Bharat Electronics Limited
Container Corporation of India Limited
Engineers India Limited
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
National Aluminium Company Limited
NBCC (India) Limited
NMDC Limited
NLC India Limited
Oil India Limited
Power Finance Corporation Limited
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Shipping Corporation of India Limited
#Miniratna_status
#Miniratna_Category_I_status: - The CPSEs which have made profit in the last three years continuously, pre-tax profit is Rs.30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-I status.
#Miniratna_Category_II_status
The CPSEs which have made profit for the last three years continuously and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-II status.
• Miniratna CPSEs should have not defaulted in the repayment of loans/interest payment on any loans due to the Government.
• Miniratna CPSEs shall not depend upon budgetary support or Government guarantees.
#Pre_Revision
It is a UN Global Compact initiative which demonstrates commitment and efforts of companies to enhance their water and sanitation agendas in line with Sustainable Development Goals.
#UN_Global_Compact_initiative
It is a non-binding United Nations pact to encourage businesses and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on their implementation.
Launched in 2000.
It is a principle-based framework for businesses, stating ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption.
Under the Global Compact, companies are brought together with UN agencies, labor groups and civil society.
Cities can join the Global Compact through the Cities Programme.
India’s largest power utility, #NTPC Ltd, has become a signatory of UN Global Compact’s CEO Water Mandate.
#NTPC Ltd.
is a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power(1975)
It became a Maharatna company in May 2010.
It is located in New Delhi.
#Maharatna_status
Shall be given to CPSEs:
Having Navratna status.
Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public shareholding under SEBI regulations.
Average annual turnover of more than Rs. 25,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Average annual net worth of more than Rs. 15,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Average annual net profit after tax of more than Rs. 5,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Should have significant global presence/international operations.
Maharatna CPSEs
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
Coal India Limited
GAIL (India) Limited
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
NTPC Limited
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Steel Authority of India Limited
#Navratna_status
The Miniratna Category – I and Schedule ‘A’ CPSEs, which have obtained ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ rating under the Memorandum of Understanding system in three of the last five years, and have composite score of 60 or above in the six selected performance parameters, namely,
net profit to net worth.
manpower cost to total cost of production/services.
profit before depreciation, interest and taxes to capital employed.
profit before interest and taxes to turnover.
earning per share.
inter-sectoral performance.
Navratna CPSEs
Bharat Electronics Limited
Container Corporation of India Limited
Engineers India Limited
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
National Aluminium Company Limited
NBCC (India) Limited
NMDC Limited
NLC India Limited
Oil India Limited
Power Finance Corporation Limited
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Shipping Corporation of India Limited
#Miniratna_status
#Miniratna_Category_I_status: - The CPSEs which have made profit in the last three years continuously, pre-tax profit is Rs.30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-I status.
#Miniratna_Category_II_status
The CPSEs which have made profit for the last three years continuously and have a positive net worth are eligible to be considered for grant of Miniratna-II status.
• Miniratna CPSEs should have not defaulted in the repayment of loans/interest payment on any loans due to the Government.
• Miniratna CPSEs shall not depend upon budgetary support or Government guarantees.
#Pre_Revision
#Long_Term_Visa
For foreigners of non-Indian origin, a longer-term visa is classed as one that permits the holder to stay in India for longer than 180 days (six months) continuously. The main visas that provide this are the Employment, Entry and Student visas.
Benefits of LTV:
People belonging to minority communities from neighbouring countries having LTVs are allowed to purchase a small house for their family and can even establish a business.
They are eligible to obtain Aadhaar card, PAN card and driving licences. The LTV also allows them to buy property.
#Tiananmen_square_massacre
On June 4, 1989 Chinese troops cracked down on pro-democracy protesters around Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. No official death toll has ever been released
The protests were primarily student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China.
#YounTab_scheme
For students in the UnionTerritory of Ladakh to encourage digital learning.
#Pran_Vayu_Devta_Pension_Scheme
It is an initiative of Haryana govt. to honour all those trees which are of the age of 75 years and above.
A “pension amount” of Rs 2,500 would be given per year in the name of PVDPS for maintenance of trees older than 75 years.
#The_Oxy_Forests will be planted on land ranging from 5 acres to 100 acres in the cities of Haryana in order to get pure air
#Kerala's_Smart_Kitchen_scheme
KSFE would give soft loans to women from all walks of life for purchasing household gadgets or equipment.
#I_Familia
It is a Global database to identify missing persons.
Launched by Interpol.
It can identify missing persons through family DNA and help the police solve cold cases in member countries
#Pre_Revision
For foreigners of non-Indian origin, a longer-term visa is classed as one that permits the holder to stay in India for longer than 180 days (six months) continuously. The main visas that provide this are the Employment, Entry and Student visas.
Benefits of LTV:
People belonging to minority communities from neighbouring countries having LTVs are allowed to purchase a small house for their family and can even establish a business.
They are eligible to obtain Aadhaar card, PAN card and driving licences. The LTV also allows them to buy property.
#Tiananmen_square_massacre
On June 4, 1989 Chinese troops cracked down on pro-democracy protesters around Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. No official death toll has ever been released
The protests were primarily student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China.
#YounTab_scheme
For students in the UnionTerritory of Ladakh to encourage digital learning.
#Pran_Vayu_Devta_Pension_Scheme
It is an initiative of Haryana govt. to honour all those trees which are of the age of 75 years and above.
A “pension amount” of Rs 2,500 would be given per year in the name of PVDPS for maintenance of trees older than 75 years.
#The_Oxy_Forests will be planted on land ranging from 5 acres to 100 acres in the cities of Haryana in order to get pure air
#Kerala's_Smart_Kitchen_scheme
KSFE would give soft loans to women from all walks of life for purchasing household gadgets or equipment.
#I_Familia
It is a Global database to identify missing persons.
Launched by Interpol.
It can identify missing persons through family DNA and help the police solve cold cases in member countries
#Pre_Revision
#Animal_Challenge_Study_Platform
Its foundation stone was laid at the Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar.
It will be funded by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) of the Centre’s department of biotechnology (DBT).
The platform can be used for animal trial of drugs and vaccines.
The platform will have biosafety levels-3 (BSL-3) facility for animal study and it will house animals for this purpose.
#Biotechnology_Industry_Research_Assistance_Council (BIRAC)
BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise, set up by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
#National_Biopharma_Mission (NBM)
It is an industry-academia collaborative mission for accelerating biopharmaceutical development in the country.
It was launched in 2017 at a total cost of Rs 1500 crore and is 50% co-funded by World Bank loan.
It is being implemented by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
Under this Mission, the Government has launched Innovate in India (i3) programme to create an enabling ecosystem to promote entrepreneurship and indigenous manufacturing in the biopharma sector.
It has a focus on following four verticals:
Development of product leads for Vaccines , Biosimilars and Medical Devices that are relevant to the public health need by focussing on managed partnerships.
Upgradation of shared infrastructure facilities and establishing them as centres of product discovery/discovery validations and manufacturing.
Developing human capital by providing specific training.
Developing technology transfer offices to help enhance industry academia inter-linkages.
#Pre_Revision
Its foundation stone was laid at the Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar.
It will be funded by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) of the Centre’s department of biotechnology (DBT).
The platform can be used for animal trial of drugs and vaccines.
The platform will have biosafety levels-3 (BSL-3) facility for animal study and it will house animals for this purpose.
#Biotechnology_Industry_Research_Assistance_Council (BIRAC)
BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise, set up by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
#National_Biopharma_Mission (NBM)
It is an industry-academia collaborative mission for accelerating biopharmaceutical development in the country.
It was launched in 2017 at a total cost of Rs 1500 crore and is 50% co-funded by World Bank loan.
It is being implemented by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
Under this Mission, the Government has launched Innovate in India (i3) programme to create an enabling ecosystem to promote entrepreneurship and indigenous manufacturing in the biopharma sector.
It has a focus on following four verticals:
Development of product leads for Vaccines , Biosimilars and Medical Devices that are relevant to the public health need by focussing on managed partnerships.
Upgradation of shared infrastructure facilities and establishing them as centres of product discovery/discovery validations and manufacturing.
Developing human capital by providing specific training.
Developing technology transfer offices to help enhance industry academia inter-linkages.
#Pre_Revision
#Sea_snot
It is a slimy layer of grey or green sludge, which can cause considerable damage to the marine ecosystem.
It is formed when algae are overloaded with nutrients
Turkey’s Sea of Marmara, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, has witnessed the largest outbreak of ‘sea snot’
#South_Asia_Co_operative_Environment_Programme (SACEP)
It is an inter-governmental organization, established in 1982 by the governments of South Asia.
The objective is to promote and support protection, management and enhancement of the environment in the region.
The member countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
It also acts as the Secretariat for the South Asian Seas Programme, which comes under the purview of UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme.
India has signed a MoU with SACEP for cooperation on the response to Oil and Chemical Pollution in the South Asian Seas Region.
#Operation_Sagar_Aaraksha_II
India and Sri Lanka’s joint operation towards environmental danger
#Indian_Renewable_Energy_Development_Agency_Limited (IREDA)
It is a Mini Ratna (Category–I) non-banking financial institution under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
IREDA is primarily engaged in promoting, developing and extending financial assistance for setting up projects relating to new and renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation with the motto 'Energy For Ever'.
IREDA is the single largest “Green Financier” in the country.
It caters to all technologies of the RE sector and predominantly provides financing for sector.
#Global_Minimum_Tax (GMT)
It is a minimum corporate tax rate for corporations all over the world to pay regardless of which jurisdiction they are registered in.
It would help countries to tackle Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPF)
#G_7
It is an intergovernmental organisation that was formed in 1975.
The bloc meets annually to discuss issues of common interest like global economic governance, international security and energy policy.
The G-7 does not have a formal constitution or a fixed headquarters.
The decisions taken by leaders during annual summits are non-binding.
G-7 is a bloc of industrialized democracies i.e. France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Canada.
#Pre_Revision
It is a slimy layer of grey or green sludge, which can cause considerable damage to the marine ecosystem.
It is formed when algae are overloaded with nutrients
Turkey’s Sea of Marmara, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, has witnessed the largest outbreak of ‘sea snot’
#South_Asia_Co_operative_Environment_Programme (SACEP)
It is an inter-governmental organization, established in 1982 by the governments of South Asia.
The objective is to promote and support protection, management and enhancement of the environment in the region.
The member countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
It also acts as the Secretariat for the South Asian Seas Programme, which comes under the purview of UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme.
India has signed a MoU with SACEP for cooperation on the response to Oil and Chemical Pollution in the South Asian Seas Region.
#Operation_Sagar_Aaraksha_II
India and Sri Lanka’s joint operation towards environmental danger
#Indian_Renewable_Energy_Development_Agency_Limited (IREDA)
It is a Mini Ratna (Category–I) non-banking financial institution under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
IREDA is primarily engaged in promoting, developing and extending financial assistance for setting up projects relating to new and renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation with the motto 'Energy For Ever'.
IREDA is the single largest “Green Financier” in the country.
It caters to all technologies of the RE sector and predominantly provides financing for sector.
#Global_Minimum_Tax (GMT)
It is a minimum corporate tax rate for corporations all over the world to pay regardless of which jurisdiction they are registered in.
It would help countries to tackle Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPF)
#G_7
It is an intergovernmental organisation that was formed in 1975.
The bloc meets annually to discuss issues of common interest like global economic governance, international security and energy policy.
The G-7 does not have a formal constitution or a fixed headquarters.
The decisions taken by leaders during annual summits are non-binding.
G-7 is a bloc of industrialized democracies i.e. France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Canada.
#Pre_Revision
#Blue_finned_Mahseer
IUCN has moved Blue-finned Mahseer from Endangered to the 'Least Concern’ status.
The Mahseer belongs to the genus Tor, of which there are several subspecies to be found in India and in other range countries in South Asia.
The Blue-finned Mahseer or Tor Khudree is one of the subspecies of the Mahseer.
Mainly found in the Mota Mola river east of Pune. This species is also found in other rivers of the Deccan Plateau.
The species is migratory; moving upstream during rains. It prefers clean, fast flowing and well oxygenated waters.
It is very sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels, water temperature and sudden climatic changes. It just cannot bear pollution.
They are protected in ‘temple sanctuaries’ across India.
#International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature
IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.
Created in 1948, it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. It is headquartered in Switzerland.
It divides species into nine categories: Not Evaluated, Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct.
#Himalayan_Griffon_Vulture
‘Near Threatened’ under the IUCN Red List
The Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) or Himalayan griffon vulture is an Old World vulture native to the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau.
It was formerly accepted as resident or migrating only altitudinally within Sino-Himalaya and Central Asia.
The Himalayan vulture lives mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas, the Pamirs, Kazakhstan and on the Tibetan Plateau, with northwestern limits of the breeding range being in Afghanistan and southern limits in Bhutan.
It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors.
Himalayan vultures are susceptible to toxicity induced by diclofenac, a drug whose residues in domestic animal carcasses has led to rapid declines in populations of other Gyps vultures across Asia.
Himalayan griffon vulture has been sighted for the first time at the Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
#Eurasian_Griffon_Vulture
It is a migratory bird found in Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Mongolia and West China.
It is listed as ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
It needs cliffs for nesting and abundant food in form of carrion of large and medium-sized animals.
#Diclofenac
The drug was commonly administered to cattle to treat inflammation.
Its veterinary use was banned in 2008 by the Government of India.
Bioaccumulation (the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism) of Diclofenac caused kidney failure in Vultures, leading to death.
Diclofenac is dangerously fatal for Vultures. Even 1% of it in carcass would kill the Vulture in a short time after it feeds such carcass.
#Pre_Revision
IUCN has moved Blue-finned Mahseer from Endangered to the 'Least Concern’ status.
The Mahseer belongs to the genus Tor, of which there are several subspecies to be found in India and in other range countries in South Asia.
The Blue-finned Mahseer or Tor Khudree is one of the subspecies of the Mahseer.
Mainly found in the Mota Mola river east of Pune. This species is also found in other rivers of the Deccan Plateau.
The species is migratory; moving upstream during rains. It prefers clean, fast flowing and well oxygenated waters.
It is very sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels, water temperature and sudden climatic changes. It just cannot bear pollution.
They are protected in ‘temple sanctuaries’ across India.
#International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature
IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.
Created in 1948, it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. It is headquartered in Switzerland.
It divides species into nine categories: Not Evaluated, Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct.
#Himalayan_Griffon_Vulture
‘Near Threatened’ under the IUCN Red List
The Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) or Himalayan griffon vulture is an Old World vulture native to the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau.
It was formerly accepted as resident or migrating only altitudinally within Sino-Himalaya and Central Asia.
The Himalayan vulture lives mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas, the Pamirs, Kazakhstan and on the Tibetan Plateau, with northwestern limits of the breeding range being in Afghanistan and southern limits in Bhutan.
It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors.
Himalayan vultures are susceptible to toxicity induced by diclofenac, a drug whose residues in domestic animal carcasses has led to rapid declines in populations of other Gyps vultures across Asia.
Himalayan griffon vulture has been sighted for the first time at the Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
#Eurasian_Griffon_Vulture
It is a migratory bird found in Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Mongolia and West China.
It is listed as ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
It needs cliffs for nesting and abundant food in form of carrion of large and medium-sized animals.
#Diclofenac
The drug was commonly administered to cattle to treat inflammation.
Its veterinary use was banned in 2008 by the Government of India.
Bioaccumulation (the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism) of Diclofenac caused kidney failure in Vultures, leading to death.
Diclofenac is dangerously fatal for Vultures. Even 1% of it in carcass would kill the Vulture in a short time after it feeds such carcass.
#Pre_Revision
#Formalin
Formalin is a toxic, colourless solution that is derived by dissolving formaldehyde gas in water.
It is a cancer-inducing chemical used to preserve fish and is used as a disinfectant. It is used in the manufacture of pesticides, fertilisers, glue, paper and paint, among other products.
Formalin causes irritation in the eyes, throat, skin and stomach. In the long run continued exposure causes harm to the kidneys, liver and can even cause cancers.
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive, flammable gas, which means it can become a fire hazard when exposed to flame or heat.
#NFRA
National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) was constituted on 1st October, 2018 under section 132 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013.
The Companies Act requires the NFRA to have a chairperson who will be appointed by the Central Government and a maximum of 15 members.
Functions:
Recommend accounting and auditing policies and standards to be adopted by companies for approval by the Central Government;
Monitor and enforce compliance with accounting standards and auditing standards;
Oversee the quality of service of the professions associated with ensuring compliance with such standards and suggest measures for improvement in the quality of service;
Perform such other functions and duties as may be necessary or incidental to the aforesaid functions and duties.
Powers:
It can probe listed companies and those unlisted public companies having paid-up capital of no less than Rs 500 crore or annual turnover of no less than Rs 1,000 crore.
It can investigate professional misconduct committed by members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for prescribed class of body corporate or persons.
#Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_India
It was established by The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
The Institute functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
It is aimed at regulating the profession of Chartered Accountancy in the country.
#Pre_Revision
Formalin is a toxic, colourless solution that is derived by dissolving formaldehyde gas in water.
It is a cancer-inducing chemical used to preserve fish and is used as a disinfectant. It is used in the manufacture of pesticides, fertilisers, glue, paper and paint, among other products.
Formalin causes irritation in the eyes, throat, skin and stomach. In the long run continued exposure causes harm to the kidneys, liver and can even cause cancers.
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive, flammable gas, which means it can become a fire hazard when exposed to flame or heat.
#NFRA
National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) was constituted on 1st October, 2018 under section 132 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013.
The Companies Act requires the NFRA to have a chairperson who will be appointed by the Central Government and a maximum of 15 members.
Functions:
Recommend accounting and auditing policies and standards to be adopted by companies for approval by the Central Government;
Monitor and enforce compliance with accounting standards and auditing standards;
Oversee the quality of service of the professions associated with ensuring compliance with such standards and suggest measures for improvement in the quality of service;
Perform such other functions and duties as may be necessary or incidental to the aforesaid functions and duties.
Powers:
It can probe listed companies and those unlisted public companies having paid-up capital of no less than Rs 500 crore or annual turnover of no less than Rs 1,000 crore.
It can investigate professional misconduct committed by members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for prescribed class of body corporate or persons.
#Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_India
It was established by The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
The Institute functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
It is aimed at regulating the profession of Chartered Accountancy in the country.
#Pre_Revision
#Fastly
It is a cloud computing services provider, which offers CDN, edge computing, cloud storage services.
It operates on content delivery network or CDN.
Its tech is designed to counter common causes of online outages, such as distributed denial-of-service attacks which overwhelm a website with a sudden wave of traffic.
#Content_delivery_network (CDN)
It refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of Internet content
They house content close to the telecom service providers’ networks.
It ensures the end customer is able to access the content faster.
It aims to help protect websites against traffic spikes, distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks, etc
It offers an easy way to increase the speed of a website while also lowering the latency.
#Convergence_Energy_Services_Limited (CESL) has signed a MoU with the Administration of Union Territory (UT) of Ladakh, to make it a clean and green UT.
CESL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under Ministry of Power.
#Bureau_of_Energy_Efficiency (BEE)
The Government of India has set up the BEE in 2002 under the provision of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
#Trirashmi_Buddhist_Cave_Complex
The Nasik Caves, or Trirashmi Leni are a group of 23 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 3rd century CE.
Buddhist sculptures are a significant group of early examples of Indian rock-cut architecture initially representing the Hinayana tradition.
Most of the caves are viharas except for Cave 18 which is a chaitya of the 1st century BCE.
#Global_Liveability_Index, 2021- by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
#Pre_Revision
It is a cloud computing services provider, which offers CDN, edge computing, cloud storage services.
It operates on content delivery network or CDN.
Its tech is designed to counter common causes of online outages, such as distributed denial-of-service attacks which overwhelm a website with a sudden wave of traffic.
#Content_delivery_network (CDN)
It refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of Internet content
They house content close to the telecom service providers’ networks.
It ensures the end customer is able to access the content faster.
It aims to help protect websites against traffic spikes, distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks, etc
It offers an easy way to increase the speed of a website while also lowering the latency.
#Convergence_Energy_Services_Limited (CESL) has signed a MoU with the Administration of Union Territory (UT) of Ladakh, to make it a clean and green UT.
CESL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under Ministry of Power.
#Bureau_of_Energy_Efficiency (BEE)
The Government of India has set up the BEE in 2002 under the provision of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
#Trirashmi_Buddhist_Cave_Complex
The Nasik Caves, or Trirashmi Leni are a group of 23 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 3rd century CE.
Buddhist sculptures are a significant group of early examples of Indian rock-cut architecture initially representing the Hinayana tradition.
Most of the caves are viharas except for Cave 18 which is a chaitya of the 1st century BCE.
#Global_Liveability_Index, 2021- by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
#Pre_Revision
#Operation_Pangea_XIV
The operation coordinated by INTERPOL involved police, customs and health regulatory authorities from 92 countries
It was launched against the sale of fake and illicit medicines and medical products.
Central Bureau of Investigation that is the nodal body for the Interpol in the country.
#Alzheimer’s_disease
Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of conditions that involve a loss of cognitive functioning.
Alzheimer’s dementia is the most common type and involves plaques and tangles forming in the brain.
It is an accelerated ageing of certain neurons in the brain that are concerned with storage and processing of memory.
Forgetfulness and memory problems are often early symptoms.
After prolonged illness, patients tend to become confused, may lose their way around familiar places, and have difficulties with planning and completing simple tasks.
It is the accumulation of the debris caused by the breakdown of neurons in the brain, leading to plaque formation
#Aduhelm (aducanumab)
It is a monoclonal antibody that is designed to reduce the presence of amyloid beta, a protein that forms plaques in the brain.
It aims at altering the course of the disease by slowing the deterioration of brain function.
The drug is to be given as a monthly intravenous infusion.
#Surakshit_Hum_Surakshit_Tum_Abhiyaan
It is joint initiative of NITI Aayog and Piramal Foundation.
It is launched in 112 Aspirational Districts to assist district administrations in providing home-care support to Covid-19 patients.
#Types_of_Plastics
Depending on physical properties, plastics are divided into
#Thermoplastic: Plastics that can be deformed easily upon heating and can be bent easily. Linear polymers and a combination of linear and cross-linked polymers come under thermoplastics. Example: PVC, nylon, polythene, etc.
#Thermosetting: Plastics that cannot be softened again by heating once they are moulded. Heavily cross-linked polymers come under the category of thermosetting plastics. Example: Bakelite, melamine, etc. Bakelite is used for making electrical switches whereas melamine is used for floor tiles.
#Un_Plastic_Collective
Un-Plastic Collective (UPC) is a voluntary initiative launched by the UN-Environment Program-India, Confederation of Indian Industry and WWF-India.
The Collective seeks to minimise externalities of plastics on the ecological and social health of our planet.
#GI_tagged_mangoes
Zardalu – Bihar
Gir Kesar – Gujarat
Appemidi – Karnataka
Khirsapati – West Bengal
Fazli Mango – West Bengal
Lakshmanbhog – West Bengal
Himsagar Mango – West Bengal
Alphonso Mango – Maharashtra
Banaganapalle Mango – Andhra Pradesh
Malihabadi Dussheri Mango – Uttar Pradesh
#QS_World_University_Rankings
It is an annual ranking of world universities by Quacquarelli Symonds Limited.
It is the only international ranking to have received International Ranking Expert Group (IREG) approval.
Its first publication was in 2004 in collaboration with Times Higher Education (THE) but its first independent publishing was in 2010.
#Pre_Revision
The operation coordinated by INTERPOL involved police, customs and health regulatory authorities from 92 countries
It was launched against the sale of fake and illicit medicines and medical products.
Central Bureau of Investigation that is the nodal body for the Interpol in the country.
#Alzheimer’s_disease
Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of conditions that involve a loss of cognitive functioning.
Alzheimer’s dementia is the most common type and involves plaques and tangles forming in the brain.
It is an accelerated ageing of certain neurons in the brain that are concerned with storage and processing of memory.
Forgetfulness and memory problems are often early symptoms.
After prolonged illness, patients tend to become confused, may lose their way around familiar places, and have difficulties with planning and completing simple tasks.
It is the accumulation of the debris caused by the breakdown of neurons in the brain, leading to plaque formation
#Aduhelm (aducanumab)
It is a monoclonal antibody that is designed to reduce the presence of amyloid beta, a protein that forms plaques in the brain.
It aims at altering the course of the disease by slowing the deterioration of brain function.
The drug is to be given as a monthly intravenous infusion.
#Surakshit_Hum_Surakshit_Tum_Abhiyaan
It is joint initiative of NITI Aayog and Piramal Foundation.
It is launched in 112 Aspirational Districts to assist district administrations in providing home-care support to Covid-19 patients.
#Types_of_Plastics
Depending on physical properties, plastics are divided into
#Thermoplastic: Plastics that can be deformed easily upon heating and can be bent easily. Linear polymers and a combination of linear and cross-linked polymers come under thermoplastics. Example: PVC, nylon, polythene, etc.
#Thermosetting: Plastics that cannot be softened again by heating once they are moulded. Heavily cross-linked polymers come under the category of thermosetting plastics. Example: Bakelite, melamine, etc. Bakelite is used for making electrical switches whereas melamine is used for floor tiles.
#Un_Plastic_Collective
Un-Plastic Collective (UPC) is a voluntary initiative launched by the UN-Environment Program-India, Confederation of Indian Industry and WWF-India.
The Collective seeks to minimise externalities of plastics on the ecological and social health of our planet.
#GI_tagged_mangoes
Zardalu – Bihar
Gir Kesar – Gujarat
Appemidi – Karnataka
Khirsapati – West Bengal
Fazli Mango – West Bengal
Lakshmanbhog – West Bengal
Himsagar Mango – West Bengal
Alphonso Mango – Maharashtra
Banaganapalle Mango – Andhra Pradesh
Malihabadi Dussheri Mango – Uttar Pradesh
#QS_World_University_Rankings
It is an annual ranking of world universities by Quacquarelli Symonds Limited.
It is the only international ranking to have received International Ranking Expert Group (IREG) approval.
Its first publication was in 2004 in collaboration with Times Higher Education (THE) but its first independent publishing was in 2010.
#Pre_Revision
Forwarded from UPSC Shots | Current Affairs Summary | Daily MCQs
Forwarded from UPSC Shots | Current Affairs Summary | Daily MCQs
#Argostemma_quarantena
It is a new plant species belonging to the coffee family.
It was recently spotted in Wagamon hills in Kerala.
It has been named Argostemma quarantena to commemorate the millions who have died in the pandemic.
#Coffee
Coffee is a tropical plant which is also grown in semi-tropical climate. The coffee tree requires heat, humidity and abundant rainfall.
Coffee requires an average temperature between 20°-27°C.
Although it grows in day temperature over 32°C in the Arabian Peninsula. Growth is most rapid during hot rainy season and during cool dry season berries ripen and ready for picking. Bright sunshine and warm weather are necessary for the harvesting.
Coffee needs abundant rainfall, i.e., 100 to 200 cm annually.
The hill slopes which receive orographic rainfall are thus best for coffee cultivation.
Direct sunlight is harmful for coffee plants; therefore, these are planted under shade of taller trees such as bananas. In Brazil, leguminous plants are used which not only provide shade but also enrich soil with nitrogen.
Generally, coffee is grown on slopes having height between 600 to 1,800 metres. The suitability of slopes for coffee is because these are well-drained and also cooler. Water stagnation is very harmful for coffee plants; therefore, hill slopes are best suitable for it.
The ideal soil is one with a good sub-surface drainage, and one that is easily workable. The presence of humus and other nitrogenous matter in the soil is an advantage.
Well-drained volcanic soils like the terra-roxa of Brazil which contain much potash as well as organic material are the best.
The cultivation is mainly done in:Karnataka – 54%;Kerala – 19%;Tamil Nadu – 8%
Indian coffee is highly valued in the world market and is sold as premium coffee in Europe.
India is the only country in the world where the entire coffee cultivation is grown under shade, hand-picked and sun dried.
Two main varieties of coffee - grown in India
#Arabica
This variety of coffee has a delicate flavour and balanced aroma coupled with a sharp and sweet taste.
Arabicas are harvested between November to January, and are typically grown on higher altitudes ranging from 600 to 2000 metres in cool, moisture-rich and subtropical weather conditions.
It has about half the amount of caffeine compared to Robustas.
#Robusta
It has a very strong taste, a grainy essence and an aftertaste somewhat similar to that of peanuts.
It is harvested from December to February and and is grown in hot and humid climate with temperature ranging from 20 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius.
#The_Coffee_Board_of_India
It is a statutory organization that was constituted under Section (4) of the Coffee Act, 1942.
It functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
The Board comprises 33 Members including the Chairperson, who is the Chief Executive and it functions from Bangalore.
The Board mainly focuses its activities in the areas of research, extension, development, market intelligence, external & internal promotion for coffee.
#Pre_Revision
It is a new plant species belonging to the coffee family.
It was recently spotted in Wagamon hills in Kerala.
It has been named Argostemma quarantena to commemorate the millions who have died in the pandemic.
#Coffee
Coffee is a tropical plant which is also grown in semi-tropical climate. The coffee tree requires heat, humidity and abundant rainfall.
Coffee requires an average temperature between 20°-27°C.
Although it grows in day temperature over 32°C in the Arabian Peninsula. Growth is most rapid during hot rainy season and during cool dry season berries ripen and ready for picking. Bright sunshine and warm weather are necessary for the harvesting.
Coffee needs abundant rainfall, i.e., 100 to 200 cm annually.
The hill slopes which receive orographic rainfall are thus best for coffee cultivation.
Direct sunlight is harmful for coffee plants; therefore, these are planted under shade of taller trees such as bananas. In Brazil, leguminous plants are used which not only provide shade but also enrich soil with nitrogen.
Generally, coffee is grown on slopes having height between 600 to 1,800 metres. The suitability of slopes for coffee is because these are well-drained and also cooler. Water stagnation is very harmful for coffee plants; therefore, hill slopes are best suitable for it.
The ideal soil is one with a good sub-surface drainage, and one that is easily workable. The presence of humus and other nitrogenous matter in the soil is an advantage.
Well-drained volcanic soils like the terra-roxa of Brazil which contain much potash as well as organic material are the best.
The cultivation is mainly done in:Karnataka – 54%;Kerala – 19%;Tamil Nadu – 8%
Indian coffee is highly valued in the world market and is sold as premium coffee in Europe.
India is the only country in the world where the entire coffee cultivation is grown under shade, hand-picked and sun dried.
Two main varieties of coffee - grown in India
#Arabica
This variety of coffee has a delicate flavour and balanced aroma coupled with a sharp and sweet taste.
Arabicas are harvested between November to January, and are typically grown on higher altitudes ranging from 600 to 2000 metres in cool, moisture-rich and subtropical weather conditions.
It has about half the amount of caffeine compared to Robustas.
#Robusta
It has a very strong taste, a grainy essence and an aftertaste somewhat similar to that of peanuts.
It is harvested from December to February and and is grown in hot and humid climate with temperature ranging from 20 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius.
#The_Coffee_Board_of_India
It is a statutory organization that was constituted under Section (4) of the Coffee Act, 1942.
It functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
The Board comprises 33 Members including the Chairperson, who is the Chief Executive and it functions from Bangalore.
The Board mainly focuses its activities in the areas of research, extension, development, market intelligence, external & internal promotion for coffee.
#Pre_Revision
#ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states.
The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.
ASEAN Secretariat – Indonesia, Jakarta.
Established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding fathers. Founding Fathers of ASEAN are: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States.
ASEAN Summit: The supreme policy making body of ASEAN. As the highest level of authority in ASEAN, the Summit sets the direction for ASEAN policies and objectives. Under the Charter, the Summit meets twice a year.
ASEAN Ministerial Councils: The Charter established four important new Ministerial bodies to support the Summit.
ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC).
ASEAN Political-Security Community Council.
ASEAN Economic Community Council.
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Council.
Free-trade agreements (FTAs) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand.
#Addu_Atoll
Located in Maldives.Addu is the second largest city in the archipelago
#Nagorno_Karabakh region is part of Azerbaijan, but its population is majority Armenian
#North_Eastern_Space_Applications_Centre (NESAC)
It is a joint initiative of Department of Space (DOS) and the North Eastern Council (NEC). Provides service to 8 NE states.
It is a society registered under the Meghalaya Societies Registration Act, 1983.
It is an autonomous organization under the Department of Space at Shillong.
#Pre_Revision
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states.
The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.
ASEAN Secretariat – Indonesia, Jakarta.
Established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding fathers. Founding Fathers of ASEAN are: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States.
ASEAN Summit: The supreme policy making body of ASEAN. As the highest level of authority in ASEAN, the Summit sets the direction for ASEAN policies and objectives. Under the Charter, the Summit meets twice a year.
ASEAN Ministerial Councils: The Charter established four important new Ministerial bodies to support the Summit.
ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC).
ASEAN Political-Security Community Council.
ASEAN Economic Community Council.
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Council.
Free-trade agreements (FTAs) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand.
#Addu_Atoll
Located in Maldives.Addu is the second largest city in the archipelago
#Nagorno_Karabakh region is part of Azerbaijan, but its population is majority Armenian
#North_Eastern_Space_Applications_Centre (NESAC)
It is a joint initiative of Department of Space (DOS) and the North Eastern Council (NEC). Provides service to 8 NE states.
It is a society registered under the Meghalaya Societies Registration Act, 1983.
It is an autonomous organization under the Department of Space at Shillong.
#Pre_Revision
#Rocky_Mountain_Institute (RMI)
It is an independent non-profit organisation founded in 1982.
It transforms global energy systems through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5°C future and secure a clean, prosperous, zero-carbon future for all.
It aims to identify and scale energy system interventions that will cut greenhouse gas emissions at least 50 percent by 2030.
#The_Keeling_Curve
The Keeling curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the Island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
#Echo_Location
Using the method, called ‘echolocation’, animals emit sounds that bounce off objects and come back to them, providing information about what is around them.
It can be used by blind people to get around better and have greater independence and well-being.
Click-based echolocation training could be promoted among those who are in the early stages of vision loss, thus equipping them while still having a good functional vision.
#Bilateral_Pleural_Effusion
For younger individuals, inflammation or infection can cause the fluid to collect, mostly seen during pneumonia or tuberculosis.
As the age advances, the weakening of the heart can cause this, when the pumping is weak, the fluid tends to collect around the lungs.
Sometimes, even problems in the kidney can lead to it, adding that any form of cancer, when it reaches the last stage, can lead to chronic fluid collection.
#Narmada_River
The origin of the river is a tiny reservoir named as Narmada Kund, which is situated on the (Maikala range) Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh.
The river moves down from the Amarkantak range at the Kapildhara waterfalls on top of a steep rocky formation.The river near Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) forms the DhuanDhar Falls.
It runs in a rift valley running west amid the Vindhya and Satpura Mountain Ranges
It creates the conventional border between South India and North India.
The river runs to the west for a span of 1,312 km (815.2 miles) prior to flowing through the Gulf of Khambat (Cambey) into the Arabian Sea.
It runs through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Its tributaries are Shakkar, Sher, Tawa (longest tributary), Dudhi, Ganjal, Barna, Hiran, Karam, Choral and Lohar.
There are several islands in the estuary of the Narmada of which Aliabet is the largest.
#Pre_Revision
It is an independent non-profit organisation founded in 1982.
It transforms global energy systems through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5°C future and secure a clean, prosperous, zero-carbon future for all.
It aims to identify and scale energy system interventions that will cut greenhouse gas emissions at least 50 percent by 2030.
#The_Keeling_Curve
The Keeling curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the Island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
#Echo_Location
Using the method, called ‘echolocation’, animals emit sounds that bounce off objects and come back to them, providing information about what is around them.
It can be used by blind people to get around better and have greater independence and well-being.
Click-based echolocation training could be promoted among those who are in the early stages of vision loss, thus equipping them while still having a good functional vision.
#Bilateral_Pleural_Effusion
For younger individuals, inflammation or infection can cause the fluid to collect, mostly seen during pneumonia or tuberculosis.
As the age advances, the weakening of the heart can cause this, when the pumping is weak, the fluid tends to collect around the lungs.
Sometimes, even problems in the kidney can lead to it, adding that any form of cancer, when it reaches the last stage, can lead to chronic fluid collection.
#Narmada_River
The origin of the river is a tiny reservoir named as Narmada Kund, which is situated on the (Maikala range) Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh.
The river moves down from the Amarkantak range at the Kapildhara waterfalls on top of a steep rocky formation.The river near Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) forms the DhuanDhar Falls.
It runs in a rift valley running west amid the Vindhya and Satpura Mountain Ranges
It creates the conventional border between South India and North India.
The river runs to the west for a span of 1,312 km (815.2 miles) prior to flowing through the Gulf of Khambat (Cambey) into the Arabian Sea.
It runs through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Its tributaries are Shakkar, Sher, Tawa (longest tributary), Dudhi, Ganjal, Barna, Hiran, Karam, Choral and Lohar.
There are several islands in the estuary of the Narmada of which Aliabet is the largest.
#Pre_Revision
Forwarded from UPSC Shots | Current Affairs Summary | Daily MCQs
#Birsa_Munda
Also known as Dharti Aaba (Father of Earth), Birsa Munda is known to have mobilised the tribal community against the British and had also forced the colonial officials to introduce laws protecting the land rights of the tribals.
#Birsait_Sect
Having gained awareness of the British colonial ruler and the efforts of the missionaries to convert tribals to Christianity, Birsa started the faith of ‘Birsait’.
Members of the Munda and Oraon community joined the Birsait sect and it turned into a challenge to British conversion activities.
Further, he urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
#Munda_Rebellion
It was led by Birsa Munda in the south of Ranchi in 1899-1900.
The movement identified following forces as the cause of the misery the Mundas were suffering:
•The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
•Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
•Missionaries were criticising their traditional culture.
The '#Ulgulan' or the 'Great Tumult' as the movement came to be called, aimed at establishing Munda Raj by driving out the British.
Birsa’s followers began targeting the symbols of diku and European power. They attacked police stations and churches, and raided the property of moneylenders and zamindars. They raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.
Birsa died of cholera in the jail and the movement faded out.
It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not be easily taken over by dikus (Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908).
#Jharkhand_Foundation_Day
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests". The state was brought into existence by the Bihar reorganization Act on 15th November, 2000 - the birth anniversary of the Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east.
Jharkhand boasts of 40% and 29% of India's mineral and coal reserves, respectively.
#Chotanagpur_Plateau
Chota Nagpur plateau represents the north-eastern projection of the Indian Peninsula.
Mostly in Jharkhand, northern part of Chhatisgarh and Purulia district of West Bengal.
The Son river flows in the north-west of the plateau and joins the Ganga.
The average elevation of the plateau is 700 m above sea level.
This plateau is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks.
The plateau is drained by numerous rivers and streams in different directions and presents a radial drainage pattern. {Drainage Pattern}
Rivers like the Damodar, the Subarnrekaha, the North Koel, the South Koel and the Barkar have developed extensive drainage basins.
The Damodar river flows through the middle of this region in a rift valley from west to east. Here are found the Gondwana coal fields which provide bulk of coal in India.
North of the Damodar river is the Hazaribagh plateau with an average elevation of 600 m above mean sea level. This plateau has isolated hills. It looks like a peneplain due to large scale erosion.
The Ranchi Plateau to the south of the Damodar Valley rises to about 600 m above mean sea level. Most of the surface is rolling where the city of Ranchi (661 m) is located.
At places it is interruped by monadnocks (an isolated hill or ridge of erosion-resistant rock rising above a peneplain. Ex: Ayers Rock in Australia) and conical hills.
The Rajmahal Hills forming the north eastern edge of the Chotanagpur Plateau are mostly made of basalt and are covered by lava flows {Basaltic Lava}.
They run in north-south direction and rise to average elevation of 400 m (highest mount is 567 m). These hills have been dissected into separate plateaus.
#Pre_Revision
Also known as Dharti Aaba (Father of Earth), Birsa Munda is known to have mobilised the tribal community against the British and had also forced the colonial officials to introduce laws protecting the land rights of the tribals.
#Birsait_Sect
Having gained awareness of the British colonial ruler and the efforts of the missionaries to convert tribals to Christianity, Birsa started the faith of ‘Birsait’.
Members of the Munda and Oraon community joined the Birsait sect and it turned into a challenge to British conversion activities.
Further, he urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
#Munda_Rebellion
It was led by Birsa Munda in the south of Ranchi in 1899-1900.
The movement identified following forces as the cause of the misery the Mundas were suffering:
•The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
•Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
•Missionaries were criticising their traditional culture.
The '#Ulgulan' or the 'Great Tumult' as the movement came to be called, aimed at establishing Munda Raj by driving out the British.
Birsa’s followers began targeting the symbols of diku and European power. They attacked police stations and churches, and raided the property of moneylenders and zamindars. They raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.
Birsa died of cholera in the jail and the movement faded out.
It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not be easily taken over by dikus (Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908).
#Jharkhand_Foundation_Day
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests". The state was brought into existence by the Bihar reorganization Act on 15th November, 2000 - the birth anniversary of the Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east.
Jharkhand boasts of 40% and 29% of India's mineral and coal reserves, respectively.
#Chotanagpur_Plateau
Chota Nagpur plateau represents the north-eastern projection of the Indian Peninsula.
Mostly in Jharkhand, northern part of Chhatisgarh and Purulia district of West Bengal.
The Son river flows in the north-west of the plateau and joins the Ganga.
The average elevation of the plateau is 700 m above sea level.
This plateau is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks.
The plateau is drained by numerous rivers and streams in different directions and presents a radial drainage pattern. {Drainage Pattern}
Rivers like the Damodar, the Subarnrekaha, the North Koel, the South Koel and the Barkar have developed extensive drainage basins.
The Damodar river flows through the middle of this region in a rift valley from west to east. Here are found the Gondwana coal fields which provide bulk of coal in India.
North of the Damodar river is the Hazaribagh plateau with an average elevation of 600 m above mean sea level. This plateau has isolated hills. It looks like a peneplain due to large scale erosion.
The Ranchi Plateau to the south of the Damodar Valley rises to about 600 m above mean sea level. Most of the surface is rolling where the city of Ranchi (661 m) is located.
At places it is interruped by monadnocks (an isolated hill or ridge of erosion-resistant rock rising above a peneplain. Ex: Ayers Rock in Australia) and conical hills.
The Rajmahal Hills forming the north eastern edge of the Chotanagpur Plateau are mostly made of basalt and are covered by lava flows {Basaltic Lava}.
They run in north-south direction and rise to average elevation of 400 m (highest mount is 567 m). These hills have been dissected into separate plateaus.
#Pre_Revision
#Ram_Prasad_Bismil
He wrote powerful patriotic poems in Urdu and Hindi under the pen name of Bismil from age of 19.
He formed the Hindustan Republican Association with leaders like Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad and its constitution was drafted chiefly by Bismil.
He participated in the Mainpuri conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925 with Ashfaq Ullah Khan and Roshan Singh to protest against the British Rule.
He was martyred at Gorakhpur Jail on 19th December, 1927 just aged 30, for his role in Kakori conspiracy.
While in jail, he wrote ‘Mera Rang De BasantiChola’ and ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ which became the anthem for freedom fighters.
He always believed that freedom cannot be achieved without violence, bloodshed.
#HRA
was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly as an offshoot of Anushilan Samiti.
Members: Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri.
Famous for Kakori conspiracy.
#Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association
HRA was later reorganised as the HSRA
It was established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.
HSRA planned the shooting of J. P. Saunders, a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
#Pre_Revision
He wrote powerful patriotic poems in Urdu and Hindi under the pen name of Bismil from age of 19.
He formed the Hindustan Republican Association with leaders like Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad and its constitution was drafted chiefly by Bismil.
He participated in the Mainpuri conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925 with Ashfaq Ullah Khan and Roshan Singh to protest against the British Rule.
He was martyred at Gorakhpur Jail on 19th December, 1927 just aged 30, for his role in Kakori conspiracy.
While in jail, he wrote ‘Mera Rang De BasantiChola’ and ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ which became the anthem for freedom fighters.
He always believed that freedom cannot be achieved without violence, bloodshed.
#HRA
was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly as an offshoot of Anushilan Samiti.
Members: Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri.
Famous for Kakori conspiracy.
#Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association
HRA was later reorganised as the HSRA
It was established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.
HSRA planned the shooting of J. P. Saunders, a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
#Pre_Revision