#Mangerbani_Cave_Paintings
It was discovered at the prehistoric site of Mangerbani hill forest, Faridabad (Haryana).
It may be one of the biggest Palaeolithic sites in the Indian sub-continent, where Stone Age tools were recovered from open-air sites as well as from rock shelters.
It is for the first time that a prehistoric site, along with cave paintings and rock art of a large magnitude, has been found in Haryana.
The paintings are yet to be dated but at least some of them belong to the Upper Palaeolithic period in all likelihood.
Rock art is often divided into three forms:
#Petroglyphs: These are carved into the rock surface
#Pictographs: These are painted onto the surface
#Earth_figures: These are formed on the ground
#Paleolithic_Age_Art
The prehistoric period in the early development of human beings is commonly known as the ‘Old Stone Age’ or ‘Palaeolithic Age’.
The Paleolithic period can be divided into three phases:
(1) Lower Palaeolithic (2.5 million years-100,000 years ago)
(2) Middle Palaeolithic (300,000-30,000 years ago)
(3) Upper Palaeolithic (40,000-10,000 years ago)
We did not get any evidence of paintings from lower or middle paleolithic age yet.
In the Upper Palaeolithic period, we see a proliferation of artistic activities.
Subjects of early works confined to simple human figures, human activities, geometric designs, and symbols.
First discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India (1867-68) by an Archaeologist, Archibold Carlleyle, twelve years before the discovery of Altamira in Spain (site of oldest rock paintings in the world).
Some of the examples of sites early rock paintings are #Lakhudiyar in Uttarakhand, #Kupgallu in Telangana, #Piklihal and #Tekkalkotta in Karnataka, #Bhimbetka and #Jogimara in Madhya Pradesh etc.
Paintings found here can be divided into three categories: Man, Animal, and Geometric symbols.
Some of the characteristics of these early paintings are:
Human beings are represented in a stick-like form.
A long-snouted animal, a fox, a multi-legged lizard are main animal motifs in the early paintings (later many animals were drawn).
Wavy lines, rectangular filled geometric designs and a group of dots also can be seen.
Superimposition of paintings – earliest is Black, then red and later White.
#Bhimbetka_Rock_Paintings
It is located south of Bhopal in Vidhyan ranges of Madhya Pradesh with rock shelters having more than 500 rock paintings.
The caves of Bhimbetka were discovered in 1957–58 by V. S. Wakankar
It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.
The oldest paintings are estimated to be 30,000 years old and have survived due to its location deep inside the caves.
There is marked continuity in occupancy of the caves from 100,000 BC to 1000 AD with many paintings being painted on top of another.
In some places, there are as many as 20 layers of paintings, one on top of another
The paintings at Bhimbetka belong to Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Chalcolithic, early historic and medieval period.
However, most of the paintings belong to the Mesolithic age.
Painting techniques: Various colours like red ochre, purple, brown, white, yellow and green are used, obtained from natural resources.
Haematite ores were used for red colour and white probably from Limestone.
Green prepared from a green coloured rock called Chalcedony.
The Brushes were made of plant fibre.
Themes of the paintings: Every-day life of prehistoric men often in stick-like human figures.
Hunting scenes and war scenes with armed men.
Simple geometric designs and symbols
#Pre_Revision
It was discovered at the prehistoric site of Mangerbani hill forest, Faridabad (Haryana).
It may be one of the biggest Palaeolithic sites in the Indian sub-continent, where Stone Age tools were recovered from open-air sites as well as from rock shelters.
It is for the first time that a prehistoric site, along with cave paintings and rock art of a large magnitude, has been found in Haryana.
The paintings are yet to be dated but at least some of them belong to the Upper Palaeolithic period in all likelihood.
Rock art is often divided into three forms:
#Petroglyphs: These are carved into the rock surface
#Pictographs: These are painted onto the surface
#Earth_figures: These are formed on the ground
#Paleolithic_Age_Art
The prehistoric period in the early development of human beings is commonly known as the ‘Old Stone Age’ or ‘Palaeolithic Age’.
The Paleolithic period can be divided into three phases:
(1) Lower Palaeolithic (2.5 million years-100,000 years ago)
(2) Middle Palaeolithic (300,000-30,000 years ago)
(3) Upper Palaeolithic (40,000-10,000 years ago)
We did not get any evidence of paintings from lower or middle paleolithic age yet.
In the Upper Palaeolithic period, we see a proliferation of artistic activities.
Subjects of early works confined to simple human figures, human activities, geometric designs, and symbols.
First discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India (1867-68) by an Archaeologist, Archibold Carlleyle, twelve years before the discovery of Altamira in Spain (site of oldest rock paintings in the world).
Some of the examples of sites early rock paintings are #Lakhudiyar in Uttarakhand, #Kupgallu in Telangana, #Piklihal and #Tekkalkotta in Karnataka, #Bhimbetka and #Jogimara in Madhya Pradesh etc.
Paintings found here can be divided into three categories: Man, Animal, and Geometric symbols.
Some of the characteristics of these early paintings are:
Human beings are represented in a stick-like form.
A long-snouted animal, a fox, a multi-legged lizard are main animal motifs in the early paintings (later many animals were drawn).
Wavy lines, rectangular filled geometric designs and a group of dots also can be seen.
Superimposition of paintings – earliest is Black, then red and later White.
#Bhimbetka_Rock_Paintings
It is located south of Bhopal in Vidhyan ranges of Madhya Pradesh with rock shelters having more than 500 rock paintings.
The caves of Bhimbetka were discovered in 1957–58 by V. S. Wakankar
It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.
The oldest paintings are estimated to be 30,000 years old and have survived due to its location deep inside the caves.
There is marked continuity in occupancy of the caves from 100,000 BC to 1000 AD with many paintings being painted on top of another.
In some places, there are as many as 20 layers of paintings, one on top of another
The paintings at Bhimbetka belong to Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Chalcolithic, early historic and medieval period.
However, most of the paintings belong to the Mesolithic age.
Painting techniques: Various colours like red ochre, purple, brown, white, yellow and green are used, obtained from natural resources.
Haematite ores were used for red colour and white probably from Limestone.
Green prepared from a green coloured rock called Chalcedony.
The Brushes were made of plant fibre.
Themes of the paintings: Every-day life of prehistoric men often in stick-like human figures.
Hunting scenes and war scenes with armed men.
Simple geometric designs and symbols
#Pre_Revision
#Nonylphenol (NP)
It is a harmful chemical found in detergents. It is banned in several countries or is being phased out owing to its harmful effects on humans and aquatic organisms. It bio-accumulates
NP is a persistent, toxic, bio-accumulative chemical.
It acts as a hormone disruptor and can be responsible for a number of human health effects.
Its exposure through water, soil and food crops may result in a burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, unconsciousness, skin irritation and burns.
Upon ingestion, it may cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sore throat. It is also toxic for aquatic animals.
It has been detected in human breast milk, blood and urine, and is associated with reproductive and developmental effects in rodents.
It has amphiphilic properties and is substantially used as a surfactant in the textile industry.
Regulation: The Bureau of Industry Standards (BIS) has set the standard of phenolic compounds for drinking water (0.001 mg/L) and surface water (5.0 mg/L). However, unlike other countries, India does not have specific standards for Nonylphenol in drinking water and surface water
#Surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.
#Surface_Tension is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
Detergents tend to be more soluble in hard water than soap because the sulfonate of detergent doesn't bind calcium and other ions in hard water as easily as the carboxylate in soap does
Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts. Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems.
For example, phosphate tends to inhibit the biodegradation of organic substances. Some phosphate-based detergents can also cause eutrophication.
Detergents also contain oxygen-reducing substances (ie, a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms) that may cause severe damage to the fishes and other marine animals.
Detergents are capable of destroying the external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites, causing severe damage to the gills.
Mostly fish die when detergent concentrations are near 15 parts per million (ppm); however, detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs.
#Bioaccumulation is when the concentration of chemicals increases within an organism or species. This can occur when toxic substances are ingested. These toxic substances are very difficult for organisms to excrete, therefore, accumulate in their tissues.
#Biomagnification is the process by which toxic chemicals build up within predators. This typically occurs across an entire food chain and affects all of the organisms but animals higher up in the chain are more impacted.
#Kisan_Sarathi
It was launched to facilitate farmers to get ‘right information at right time’ in their desired language.
The platform Kisan Sarathi was jointly launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
#KRITAGYA
It is a national level hackathon being organised by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
It aims to promote innovation in agriculture and allied sectors in the country.
Kritagya KRI-TA-GYA explains, KRI for Krishi (Agriculture), TA for Taknik (Technology) and GYA for Gyan (Knowledge)
#Pre_Revision
It is a harmful chemical found in detergents. It is banned in several countries or is being phased out owing to its harmful effects on humans and aquatic organisms. It bio-accumulates
NP is a persistent, toxic, bio-accumulative chemical.
It acts as a hormone disruptor and can be responsible for a number of human health effects.
Its exposure through water, soil and food crops may result in a burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, unconsciousness, skin irritation and burns.
Upon ingestion, it may cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sore throat. It is also toxic for aquatic animals.
It has been detected in human breast milk, blood and urine, and is associated with reproductive and developmental effects in rodents.
It has amphiphilic properties and is substantially used as a surfactant in the textile industry.
Regulation: The Bureau of Industry Standards (BIS) has set the standard of phenolic compounds for drinking water (0.001 mg/L) and surface water (5.0 mg/L). However, unlike other countries, India does not have specific standards for Nonylphenol in drinking water and surface water
#Surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.
#Surface_Tension is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
Detergents tend to be more soluble in hard water than soap because the sulfonate of detergent doesn't bind calcium and other ions in hard water as easily as the carboxylate in soap does
Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts. Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems.
For example, phosphate tends to inhibit the biodegradation of organic substances. Some phosphate-based detergents can also cause eutrophication.
Detergents also contain oxygen-reducing substances (ie, a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms) that may cause severe damage to the fishes and other marine animals.
Detergents are capable of destroying the external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites, causing severe damage to the gills.
Mostly fish die when detergent concentrations are near 15 parts per million (ppm); however, detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs.
#Bioaccumulation is when the concentration of chemicals increases within an organism or species. This can occur when toxic substances are ingested. These toxic substances are very difficult for organisms to excrete, therefore, accumulate in their tissues.
#Biomagnification is the process by which toxic chemicals build up within predators. This typically occurs across an entire food chain and affects all of the organisms but animals higher up in the chain are more impacted.
#Kisan_Sarathi
It was launched to facilitate farmers to get ‘right information at right time’ in their desired language.
The platform Kisan Sarathi was jointly launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
#KRITAGYA
It is a national level hackathon being organised by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
It aims to promote innovation in agriculture and allied sectors in the country.
Kritagya KRI-TA-GYA explains, KRI for Krishi (Agriculture), TA for Taknik (Technology) and GYA for Gyan (Knowledge)
#Pre_Revision
#Vaquita_Porpoise(Phocoena sinus)
It is critically endangered (IUCN) marine animal of which only about 10 remain in the world. Its name means “little cow” in Spanish.
It is also known as "the panda of the sea" for the distinctive black circles around its eyes.
The vaquita is unique among the porpoises as it is the only species of that family found in warm waters, and the size of the dorsal fin is believed to be an adaptation to that, allowing for extra body heat to dissipate.
Vaquita Porpoises are among the ocean’s smallest cetaceans and they only reside in the northern Gulf of California, the Sea of Cortez, Mexico.
Like many other species of porpoise, vaquita tend to be shy and elusive, avoiding boats when approached. They are most commonly sighted in shallow waters up to 50 metres deep.
They tend to prefer turbid, nutrient-rich coastal waters which attract their preferred prey: small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans.
The Cetaceans are one of the most distinctive and highly specialized aquatic mammals. They include blue whale, dolphins, blind river dolphins, Porpoise, etc.
The vaquitas are threatened primarily by gillnet fishing for the totoaba fish, another endangered species in the area that is hunted for its swim bladder, considered a delicacy in China. Dried totoaba bladders are often smuggled through the United States to China.
Therefore, the conservation of Vaquita primarily rests with US, China and Mexico
#Porpoises
They are among the smallest members of the cetacean family (whales, porpoises and dolphins).
They are only distant relatives of dolphins.
There are only seven species of porpoise; the most popular being the widely distributed harbour porpoise
#Purcell’s_hunter_slug_or_caterpillar_slug
A native to South Africa, has now spread to several parts of India and a new study has predicted that it could soon become an invasive species attacking western and Peninsular India.
It is listed as an endangered species and was first described in 1980.
Not much is known about its ecology and according to studies, it entered India around 2010-2012 accidentally, through international trade via Mumbai.
Now, there are over 60 records from all over the country.
It has been reported to feed on the leaves and bark of mulberry plants.
The slug was also sighted on neem trees, papaya, and calotropis plants
#Lithium
It is a soft, silvery-white metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element.
It is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in mineral oil. It is an alkali metal and a rare metal.
It has the highest specific heat capacity of any solid element.
Lithium’s single balance electron allows it to be a good conductor of electricity.
It is flammable and can even explode when exposed to air and water.
Lithium is a key element for new technologies and finds its use in ceramics, glass, telecommunication and aerospace industries.
The well-known uses of Lithium are in Lithium ion batteries, lubricating grease, high energy additive to rocket propellants, optical modulators for mobile phones and as convertor to tritium used as a raw material for thermonuclear reactions i.e. fusion.
#Prescribed_substance
The thermonuclear application makes Lithium as “Prescribed substance” under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 which permits AMD for exploration of Lithium in various geological domains of the country.
Under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, “Prescribed Substance” means any substance including any mineral which the Central Government may, by notification, prescribe, being a substance which in its opinion is or may be used for the production or use of atomic energy or research into matters connected therewith and includes uranium, plutonium, thorium, beryllium, deuterium or any of their respective derivatives or compounds or any other materials containing any of the aforesaid substances.
#Pre_Revision
It is critically endangered (IUCN) marine animal of which only about 10 remain in the world. Its name means “little cow” in Spanish.
It is also known as "the panda of the sea" for the distinctive black circles around its eyes.
The vaquita is unique among the porpoises as it is the only species of that family found in warm waters, and the size of the dorsal fin is believed to be an adaptation to that, allowing for extra body heat to dissipate.
Vaquita Porpoises are among the ocean’s smallest cetaceans and they only reside in the northern Gulf of California, the Sea of Cortez, Mexico.
Like many other species of porpoise, vaquita tend to be shy and elusive, avoiding boats when approached. They are most commonly sighted in shallow waters up to 50 metres deep.
They tend to prefer turbid, nutrient-rich coastal waters which attract their preferred prey: small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans.
The Cetaceans are one of the most distinctive and highly specialized aquatic mammals. They include blue whale, dolphins, blind river dolphins, Porpoise, etc.
The vaquitas are threatened primarily by gillnet fishing for the totoaba fish, another endangered species in the area that is hunted for its swim bladder, considered a delicacy in China. Dried totoaba bladders are often smuggled through the United States to China.
Therefore, the conservation of Vaquita primarily rests with US, China and Mexico
#Porpoises
They are among the smallest members of the cetacean family (whales, porpoises and dolphins).
They are only distant relatives of dolphins.
There are only seven species of porpoise; the most popular being the widely distributed harbour porpoise
#Purcell’s_hunter_slug_or_caterpillar_slug
A native to South Africa, has now spread to several parts of India and a new study has predicted that it could soon become an invasive species attacking western and Peninsular India.
It is listed as an endangered species and was first described in 1980.
Not much is known about its ecology and according to studies, it entered India around 2010-2012 accidentally, through international trade via Mumbai.
Now, there are over 60 records from all over the country.
It has been reported to feed on the leaves and bark of mulberry plants.
The slug was also sighted on neem trees, papaya, and calotropis plants
#Lithium
It is a soft, silvery-white metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element.
It is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in mineral oil. It is an alkali metal and a rare metal.
It has the highest specific heat capacity of any solid element.
Lithium’s single balance electron allows it to be a good conductor of electricity.
It is flammable and can even explode when exposed to air and water.
Lithium is a key element for new technologies and finds its use in ceramics, glass, telecommunication and aerospace industries.
The well-known uses of Lithium are in Lithium ion batteries, lubricating grease, high energy additive to rocket propellants, optical modulators for mobile phones and as convertor to tritium used as a raw material for thermonuclear reactions i.e. fusion.
#Prescribed_substance
The thermonuclear application makes Lithium as “Prescribed substance” under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 which permits AMD for exploration of Lithium in various geological domains of the country.
Under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, “Prescribed Substance” means any substance including any mineral which the Central Government may, by notification, prescribe, being a substance which in its opinion is or may be used for the production or use of atomic energy or research into matters connected therewith and includes uranium, plutonium, thorium, beryllium, deuterium or any of their respective derivatives or compounds or any other materials containing any of the aforesaid substances.
#Pre_Revision
#Development_of_Infrastructure_Facilities_for_Judiciary
The GoI has approved continuation of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary for further five years to 2026 at a total cost of Rs. 9000 crore.
It has been in operation since 1993-94
The Central Government through this scheme augments the resources of the State Governments for construction of court buildings and residential quarters for Judicial Officers (JO) in all the States / UTs.
The upgraded “#Nyaya_Vikas_2.0” web portal and mobile application is used for monitoring physical and financial progress of CSS judicial infrastructure projects by geo-tagging completed and ongoing projects
#Gram_Nyayalayas
or village courts are established under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas of India.
The Act came into force from 2nd October 2009.
A Gram Nyayalaya has jurisdiction over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court
The Court can function as a mobile court at any place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regard
They have both civil & criminal jurisdiction over the offences
It has been given power to accept certain evidences which would otherwise not be acceptable under Indian Evidence Act.
Presided by a Nyayadhikari, who will have the same power, enjoy same salary and benefits of a Judicial Magistrate of First Class.To be appointed by the State Gov in consultation with the HC
#Legal_Information_Management_and_Briefing_System (LIMBS)
It is a portal developed by Dept of Legal Affairs,for monitoring and handling of various court cases of Govt. Departments & Ministries
It aims to create a National Portal of all cases pending in various courts/ Tribunals
#Tele_law_service: It is aimed at facilitating delivery of legal advice through an expert panel of lawyers stationed at the State Legal Services Authorities
#Nyaya_Mitra: It is aimed at reducing pendency of cases across selected districts, with special focus on those pending for more than 10 years.
#Indicative_Notes on the SC website
This feature is aimed at providing concise summaries of landmark judgments in an easy-to-understand format
#Master_of_Roster
The CJI called as the Master of the Roster – i.e., the vesting of exclusive discretion in the Chief Justice to constitute benches & allocate cases
#Alternative_Dispute_Resolution (ADR)
#Arbitration
The dispute is submitted to an arbitral tribunal which makes a decision (an "award") on the dispute that is mostly binding on the parties.
It is less formal than a trial, and the rules of evidence are often relaxed.
Generally, there is no right to appeal an arbitrator's decision
Except for some interim measures, there is very little scope for judicial intervention in the arbitration process
#Conciliation
A non-binding procedure in which an impartial 3rd party, the conciliator, assists the parties to a dispute in reaching a mutually satisfactory agreed settlement of the dispute
It is a less formal form of arbitration
The parties are free to accept or reject the recommendations of the conciliator
If both parties accept the settlement document drawn by the conciliator, it shall be final & binding
#Mediation
An impartial person- "mediator" helps the parties try to reach a mutually acceptable resolution of the dispute
The mediator does not decide the dispute but helps the parties communicate so they can try to settle the dispute themselves.
Mediation leaves control of the outcome with the parties
#Negotiation
A non-binding procedure in which discussions between the parties are initiated without the intervention of any 3rd party with the object of arriving at a negotiated settlement to the dispute
Negotiation occurs in business, non-profit organizations, gov. branches, legal proceedings, among nations & in personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting & everyday life
Revise--#Judicial_Disqualification_or_Recusal
The GoI has approved continuation of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary for further five years to 2026 at a total cost of Rs. 9000 crore.
It has been in operation since 1993-94
The Central Government through this scheme augments the resources of the State Governments for construction of court buildings and residential quarters for Judicial Officers (JO) in all the States / UTs.
The upgraded “#Nyaya_Vikas_2.0” web portal and mobile application is used for monitoring physical and financial progress of CSS judicial infrastructure projects by geo-tagging completed and ongoing projects
#Gram_Nyayalayas
or village courts are established under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas of India.
The Act came into force from 2nd October 2009.
A Gram Nyayalaya has jurisdiction over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court
The Court can function as a mobile court at any place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regard
They have both civil & criminal jurisdiction over the offences
It has been given power to accept certain evidences which would otherwise not be acceptable under Indian Evidence Act.
Presided by a Nyayadhikari, who will have the same power, enjoy same salary and benefits of a Judicial Magistrate of First Class.To be appointed by the State Gov in consultation with the HC
#Legal_Information_Management_and_Briefing_System (LIMBS)
It is a portal developed by Dept of Legal Affairs,for monitoring and handling of various court cases of Govt. Departments & Ministries
It aims to create a National Portal of all cases pending in various courts/ Tribunals
#Tele_law_service: It is aimed at facilitating delivery of legal advice through an expert panel of lawyers stationed at the State Legal Services Authorities
#Nyaya_Mitra: It is aimed at reducing pendency of cases across selected districts, with special focus on those pending for more than 10 years.
#Indicative_Notes on the SC website
This feature is aimed at providing concise summaries of landmark judgments in an easy-to-understand format
#Master_of_Roster
The CJI called as the Master of the Roster – i.e., the vesting of exclusive discretion in the Chief Justice to constitute benches & allocate cases
#Alternative_Dispute_Resolution (ADR)
#Arbitration
The dispute is submitted to an arbitral tribunal which makes a decision (an "award") on the dispute that is mostly binding on the parties.
It is less formal than a trial, and the rules of evidence are often relaxed.
Generally, there is no right to appeal an arbitrator's decision
Except for some interim measures, there is very little scope for judicial intervention in the arbitration process
#Conciliation
A non-binding procedure in which an impartial 3rd party, the conciliator, assists the parties to a dispute in reaching a mutually satisfactory agreed settlement of the dispute
It is a less formal form of arbitration
The parties are free to accept or reject the recommendations of the conciliator
If both parties accept the settlement document drawn by the conciliator, it shall be final & binding
#Mediation
An impartial person- "mediator" helps the parties try to reach a mutually acceptable resolution of the dispute
The mediator does not decide the dispute but helps the parties communicate so they can try to settle the dispute themselves.
Mediation leaves control of the outcome with the parties
#Negotiation
A non-binding procedure in which discussions between the parties are initiated without the intervention of any 3rd party with the object of arriving at a negotiated settlement to the dispute
Negotiation occurs in business, non-profit organizations, gov. branches, legal proceedings, among nations & in personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting & everyday life
Revise--#Judicial_Disqualification_or_Recusal
#School_Innovation_Ambassador_Training_Program
It is innovative and one of its kind training program for School Teachers.
Aim: Training 50,000 school teachers on Innovation, Entrepreneurship, IPR, Design Thinking, Product development, Idea generation etc.
The training will be delivered in online mode only.
Designed by Innovation Cell of the Ministry of Education and AICTE for School Teachers.
The program will be implemented by the Ministry of Education’s Innovation Cell, AICTE and CBSE.
#National_Initiative_for_School_Heads_and_Teachers_Holistic_Advancement (NISHTHA)
It is a national mission to improve learning outcomes at the elementary level. This is done through integrated teacher training.
It is the largest teachers’ training programme of its kind in the world.
It has been launched under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Samagra Shiksha in 2109-20.
Objective:
To motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students and also teachers will get awareness and develop their skills on various aspects.
#National_Council_for_Teacher_Education (NCTE)
It is statutory body of Central Government set up under NCTE Act, 1993.Set up in 1995
It was set up to formally oversee standards, procedures and processes in Indian education system.
NCTE plans and co-ordinates the development of teacher education system throughout the country (for both central as well as state governments).
It also ensures the maintenance of norms and standards in the teacher education system.
Its headquarter is in New Delhi
#KAPILA
KAPILA(Kalam Program for IP Literacy and Awareness) is a government initiative to create appropriate awareness regarding the need of IP filing, mechanism and methodology involved in filing IP in India and globally, especially amongst students and faculty of higher education institutions.
#Residual_Legatee
It deals with all such subjects that are not allotted to any ministry/department.
The Residual Legatee, at the central level is performed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister who is the administrative head of the PM office (PMO).
The Chief Secretary is the Residual Legatee at the state level, while the Cabinet Secretary does not perform this legal function at the Centre.
#Pre_Revision
It is innovative and one of its kind training program for School Teachers.
Aim: Training 50,000 school teachers on Innovation, Entrepreneurship, IPR, Design Thinking, Product development, Idea generation etc.
The training will be delivered in online mode only.
Designed by Innovation Cell of the Ministry of Education and AICTE for School Teachers.
The program will be implemented by the Ministry of Education’s Innovation Cell, AICTE and CBSE.
#National_Initiative_for_School_Heads_and_Teachers_Holistic_Advancement (NISHTHA)
It is a national mission to improve learning outcomes at the elementary level. This is done through integrated teacher training.
It is the largest teachers’ training programme of its kind in the world.
It has been launched under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Samagra Shiksha in 2109-20.
Objective:
To motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students and also teachers will get awareness and develop their skills on various aspects.
#National_Council_for_Teacher_Education (NCTE)
It is statutory body of Central Government set up under NCTE Act, 1993.Set up in 1995
It was set up to formally oversee standards, procedures and processes in Indian education system.
NCTE plans and co-ordinates the development of teacher education system throughout the country (for both central as well as state governments).
It also ensures the maintenance of norms and standards in the teacher education system.
Its headquarter is in New Delhi
#KAPILA
KAPILA(Kalam Program for IP Literacy and Awareness) is a government initiative to create appropriate awareness regarding the need of IP filing, mechanism and methodology involved in filing IP in India and globally, especially amongst students and faculty of higher education institutions.
#Residual_Legatee
It deals with all such subjects that are not allotted to any ministry/department.
The Residual Legatee, at the central level is performed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister who is the administrative head of the PM office (PMO).
The Chief Secretary is the Residual Legatee at the state level, while the Cabinet Secretary does not perform this legal function at the Centre.
#Pre_Revision
#Critically_Important_Antimicrobials
It is certain antimicrobial classes classified as “Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials “for human medicine by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the so called WHO list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (WHO CIA list).
It is intended as a reference to help formulate and prioritize risk assessment and risk management strategies for containing antimicrobial resistance mainly due to non-human antimicrobial use.
“Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials“ are
Quinolones
3rdand higher generation cephalosporins
Macrolides and ketolides
Glycopeptides
Polymyxins(Collstin)
#Antimicrobial_Resistance
The term antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance or AMR which is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication.
#AWaRe
The AWaRe tool was developed by the WHO Essential Medicines List to contain rising resistance and make antibiotic use safer and more effective by providing guidelines (over the effective use of antibiotics) to the policy-makers and health workers.
It classifies antibiotics into three groups:
Access— antibiotics used to treat the most common and serious infections.
Watch— antibiotics available at all times in the healthcare system.
Reserve— antibiotics to be used sparingly or preserved and used only as a last resort.
In 2015, WHO launched the #global_antimicrobial_surveillance_system (GLASS) to work closely with WHO collaborating centres and existing antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks
The alarming rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify AMR as one of the top ten threats to global health.
The United Nations (UN) has begun considering the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to be at par with diseases like ebola, HIV
India--A national policy for containment of AMR was introduced in 2011.
In 2012, India’s medical societies adopted the #Chennai_Declaration, a set of national recommendations to promote antibiotic stewardship
#Red_Line_Campaign_on_Antibiotics 2016: The campaign was launched to:
Raising awareness about how to identify a drug that should be dispensed only with a prescription from a licensed doctor
Limiting the practice of self-medication
Making the public aware of the potential harms that may result from the misuse of antibiotics
#Kerala became the first state to adopt a comprehensive policy on AMR in 2016
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (#FSSAI) banned the use of antibiotics and several pharmacologically active substances in fisheries.
The government has also capped the maximum levels of drugs that can be used for growth promotion in meat and meat products.
#Square_Kilometre_Array_Observatory
SKAO is a new intergovernmental organisation dedicated to radio astronomy and is headquartered in the UK.
At the moment, organisations from ten countries are a part of the SKAO.
These include Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.
Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can detect invisible gas and, therefore, they can reveal areas of space that may be obscured by cosmic dust.
The first radio signals were detected by physicist Karl Jansky in the 1930s.
#SKA_Telescope
The telescope is proposed to be the largest radio telescope in the world.
It will be located in Africa and Australia whose operation, maintenance and construction will be overseen by SKAO.
#Pre_Revision
It is certain antimicrobial classes classified as “Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials “for human medicine by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the so called WHO list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (WHO CIA list).
It is intended as a reference to help formulate and prioritize risk assessment and risk management strategies for containing antimicrobial resistance mainly due to non-human antimicrobial use.
“Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials“ are
Quinolones
3rdand higher generation cephalosporins
Macrolides and ketolides
Glycopeptides
Polymyxins(Collstin)
#Antimicrobial_Resistance
The term antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance or AMR which is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication.
#AWaRe
The AWaRe tool was developed by the WHO Essential Medicines List to contain rising resistance and make antibiotic use safer and more effective by providing guidelines (over the effective use of antibiotics) to the policy-makers and health workers.
It classifies antibiotics into three groups:
Access— antibiotics used to treat the most common and serious infections.
Watch— antibiotics available at all times in the healthcare system.
Reserve— antibiotics to be used sparingly or preserved and used only as a last resort.
In 2015, WHO launched the #global_antimicrobial_surveillance_system (GLASS) to work closely with WHO collaborating centres and existing antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks
The alarming rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify AMR as one of the top ten threats to global health.
The United Nations (UN) has begun considering the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to be at par with diseases like ebola, HIV
India--A national policy for containment of AMR was introduced in 2011.
In 2012, India’s medical societies adopted the #Chennai_Declaration, a set of national recommendations to promote antibiotic stewardship
#Red_Line_Campaign_on_Antibiotics 2016: The campaign was launched to:
Raising awareness about how to identify a drug that should be dispensed only with a prescription from a licensed doctor
Limiting the practice of self-medication
Making the public aware of the potential harms that may result from the misuse of antibiotics
#Kerala became the first state to adopt a comprehensive policy on AMR in 2016
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (#FSSAI) banned the use of antibiotics and several pharmacologically active substances in fisheries.
The government has also capped the maximum levels of drugs that can be used for growth promotion in meat and meat products.
#Square_Kilometre_Array_Observatory
SKAO is a new intergovernmental organisation dedicated to radio astronomy and is headquartered in the UK.
At the moment, organisations from ten countries are a part of the SKAO.
These include Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.
Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can detect invisible gas and, therefore, they can reveal areas of space that may be obscured by cosmic dust.
The first radio signals were detected by physicist Karl Jansky in the 1930s.
#SKA_Telescope
The telescope is proposed to be the largest radio telescope in the world.
It will be located in Africa and Australia whose operation, maintenance and construction will be overseen by SKAO.
#Pre_Revision
Economy By Kaivalya
Simplifying complex economic phenomena word by word, bit by bit.
https://www.tg-me.com/economybykaivalyachannel
Simplifying complex economic phenomena word by word, bit by bit.
https://www.tg-me.com/economybykaivalyachannel
Telegram
Economy By Kaivalya
Simplifying complex economic phenomena word by word, bit by bit.
Join the group from the below mentioned link for doubts, queries and discussions-
https://www.tg-me.com/economybykaivalyagroup
Join the group from the below mentioned link for doubts, queries and discussions-
https://www.tg-me.com/economybykaivalyagroup
#State_immunity
It is a well-recognized doctrine in international law which safeguards a state and its property against the jurisdiction of another country’s domestic courts.
This covers immunity from both jurisdiction and execution.
Despite the universal acceptance of this doctrine, there is no international legal instrument in force administering its implementation in municipal legal systems of different countries.
Attempts are underway to create binding international law on the application of the rules of state immunity, such as the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UNSCI).
However, this convention is yet to be ratified by 30 countries — the minimum number required to bring it in force, as per Article 30 (1) of UNSCI.
India has signed the convention, but not ratified it.
#Diplomatic_immunity
It is a privilege of exemption from certain laws and taxes granted to diplomats by the country in which they are posted.
Diplomatic immunity is granted on the basis of two conventions:
Popularly called the Vienna Conventions — the Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961.
The Convention on Consular Relations, 1963.
They have been ratified by 187 countries
According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, the immunity enjoyed by a diplomat posted in the embassy is “inviolable”.
The diplomat cannot be arrested or detained and his house will have the same inviolability and protection as the embassy.
Exceptions:
It is possible for the diplomat’s home country to waive immunity but this can happen only when the individual has committed a ‘serious crime’, unconnected with their diplomatic role or has witnessed such a crime. Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual
Types
Immunity is not the same for all diplomats and their families.
The Vienna Convention classifies diplomats according to their posting in the embassy, consular or international organisations such as the UN.
A nation has only one embassy per foreign country, usually in the capital, but may have multiple consulate offices, generally in locations where many of its citizens live or visit.
Diplomats posted in an embassy get immunity, along with his or her family members.
While diplomats posted in consulates also get immunity, they can be prosecuted in case of serious crimes, that is, when a warrant is issued.
Besides, their families don’t share that immunity.
#Protecting_Power
1961 Vienna Convention states, if diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled, the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State.
And the 1963 Convention reiterates: “A sending State may with the prior consent of a receiving State, and at the request of a third State not represented in the receiving State, undertake the temporary protection of the interests of the third State and of its nationals.”
Eg.
Switzerland represents the interests of the US in Iran. This is because the US itself does not have an embassy there.
Iran’s interests in the United States, on the other hand, are represented by the Pakistan Embassy in Washington
The United States government describes the same role on a web page on the “US Virtual Embassy” in Iran.
#Pre_Revision
It is a well-recognized doctrine in international law which safeguards a state and its property against the jurisdiction of another country’s domestic courts.
This covers immunity from both jurisdiction and execution.
Despite the universal acceptance of this doctrine, there is no international legal instrument in force administering its implementation in municipal legal systems of different countries.
Attempts are underway to create binding international law on the application of the rules of state immunity, such as the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UNSCI).
However, this convention is yet to be ratified by 30 countries — the minimum number required to bring it in force, as per Article 30 (1) of UNSCI.
India has signed the convention, but not ratified it.
#Diplomatic_immunity
It is a privilege of exemption from certain laws and taxes granted to diplomats by the country in which they are posted.
Diplomatic immunity is granted on the basis of two conventions:
Popularly called the Vienna Conventions — the Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961.
The Convention on Consular Relations, 1963.
They have been ratified by 187 countries
According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, the immunity enjoyed by a diplomat posted in the embassy is “inviolable”.
The diplomat cannot be arrested or detained and his house will have the same inviolability and protection as the embassy.
Exceptions:
It is possible for the diplomat’s home country to waive immunity but this can happen only when the individual has committed a ‘serious crime’, unconnected with their diplomatic role or has witnessed such a crime. Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual
Types
Immunity is not the same for all diplomats and their families.
The Vienna Convention classifies diplomats according to their posting in the embassy, consular or international organisations such as the UN.
A nation has only one embassy per foreign country, usually in the capital, but may have multiple consulate offices, generally in locations where many of its citizens live or visit.
Diplomats posted in an embassy get immunity, along with his or her family members.
While diplomats posted in consulates also get immunity, they can be prosecuted in case of serious crimes, that is, when a warrant is issued.
Besides, their families don’t share that immunity.
#Protecting_Power
1961 Vienna Convention states, if diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled, the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State.
And the 1963 Convention reiterates: “A sending State may with the prior consent of a receiving State, and at the request of a third State not represented in the receiving State, undertake the temporary protection of the interests of the third State and of its nationals.”
Eg.
Switzerland represents the interests of the US in Iran. This is because the US itself does not have an embassy there.
Iran’s interests in the United States, on the other hand, are represented by the Pakistan Embassy in Washington
The United States government describes the same role on a web page on the “US Virtual Embassy” in Iran.
#Pre_Revision
#Fit_for_55_Package
The new package attempts to deliver the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and carbon neutrality goal through proposed changes that would impact the economy, society and industry, as well as ensure a fair, competitive and green transition by 2030 and beyond.
It claims to achieve a balance between “regulatory policies” and market-based carbon pricing to avoid the pitfalls of each.
It must be cut by 55% by 2030 and by 100% by 2035, which means a phase out of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035.
Fit for 55 Package could put Europe at the forefront of new technologies like electric car batteries, offshore wind generation or aircraft engines that run on hydrogen.
#Net_zero
Net-zero, which is also referred to as carbon-neutrality, does not mean that a country would bring down its emissions to zero. Rather, net-zero is a state in which a country’s emissions are compensated by absorption and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
The net-zero goal does not figure in the 2015 Paris Agreement, the new global architecture to fight climate change.
#Paris_Climate_Accord
Legal status: It is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.
Adoption: It was adopted by 196 countries at Conference of the Parties COP 21 in Paris in December 2015.
Goal: To limit global warming to well below 2° Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5° Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
Objective: To achieve the long-term temperature goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.
#The_Climate_Ambition_Summit 2020 to mark the fifth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, and to provide a platform for government and non-governmental leaders to demonstrate their commitment to the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process.
#India's INDC, to be achieved primarily, by 2030
To reduce the emissions intensity of the GDP by about a third.
A total of 40% of the installed capacity for electricity will be from non-fossil fuel sources.
India also promised an additional carbon sink (a means to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by the year 2030.
#B3W( Build Back Better World)
The Build Back Better Plan is a Covid-19 relief, future economic, and infrastructure package proposed by G-7 countries for developing and lower-income countries.
Through B3W, the G7 and other like-minded partners will coordinate in mobilizing private-sector capital in four areas of focus:
Climate,
Health and health security,
Digital technology,
Gender equity and equality.
#Pre_Revision
The new package attempts to deliver the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and carbon neutrality goal through proposed changes that would impact the economy, society and industry, as well as ensure a fair, competitive and green transition by 2030 and beyond.
It claims to achieve a balance between “regulatory policies” and market-based carbon pricing to avoid the pitfalls of each.
It must be cut by 55% by 2030 and by 100% by 2035, which means a phase out of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035.
Fit for 55 Package could put Europe at the forefront of new technologies like electric car batteries, offshore wind generation or aircraft engines that run on hydrogen.
#Net_zero
Net-zero, which is also referred to as carbon-neutrality, does not mean that a country would bring down its emissions to zero. Rather, net-zero is a state in which a country’s emissions are compensated by absorption and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
The net-zero goal does not figure in the 2015 Paris Agreement, the new global architecture to fight climate change.
#Paris_Climate_Accord
Legal status: It is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.
Adoption: It was adopted by 196 countries at Conference of the Parties COP 21 in Paris in December 2015.
Goal: To limit global warming to well below 2° Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5° Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
Objective: To achieve the long-term temperature goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.
#The_Climate_Ambition_Summit 2020 to mark the fifth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, and to provide a platform for government and non-governmental leaders to demonstrate their commitment to the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process.
#India's INDC, to be achieved primarily, by 2030
To reduce the emissions intensity of the GDP by about a third.
A total of 40% of the installed capacity for electricity will be from non-fossil fuel sources.
India also promised an additional carbon sink (a means to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by the year 2030.
#B3W( Build Back Better World)
The Build Back Better Plan is a Covid-19 relief, future economic, and infrastructure package proposed by G-7 countries for developing and lower-income countries.
Through B3W, the G7 and other like-minded partners will coordinate in mobilizing private-sector capital in four areas of focus:
Climate,
Health and health security,
Digital technology,
Gender equity and equality.
#Pre_Revision
#Rewilding_of_Wild_Animals
Under National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) reintroduction of the cub into the wild after a certain time when it appears that the cub is capable of surviving in the wild independently and this is what is known as ‘Re-wilding’.
The NTCA stresses that the tiger cub should be reared in an in situ enclosure for a minimum of two years, and during this time, each cub should have a successful record of at least 50 ‘kills’.
The process of re-wilding of a wild animal after rearing it in captivity is very complicated, and fraught with risks.
There are 50-50 chances of success and failure of re-wilding of hand reared carnivores in the wild.
The chance of success is less than 1 per cent if we look at all the failures of reintroductions and failures have led to deaths of many tigers as well as serious livestock depredations, and even man-eating problems.
Rewilding in India:
Rewilding is not limited to cats. There have been efforts to reintroduce other endangered species into the wild after rearing them in captivity.
For Example: Bombay Natural History Society(BNHS) in collaboration with the Haryana Forest and Wildlife Department has been running a vulture conservation centre named ‘Jatayu’.
Under this, several pairs of endangered gyps species, including the white-backed, the long-billed, and the slender-billed have been successfully introduced into the wild.
#Vikas_Engine
Vikas is a family of liquid fuelled rocket engines conceptualized and designed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC) in the 1970s.
LPSC is a research and development centre functioning under Indian Space Research Organisation.
The engine is used in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV) series of expendable launch vehicles for space launch use.
ISRO tested the Vikas Engine this time as part of the engine qualification requirements for the Gaganyaan Mission.
#Conjugal_Rights
Conjugal rights are rights created by marriage, i.e. right of the husband or the wife to the society of the other spouse.
The law recognises these rights— both in personal laws dealing with marriage, divorce etc, and in criminal law requiring payment of maintenance and alimony to a spouse.
#Section_9 of the Hindu Marriage Act recognises one aspect of conjugal rights — the right to consortium and protects it by allowing a spouse to move court to enforce the right.
The concept of restitution of conjugal rights is codified in Hindu personal law now, but has colonial origins.
Originating from Jewish law, the provision for restitution of conjugal rights reached India and other common law countries through British Rule.
The British law treated wives as their husband's personal possession hence they were not allowed to leave their husbands(Incidentally, in 1970, the U.K repealed the law on restitution of conjugal rights.)
Similar provisions exist in Muslim personal law as well as the Divorce Act, 1869, which governs Christian family law.
#Section_9 reads When either the husband or the wife has, without reasonable excuse, withdrawn from the society of the other, the aggrieved party may apply, by petition to the district court.
And the court, on being satisfied of the truth of the statements made in such petition and that there is no legal ground why the application should not be granted, may decree restitution of conjugal rights accordingly.
Also, if a spouse refuses cohabitation, the other spouse can move the family court seeking a decree for cohabitation. If the order of the court is not complied with, the court can attach property. However, the decision can be appealed before a High Court and the Supreme Court.
#FASTER (Fast and Secure Transmission of Electronic Records)
It would enable the Supreme Court (SC) to instantly, directly, securely, and electronically transmit bail and other orders to jail authorities, district courts, and High Courts
#Pre_Revision
Under National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) reintroduction of the cub into the wild after a certain time when it appears that the cub is capable of surviving in the wild independently and this is what is known as ‘Re-wilding’.
The NTCA stresses that the tiger cub should be reared in an in situ enclosure for a minimum of two years, and during this time, each cub should have a successful record of at least 50 ‘kills’.
The process of re-wilding of a wild animal after rearing it in captivity is very complicated, and fraught with risks.
There are 50-50 chances of success and failure of re-wilding of hand reared carnivores in the wild.
The chance of success is less than 1 per cent if we look at all the failures of reintroductions and failures have led to deaths of many tigers as well as serious livestock depredations, and even man-eating problems.
Rewilding in India:
Rewilding is not limited to cats. There have been efforts to reintroduce other endangered species into the wild after rearing them in captivity.
For Example: Bombay Natural History Society(BNHS) in collaboration with the Haryana Forest and Wildlife Department has been running a vulture conservation centre named ‘Jatayu’.
Under this, several pairs of endangered gyps species, including the white-backed, the long-billed, and the slender-billed have been successfully introduced into the wild.
#Vikas_Engine
Vikas is a family of liquid fuelled rocket engines conceptualized and designed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC) in the 1970s.
LPSC is a research and development centre functioning under Indian Space Research Organisation.
The engine is used in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV) series of expendable launch vehicles for space launch use.
ISRO tested the Vikas Engine this time as part of the engine qualification requirements for the Gaganyaan Mission.
#Conjugal_Rights
Conjugal rights are rights created by marriage, i.e. right of the husband or the wife to the society of the other spouse.
The law recognises these rights— both in personal laws dealing with marriage, divorce etc, and in criminal law requiring payment of maintenance and alimony to a spouse.
#Section_9 of the Hindu Marriage Act recognises one aspect of conjugal rights — the right to consortium and protects it by allowing a spouse to move court to enforce the right.
The concept of restitution of conjugal rights is codified in Hindu personal law now, but has colonial origins.
Originating from Jewish law, the provision for restitution of conjugal rights reached India and other common law countries through British Rule.
The British law treated wives as their husband's personal possession hence they were not allowed to leave their husbands(Incidentally, in 1970, the U.K repealed the law on restitution of conjugal rights.)
Similar provisions exist in Muslim personal law as well as the Divorce Act, 1869, which governs Christian family law.
#Section_9 reads When either the husband or the wife has, without reasonable excuse, withdrawn from the society of the other, the aggrieved party may apply, by petition to the district court.
And the court, on being satisfied of the truth of the statements made in such petition and that there is no legal ground why the application should not be granted, may decree restitution of conjugal rights accordingly.
Also, if a spouse refuses cohabitation, the other spouse can move the family court seeking a decree for cohabitation. If the order of the court is not complied with, the court can attach property. However, the decision can be appealed before a High Court and the Supreme Court.
#FASTER (Fast and Secure Transmission of Electronic Records)
It would enable the Supreme Court (SC) to instantly, directly, securely, and electronically transmit bail and other orders to jail authorities, district courts, and High Courts
#Pre_Revision
#Pegasus_Spyware
It is a spyware that infects victims and spies on the victim by transferring data to a master server in an unauthorised manner
By the Israel based company, NSO Group.
The company claims to sell it only to Vetted foreign governments worldwide
Pegasus is the very basic form, can infect devices that are connected to the Internet
Some updated versions can also infect phones even without the clicking on links/messages
The software can, based on instructions from a remote server, automatically turn on the microphone & Camera and look into chats, contacts & data backup
#Cyber_Security is protecting cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage
#Cyber_Space: A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems & embedded processors & controllers
#Critical_Information_Infrastructure: According to Section 70(1) of the IT Act 2000, CII is defined as a “computer resource, the incapacitation or destruction of which, shall have debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health or safety”
#Types of threat:
#Cyber_espionage: It is an Intelligence gathering & data theft activity. The data theft will occur without the user’s permission/knowledge
#Cyber_warfare: It refers to the use of digital attacks by one country to disrupt the computers or information networks of another country
#Cyber_terrorism: It refers to the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. In this, the terrorists will use the internet to conduct violent activities such as threats, loss of life etc. Terrorists will use cyberspace to achieve their political and ideological gains
#Cyber_crime: It is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked device or a computer network
#Types
#Malware(malicious software) refers to any kind of software that is designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network. Eg. Ransomware, Spy ware, Worms, viruses & trojans.
#Phishing: It is the method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails & websites
#Denial_of_Service_attacks:DoS attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic, or sending it information that triggers a crash
#Man_in_the_middle (MitM) attacks, aka #eavesdropping attacks, occur when attackers insert themselves into a two-party transaction. Once the attackers interrupt the traffic, they can filter & steal data
#SQL_Injection (sequel)
Structured Query Language, a programming language used to communicate with databases.
Many of the servers that store critical data for websites and services use SQL to manage the data in their databases
A SQL injection attack specifically targets such kind of servers, using malicious code to get the server to divulge information it normally wouldn’t
#Cross_Site_Scripting (XSS)
Similar to an SQL injection attack, this attack also involves injecting malicious code into a website, but in this case the website itself is not being attacked
Instead the malicious code the attacker has injected, only runs in the user's browser when they visit the attacked website & it goes after the visitor directly, not the website
#Social_engineering is an attack that relies on human interaction to trick users into breaking security procedures in order to gain sensitive information that is typically protected
#Budapest_Convention_on_Cybercrime: It is an international treaty that seeks to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques & increasing cooperation among nations. It came into force on 2004.India is not a signatory
#Internet_Governance_Forum:It brings together all stakeholders i.e. government, private sector and civil society on the Internet governance debate. It was first convened in 2006
#Pre_Revision
It is a spyware that infects victims and spies on the victim by transferring data to a master server in an unauthorised manner
By the Israel based company, NSO Group.
The company claims to sell it only to Vetted foreign governments worldwide
Pegasus is the very basic form, can infect devices that are connected to the Internet
Some updated versions can also infect phones even without the clicking on links/messages
The software can, based on instructions from a remote server, automatically turn on the microphone & Camera and look into chats, contacts & data backup
#Cyber_Security is protecting cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage
#Cyber_Space: A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems & embedded processors & controllers
#Critical_Information_Infrastructure: According to Section 70(1) of the IT Act 2000, CII is defined as a “computer resource, the incapacitation or destruction of which, shall have debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health or safety”
#Types of threat:
#Cyber_espionage: It is an Intelligence gathering & data theft activity. The data theft will occur without the user’s permission/knowledge
#Cyber_warfare: It refers to the use of digital attacks by one country to disrupt the computers or information networks of another country
#Cyber_terrorism: It refers to the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. In this, the terrorists will use the internet to conduct violent activities such as threats, loss of life etc. Terrorists will use cyberspace to achieve their political and ideological gains
#Cyber_crime: It is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked device or a computer network
#Types
#Malware(malicious software) refers to any kind of software that is designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network. Eg. Ransomware, Spy ware, Worms, viruses & trojans.
#Phishing: It is the method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails & websites
#Denial_of_Service_attacks:DoS attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic, or sending it information that triggers a crash
#Man_in_the_middle (MitM) attacks, aka #eavesdropping attacks, occur when attackers insert themselves into a two-party transaction. Once the attackers interrupt the traffic, they can filter & steal data
#SQL_Injection (sequel)
Structured Query Language, a programming language used to communicate with databases.
Many of the servers that store critical data for websites and services use SQL to manage the data in their databases
A SQL injection attack specifically targets such kind of servers, using malicious code to get the server to divulge information it normally wouldn’t
#Cross_Site_Scripting (XSS)
Similar to an SQL injection attack, this attack also involves injecting malicious code into a website, but in this case the website itself is not being attacked
Instead the malicious code the attacker has injected, only runs in the user's browser when they visit the attacked website & it goes after the visitor directly, not the website
#Social_engineering is an attack that relies on human interaction to trick users into breaking security procedures in order to gain sensitive information that is typically protected
#Budapest_Convention_on_Cybercrime: It is an international treaty that seeks to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques & increasing cooperation among nations. It came into force on 2004.India is not a signatory
#Internet_Governance_Forum:It brings together all stakeholders i.e. government, private sector and civil society on the Internet governance debate. It was first convened in 2006
#Pre_Revision
#Policy_on_Vintage_Vehicles
Currently, the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR), 1989 do not define what vintage vehicles are.
#Vintage_Cars
The term will cover any vehicle, 2-wheeler or 4-wheeler, which is more than 50 years old from the date of first registration after first sale, including any vehicle imported into India.
Conditions - This will be subject to the condition that such vehicles should be maintained in its original form.
These vehicles should not have undergone any substantial overhaul that includes any modification in chassis or body shell, and/or engine.
The new policy seeks to mandate that such vehicles cannot be used for commercial purposes or put to regular use. Other than that, the owners can use their vintage cars in any way wish.
Registration - Old vehicles already carry their registration numbers, which will continue.
For new ones, like imported vintage vehicles or old Indian cars over 50 years old seeking to enter the vintage category, a new numbering system will come into effect.
These vehicles will carry a registration plate displaying the state code in two letters followed by VA for vintage, then a 2-letter series and finally a 4-digit series (0001 to 9999) allotted by the state registering authority.
Registration information will be on the #Parivahan portal of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
New vintage vehicles can be registered for Rs. 20,000; re-registration/ renewal will cost Rs 5,000. The registration certificate will be valid for 10 years, renewable thereafter.
Sale and purchase of vehicles registered as vintage is permissible; the buyer and seller have to inform their respective State Transport Authorities.
Application of Scrappage Policy - The upcoming vehicle scrappage policy will not apply to these vehicles.
They would also be exempted from the provisions of the High-Security Registration Plate recently made mandatory by the government
If a vehicle is more than 15 years old but within 50 years, the owner can continue to keep it by passing fitness tests every 5 years
#Vehicle_Scrapping_Policy
Old vehicles will have to pass a fitness test before re-registration and as per the policy government commercial vehicles more than 15 years old and private vehicles which are over 20 years old will be scrapped
As a disincentive, increased re-registration fees would be applicable for vehicles 15 years or older from the initial date registration
The state governments may be advised to offer a road-tax rebate of up to 25% for personal vehicles and up to 15% for commercial vehicles to provide incentive to owners of old vehicles to scrap old & unfit vehicles
Vehicle manufacturers will also give a discount of 5% to people who will produce the 'Scrapping Certificate'& registration fees will be waived off the new vehicle
#High_security_Registration_Plates
They are made up of aluminium and are affixed using at least two non-reusable snap-on locks
The plate comprises hot-stamped chromium-based 20X20 mm hologram of Ashoka Chakra in blue colour on the top left corner
At the bottom left corner is a 10-digit PIN that is laser branded on the reflective sheeting
It also includes a hot stamped film applied on the numerals and letters bearing the inscription “INDIA” at a 45-degree angle
Once affixed, the unique high security registration plate is electronically linked to the vehicle
It come with non-removable snap-on locks and are difficult to replace
They are affixed by automobile dealers & private vendors approved by the state authorities
These plates are issued only after the vehicle owner provides with information like engine number, chassis number, etc.It'll prevent counterfeiting of security plates
The details of a car, like engine number, chassis number, etc. are stored in a centralized database. This information, along with the 10-digit PIN, helps the authorities to identify a stolen vehicle
HSRPs have a uniform pattern of displaying motor vehicle registration number, therefore addressing the issue of ‘incomprehensible’ vehicle registration plates
#Pre_Revision
Currently, the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR), 1989 do not define what vintage vehicles are.
#Vintage_Cars
The term will cover any vehicle, 2-wheeler or 4-wheeler, which is more than 50 years old from the date of first registration after first sale, including any vehicle imported into India.
Conditions - This will be subject to the condition that such vehicles should be maintained in its original form.
These vehicles should not have undergone any substantial overhaul that includes any modification in chassis or body shell, and/or engine.
The new policy seeks to mandate that such vehicles cannot be used for commercial purposes or put to regular use. Other than that, the owners can use their vintage cars in any way wish.
Registration - Old vehicles already carry their registration numbers, which will continue.
For new ones, like imported vintage vehicles or old Indian cars over 50 years old seeking to enter the vintage category, a new numbering system will come into effect.
These vehicles will carry a registration plate displaying the state code in two letters followed by VA for vintage, then a 2-letter series and finally a 4-digit series (0001 to 9999) allotted by the state registering authority.
Registration information will be on the #Parivahan portal of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
New vintage vehicles can be registered for Rs. 20,000; re-registration/ renewal will cost Rs 5,000. The registration certificate will be valid for 10 years, renewable thereafter.
Sale and purchase of vehicles registered as vintage is permissible; the buyer and seller have to inform their respective State Transport Authorities.
Application of Scrappage Policy - The upcoming vehicle scrappage policy will not apply to these vehicles.
They would also be exempted from the provisions of the High-Security Registration Plate recently made mandatory by the government
If a vehicle is more than 15 years old but within 50 years, the owner can continue to keep it by passing fitness tests every 5 years
#Vehicle_Scrapping_Policy
Old vehicles will have to pass a fitness test before re-registration and as per the policy government commercial vehicles more than 15 years old and private vehicles which are over 20 years old will be scrapped
As a disincentive, increased re-registration fees would be applicable for vehicles 15 years or older from the initial date registration
The state governments may be advised to offer a road-tax rebate of up to 25% for personal vehicles and up to 15% for commercial vehicles to provide incentive to owners of old vehicles to scrap old & unfit vehicles
Vehicle manufacturers will also give a discount of 5% to people who will produce the 'Scrapping Certificate'& registration fees will be waived off the new vehicle
#High_security_Registration_Plates
They are made up of aluminium and are affixed using at least two non-reusable snap-on locks
The plate comprises hot-stamped chromium-based 20X20 mm hologram of Ashoka Chakra in blue colour on the top left corner
At the bottom left corner is a 10-digit PIN that is laser branded on the reflective sheeting
It also includes a hot stamped film applied on the numerals and letters bearing the inscription “INDIA” at a 45-degree angle
Once affixed, the unique high security registration plate is electronically linked to the vehicle
It come with non-removable snap-on locks and are difficult to replace
They are affixed by automobile dealers & private vendors approved by the state authorities
These plates are issued only after the vehicle owner provides with information like engine number, chassis number, etc.It'll prevent counterfeiting of security plates
The details of a car, like engine number, chassis number, etc. are stored in a centralized database. This information, along with the 10-digit PIN, helps the authorities to identify a stolen vehicle
HSRPs have a uniform pattern of displaying motor vehicle registration number, therefore addressing the issue of ‘incomprehensible’ vehicle registration plates
#Pre_Revision
#Data_Localisation
Data localisation is the practice of storing data on any device that is physically present within the borders of the country where the data is generated. As of now, most of these data are stored, in a cloud, outside India.
#RBI’s Circular on Data Storage-April 2018:
All system providers were directed to ensure that within six months the entire data (full end-to-end transaction details, information collected or carried or processed as part of the message or payment instruction) relating to payment systems operated by them is stored in a system only in India.
They were also required to report compliance to the RBI and submit a board-approved system audit report conducted by a Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-IN) empanelled auditor within the timelines specified.
#Srikrishna_Committee_Report
Atleast one copy of personal data will need to be stored on servers located within India.
Transfers outside the country will need to be subject to safeguards.
Critical personal data will only be stored and processed in India.
#Data_Protection_Bill_2018
The right to privacy is a fundamental right which necessitates protection of personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy.
Establishment of a Data Protection Authority to take steps to protect interests of individuals, prevent misuse of personal data and to lay down norms for cross-border transfer of personal data.
The Central Government shall notify categories of personal data as critical personal data that shall only be processed in a server or data centre located in India.
#Draft_National_E_Commerce_Policy_Framework
Recommended data localisation and suggested a two-year sunset period for the industry to adjust before localization rules becomes mandatory.
Proposes incentives to encourage data localization and grant infrastructure status to data centres.
#Mutual_Legal_Assistance_Treaties (MLATs) are agreements between governments that facilitate the exchange of information relevant to an investigation happening in at least one of those countries.India has signed MLAT with U.S. and 39 other countries
#Space_rice
It is the rice harvested from seeds that went on a 23-day lunar voyage with China’s Chang’e-5 in Nov.
After being exposed to cosmic radiation & zero gravity, these seeds weighing around 40 gram returned & were harvested
It is believed that rice seeds exposed to the environment in Space may mutate and produce higher yields once planted on Earth
China has been taking seeds of rice & other crops to Space since 1987
#Rice
Kharip crop
Temperature: Between 22-32°C with high humidity
Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm
In the areas of less rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation
Soil Type: Deep clayey & loamy soil
Top Producing States: West Bengal > Punjab > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh > Bihar
Punjab and Haryana are not traditional rice growing areas
High Yielding States: Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal & Kerala
About one-fourth of the total cropped area in India is under rice cultivation
Staple food crop of majority of Indian people
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world,after China
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman & Boro.
National Food Security Mission, Hybrid Rice Seed Production & Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana are few government initiatives to support rice cultivation
Revise--#Direct_Seeding_of_Rice
#Monkey_B_virus
It is an alpha herpesvirus enzootic (endemic) in macaques & it was initially isolated in 1932
Only one case has been documented of an infected person spreading B virus to another person
The first indications of B virus infection are typically flu-like symptoms such as fever and chills, muscle ache, fatigue & headache, following which an infected person may develop small blisters in the wound or area on the body that came in contact with the monkey
It can lead to the loss of muscle coordination & neurological damage
#Pre_Revision
Data localisation is the practice of storing data on any device that is physically present within the borders of the country where the data is generated. As of now, most of these data are stored, in a cloud, outside India.
#RBI’s Circular on Data Storage-April 2018:
All system providers were directed to ensure that within six months the entire data (full end-to-end transaction details, information collected or carried or processed as part of the message or payment instruction) relating to payment systems operated by them is stored in a system only in India.
They were also required to report compliance to the RBI and submit a board-approved system audit report conducted by a Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-IN) empanelled auditor within the timelines specified.
#Srikrishna_Committee_Report
Atleast one copy of personal data will need to be stored on servers located within India.
Transfers outside the country will need to be subject to safeguards.
Critical personal data will only be stored and processed in India.
#Data_Protection_Bill_2018
The right to privacy is a fundamental right which necessitates protection of personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy.
Establishment of a Data Protection Authority to take steps to protect interests of individuals, prevent misuse of personal data and to lay down norms for cross-border transfer of personal data.
The Central Government shall notify categories of personal data as critical personal data that shall only be processed in a server or data centre located in India.
#Draft_National_E_Commerce_Policy_Framework
Recommended data localisation and suggested a two-year sunset period for the industry to adjust before localization rules becomes mandatory.
Proposes incentives to encourage data localization and grant infrastructure status to data centres.
#Mutual_Legal_Assistance_Treaties (MLATs) are agreements between governments that facilitate the exchange of information relevant to an investigation happening in at least one of those countries.India has signed MLAT with U.S. and 39 other countries
#Space_rice
It is the rice harvested from seeds that went on a 23-day lunar voyage with China’s Chang’e-5 in Nov.
After being exposed to cosmic radiation & zero gravity, these seeds weighing around 40 gram returned & were harvested
It is believed that rice seeds exposed to the environment in Space may mutate and produce higher yields once planted on Earth
China has been taking seeds of rice & other crops to Space since 1987
#Rice
Kharip crop
Temperature: Between 22-32°C with high humidity
Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm
In the areas of less rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation
Soil Type: Deep clayey & loamy soil
Top Producing States: West Bengal > Punjab > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh > Bihar
Punjab and Haryana are not traditional rice growing areas
High Yielding States: Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal & Kerala
About one-fourth of the total cropped area in India is under rice cultivation
Staple food crop of majority of Indian people
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world,after China
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman & Boro.
National Food Security Mission, Hybrid Rice Seed Production & Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana are few government initiatives to support rice cultivation
Revise--#Direct_Seeding_of_Rice
#Monkey_B_virus
It is an alpha herpesvirus enzootic (endemic) in macaques & it was initially isolated in 1932
Only one case has been documented of an infected person spreading B virus to another person
The first indications of B virus infection are typically flu-like symptoms such as fever and chills, muscle ache, fatigue & headache, following which an infected person may develop small blisters in the wound or area on the body that came in contact with the monkey
It can lead to the loss of muscle coordination & neurological damage
#Pre_Revision
#Near_Earth_Asteroid_Scout
It is a miniaturized spacecraft, known as a CubeSat, developed under NASA’s Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program.
Its main mission is to fly by and collect data from a near-Earth asteroid.
It will also be America’s first interplanetary mission using a special solar sail propulsion.
So far, spacecraft have been using solar energy to power them and execute critical functions.
This type of propulsion is especially useful for small, lightweight spacecraft that cannot carry large amounts of conventional rocket propellant.
This will be the first time that a spacecraft uses it as wind to generate thrust and move forward.
#AMLEX
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has recently developed a first-of-its-kind Oxygen Rationing Device – AMLEX.
It will increase the life of medical oxygen cylinders three fold.
The device supplies a required volume of oxygen to the patient during inhalation and trips when the patient exhales CO2.
This process saves oxygen which otherwise unnecessarily get wasted.
The device can operate on both portable power supply (battery) as well as line supply (220V-50Hz).
Oxygen Wastage
So far, during exhalation, the oxygen in the oxygen cylinder/pipe is pushed out along with the exhaled CO2 by the user.
This leads to wastage of a large volume of oxygen in long run.
In addition to this, a large volume of oxygen escapes from the openings of the mask to the environment in the resting period (between inhalation and exhalation) due to continuous flow of life saving gas in the mask.
#Xenobot
It is the world’s first living machines that can move around on their own.
These robots were built from the cells of the African clawed frog.
#Robocop --joins Kerala Police
It is first humanoid robot cop in India.
#Coalition_against_Wildlife_Trafficking (CAWT)
On September 23, 2005 United States announced the formation of the Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT).
This global coalition focuses political and public attention on growing threats to wildlife from poaching and illegal trade
It is a unique voluntary public-private coalition of like-minded governments and organizations sharing a common purpose.
#Pre_Revision
It is a miniaturized spacecraft, known as a CubeSat, developed under NASA’s Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program.
Its main mission is to fly by and collect data from a near-Earth asteroid.
It will also be America’s first interplanetary mission using a special solar sail propulsion.
So far, spacecraft have been using solar energy to power them and execute critical functions.
This type of propulsion is especially useful for small, lightweight spacecraft that cannot carry large amounts of conventional rocket propellant.
This will be the first time that a spacecraft uses it as wind to generate thrust and move forward.
#AMLEX
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has recently developed a first-of-its-kind Oxygen Rationing Device – AMLEX.
It will increase the life of medical oxygen cylinders three fold.
The device supplies a required volume of oxygen to the patient during inhalation and trips when the patient exhales CO2.
This process saves oxygen which otherwise unnecessarily get wasted.
The device can operate on both portable power supply (battery) as well as line supply (220V-50Hz).
Oxygen Wastage
So far, during exhalation, the oxygen in the oxygen cylinder/pipe is pushed out along with the exhaled CO2 by the user.
This leads to wastage of a large volume of oxygen in long run.
In addition to this, a large volume of oxygen escapes from the openings of the mask to the environment in the resting period (between inhalation and exhalation) due to continuous flow of life saving gas in the mask.
#Xenobot
It is the world’s first living machines that can move around on their own.
These robots were built from the cells of the African clawed frog.
#Robocop --joins Kerala Police
It is first humanoid robot cop in India.
#Coalition_against_Wildlife_Trafficking (CAWT)
On September 23, 2005 United States announced the formation of the Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT).
This global coalition focuses political and public attention on growing threats to wildlife from poaching and illegal trade
It is a unique voluntary public-private coalition of like-minded governments and organizations sharing a common purpose.
#Pre_Revision
#SMILE
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has formulated a scheme “SMILE – Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise”.
Two Central Sector Schemes namely Comprehensive Rehabilitation of persons engaged in the Act of begging and Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons have been merged in a single scheme named SMILE.
Focus areas: Rehabilitation, provision of medical facilities, counselling, basic documentation, education, skill development, economic linkages and so on.
The scheme would be implemented with the support of State/UT Governments/Local Urban Bodies, Voluntary Organizations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), institutions and others.
The scheme provides for the use of the existing shelter homes available with the State/UT Governments and Urban local bodies for rehabilitation of the persons engaged in the act of Begging.
In case of the non-availability of existing shelter homes, new dedicated shelter homes are to be set up by the implementing agencies.
Several comprehensive measures including survey and identification, mobilization, basic hygiene and medical facilities, providing basic documentation, etc for persons engaged in begging are undertaken under these pilots.
#Beggary_Laws_In_India
There is no central Act on beggary, however, many States and Union Territories have used certain sections of the Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act, 1959, as the basis for their own laws.
Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act, 1959 criminalises the beggary.
Through these legislations, the governments try to maintain public order, addresses forced begging or “begging rackets”, prevent annoyance to tourists
The Act defines beggary as an activity of having no visible means of subsistence, and wandering about or remaining in any public place in such condition or manner, as makes it likely that the person doing so exists by soliciting or receiving alms.
People found “begging” can be arrested without a warrant, and after a summary procedure, thrown into “Beggars Homes” for anything between a year and three years.
In India, begging was first criminalised in the 1920s
Beggary laws in India is a relic of the old colonial legacy. For example, according to the Criminal Tribes Act (1871), indigenous peoples were deemed criminals by birth and herded into concentration camps, where families were separated and forced labour was the norm.
These criminal tribes are now called denotified tribes (after independence), which forms a major section of people engaged in beggary.
Delhi High Court had decriminalised begging in the national capital and said provisions of the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, which treats begging as an offence cannot sustain constitutional scrutiny.
#Floating_Constituency
Kashmiri pandits have proposed a floating constituency which would be reserved for contesting and voting only for kashmiri pandit migrants fron J&K on similar lines as in Sikkim.
It is a constituency without any geographical boundaries and one for which only Buddhist monks registered with 51 monasteries within the state can contest and vote
The 32- Sangha assembly constituency in Sikkim was created in 1958 for the Sikkim state council on the requests of monastery associations and was retained with its special character even after 1975 when Sikkim became a state of India. Article 371 (F) of the Constitution of India protects the special character of Sikkim and various laws of the then kingdom.
The same was also upheld by the Supreme Court in 1993. The apex court recognised that Sanghas were culturally a part of Sikkim’s council decision-making for the last 300 years and since the time of Chogyal kings of the state and hence ruled that this reservation was not purely religion based and therefore not unconstitutional.
#Pre_Revision
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has formulated a scheme “SMILE – Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise”.
Two Central Sector Schemes namely Comprehensive Rehabilitation of persons engaged in the Act of begging and Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons have been merged in a single scheme named SMILE.
Focus areas: Rehabilitation, provision of medical facilities, counselling, basic documentation, education, skill development, economic linkages and so on.
The scheme would be implemented with the support of State/UT Governments/Local Urban Bodies, Voluntary Organizations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), institutions and others.
The scheme provides for the use of the existing shelter homes available with the State/UT Governments and Urban local bodies for rehabilitation of the persons engaged in the act of Begging.
In case of the non-availability of existing shelter homes, new dedicated shelter homes are to be set up by the implementing agencies.
Several comprehensive measures including survey and identification, mobilization, basic hygiene and medical facilities, providing basic documentation, etc for persons engaged in begging are undertaken under these pilots.
#Beggary_Laws_In_India
There is no central Act on beggary, however, many States and Union Territories have used certain sections of the Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act, 1959, as the basis for their own laws.
Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act, 1959 criminalises the beggary.
Through these legislations, the governments try to maintain public order, addresses forced begging or “begging rackets”, prevent annoyance to tourists
The Act defines beggary as an activity of having no visible means of subsistence, and wandering about or remaining in any public place in such condition or manner, as makes it likely that the person doing so exists by soliciting or receiving alms.
People found “begging” can be arrested without a warrant, and after a summary procedure, thrown into “Beggars Homes” for anything between a year and three years.
In India, begging was first criminalised in the 1920s
Beggary laws in India is a relic of the old colonial legacy. For example, according to the Criminal Tribes Act (1871), indigenous peoples were deemed criminals by birth and herded into concentration camps, where families were separated and forced labour was the norm.
These criminal tribes are now called denotified tribes (after independence), which forms a major section of people engaged in beggary.
Delhi High Court had decriminalised begging in the national capital and said provisions of the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, which treats begging as an offence cannot sustain constitutional scrutiny.
#Floating_Constituency
Kashmiri pandits have proposed a floating constituency which would be reserved for contesting and voting only for kashmiri pandit migrants fron J&K on similar lines as in Sikkim.
It is a constituency without any geographical boundaries and one for which only Buddhist monks registered with 51 monasteries within the state can contest and vote
The 32- Sangha assembly constituency in Sikkim was created in 1958 for the Sikkim state council on the requests of monastery associations and was retained with its special character even after 1975 when Sikkim became a state of India. Article 371 (F) of the Constitution of India protects the special character of Sikkim and various laws of the then kingdom.
The same was also upheld by the Supreme Court in 1993. The apex court recognised that Sanghas were culturally a part of Sikkim’s council decision-making for the last 300 years and since the time of Chogyal kings of the state and hence ruled that this reservation was not purely religion based and therefore not unconstitutional.
#Pre_Revision
#Dairy_Investment_Accelerator
Set up by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD), Government of India under its Investment Facilitation Cell.
The aim is to provide dedicated focus towards promoting & facilitating investments in the Indian dairy sector.
It will also generate awareness among investors about the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF).
It shall provide support across the investment cycle:
Offering specific inputs for evaluation of investment opportunities.
Addressing queries about application to govt. schemes.
Connecting with strategic partners.
Providing on-ground assistance with state departments & relevant authorities.
#Animal_Husbandry_Infrastructure_Development_Fund (AHIDF)
This is the first major fund launched by the government that includes a diverse set of stakeholders such as Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO), private dairy players, individual entrepreneurs, and non-profits within its ambit.
Launch: June 2020.
It has been set up with an outlay of Rs.15,000 crore.
Aim: To support private investment in Dairy Processing, value addition and cattle feed infrastructure.
Incentives will be given for establishing plants for export of niche products.
A niche product is a product targeting a specific section of a larger industry and market. Niche products are often (but not always) more expensive than more generic products.
It will also support the establishment of animal feed plants of varying capacities – including setting up of mineral mixture plants, silage making units, and animal feed testing laboratory.
#One_District_One_Focus_Product (ODOFP) programme
The Government has decided to converge resources from ongoing centrally sponsored schemes such as Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), schemes of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying for One District One Focus Product (ODOFP) programme.
The programme covers products of agriculture and allied sectors for 728 districts of the country.
The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) provides financial support under Centrally Sponsored Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme (PM FME Scheme) for One District One Focus Product.
PMFME provides financial, technical and business support for upgradation of existing micro food processing enterprises etc.
The scheme adopts One District One Product (ODOP) approach to reap the benefits of scale in terms of procurement of inputs, availing common services and marketing of products.
The identified products have potential for both domestic demand and export.
#Pre_Revision
Set up by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD), Government of India under its Investment Facilitation Cell.
The aim is to provide dedicated focus towards promoting & facilitating investments in the Indian dairy sector.
It will also generate awareness among investors about the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF).
It shall provide support across the investment cycle:
Offering specific inputs for evaluation of investment opportunities.
Addressing queries about application to govt. schemes.
Connecting with strategic partners.
Providing on-ground assistance with state departments & relevant authorities.
#Animal_Husbandry_Infrastructure_Development_Fund (AHIDF)
This is the first major fund launched by the government that includes a diverse set of stakeholders such as Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO), private dairy players, individual entrepreneurs, and non-profits within its ambit.
Launch: June 2020.
It has been set up with an outlay of Rs.15,000 crore.
Aim: To support private investment in Dairy Processing, value addition and cattle feed infrastructure.
Incentives will be given for establishing plants for export of niche products.
A niche product is a product targeting a specific section of a larger industry and market. Niche products are often (but not always) more expensive than more generic products.
It will also support the establishment of animal feed plants of varying capacities – including setting up of mineral mixture plants, silage making units, and animal feed testing laboratory.
#One_District_One_Focus_Product (ODOFP) programme
The Government has decided to converge resources from ongoing centrally sponsored schemes such as Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), schemes of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying for One District One Focus Product (ODOFP) programme.
The programme covers products of agriculture and allied sectors for 728 districts of the country.
The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) provides financial support under Centrally Sponsored Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme (PM FME Scheme) for One District One Focus Product.
PMFME provides financial, technical and business support for upgradation of existing micro food processing enterprises etc.
The scheme adopts One District One Product (ODOP) approach to reap the benefits of scale in terms of procurement of inputs, availing common services and marketing of products.
The identified products have potential for both domestic demand and export.
#Pre_Revision
#Adarsh_Smarak_Scheme
The scheme was launched in 2014 for providing improved visitor amenities, especially for the physically challenged.
Under the Ministry of Culture.
A total of 100 Monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) are being developed and maintained as Adarsh Monuments under the scheme.
Three monuments of Andhra Pradesh have been identified as Adarsh Smarak for providing additional facilities like Wi-Fi, Cafeteria, Interpretation centre, Brail signages, Illumination, etc.
#Monuments_at_Nagarjunakonda, District Guntur
Nagarjunakonda is formed by two words Nagarjuna the famous Buddhist Monk and Konda meaning Hills in Kannad
It is known as one of the richest Buddhist Learning Centre
Nagarjunakonda was the capital of Ikshvaku Kingdom and was called Vijayapuri.
It is the third most important cultural centre of South India, and is surrounded by world's third largest man-made Lake Nagarjunasagar Lake
Nagarjunasagar is the tallest masonry in the world
Nagarjunakonda Caves: these caves encapsulate many ancient Chaityas, Viharas, Monasteries and Stupas. Many Buddha Statues were found here
It displays the finding done by Buddha himself, which includes some Stone Age tools.
Mahachaitya stupa is believed to contain the sacred relics of the Buddha.
Ethipothala Waterfalls are formed by the cascading of the Chandravanka River a tributary of Krishna River from a height of approx 70 ft into a blue lagoon an active crocodile breeding centre.
#Budhhist_Remains_at_Salihundam, District Srikakulam
Buddhist monuments dating back to 2nd century AD.
It is a historically renowned village lying atop the hill on the south bank of Vamsadhara River.
All of the remnants were built between 2nd century and 12th century reflecting different times of Buddhism - Mahayana, Theravada and Vajrayana.
#Veerabhadra_Temple
Situated in Lepakshi, Anantpur District
The presiding deity worshipped here is Lord Veerabhadra Swamy, the fiery god created by Lord Shiva.
It is famous for its sculptures and archaeological magnificence shaped by the artists of Vijayanagara Empire.
The temple can be divided into three sections 'Mukha Mandapa', 'ArthaMandapa' and 'GarbhaGriha', and the 'Kalyana Mandapa'.
The temple is thought by many to have been built between 1530 and 1545 by Virupanna and Veeranna.
It has an open-air Kalyana Mandapam (wedding hall), where the wedding of Shiva and Parvati is believed to have taken place in the presence of other gods and goddesses.
#Adopt_a_Heritage_Project
The Scheme was launched on World Tourism Day i.e. 27th September, 2017.
This project is a initiative of Ministry of Tourism in collaboration with Ministry of Culture & ASI, to develop the heritage sites / monuments and making them tourist-friendly to enhance the tourism potential and their cultural importance in a planned and phased manner
The project plans to entrust heritage sites/monuments & other tourist sites to private sector companies, public sector companies & individuals for the development of tourist amenities.It aims to develop synergy among all partners
Successful bidders selected for adopting heritage sites / monuments by the Oversight & Vision Committee shall be called as Monument Mitras. The basic and advanced amenities of the tourist destinations would be provided by them
They would also look after the operations and the maintenance of the amenities. The ‘Monument Mitras’ would associate pride with their CSR activities
Fort at Gandikota- included in the scheme
#Gandikota is a village and historical fort on the right bank of the Pennar river
Built in such a manner that the Gandikota gorge provides it a natural defence on the north and west sides
The center of power for various dynasties, such as the Kalyani Chalukyas, Pemmasani Nayakas & the Golconda Sultanate
Capital of Pemmasani Nayakas for more than 300 years
Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka constructed the huge fort at Gandikota with 101 towers replacing the previous sand fort constructed by Kaka Raja, Vassals of Kalyani Chalukya rulers
#Pre_Revision
The scheme was launched in 2014 for providing improved visitor amenities, especially for the physically challenged.
Under the Ministry of Culture.
A total of 100 Monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) are being developed and maintained as Adarsh Monuments under the scheme.
Three monuments of Andhra Pradesh have been identified as Adarsh Smarak for providing additional facilities like Wi-Fi, Cafeteria, Interpretation centre, Brail signages, Illumination, etc.
#Monuments_at_Nagarjunakonda, District Guntur
Nagarjunakonda is formed by two words Nagarjuna the famous Buddhist Monk and Konda meaning Hills in Kannad
It is known as one of the richest Buddhist Learning Centre
Nagarjunakonda was the capital of Ikshvaku Kingdom and was called Vijayapuri.
It is the third most important cultural centre of South India, and is surrounded by world's third largest man-made Lake Nagarjunasagar Lake
Nagarjunasagar is the tallest masonry in the world
Nagarjunakonda Caves: these caves encapsulate many ancient Chaityas, Viharas, Monasteries and Stupas. Many Buddha Statues were found here
It displays the finding done by Buddha himself, which includes some Stone Age tools.
Mahachaitya stupa is believed to contain the sacred relics of the Buddha.
Ethipothala Waterfalls are formed by the cascading of the Chandravanka River a tributary of Krishna River from a height of approx 70 ft into a blue lagoon an active crocodile breeding centre.
#Budhhist_Remains_at_Salihundam, District Srikakulam
Buddhist monuments dating back to 2nd century AD.
It is a historically renowned village lying atop the hill on the south bank of Vamsadhara River.
All of the remnants were built between 2nd century and 12th century reflecting different times of Buddhism - Mahayana, Theravada and Vajrayana.
#Veerabhadra_Temple
Situated in Lepakshi, Anantpur District
The presiding deity worshipped here is Lord Veerabhadra Swamy, the fiery god created by Lord Shiva.
It is famous for its sculptures and archaeological magnificence shaped by the artists of Vijayanagara Empire.
The temple can be divided into three sections 'Mukha Mandapa', 'ArthaMandapa' and 'GarbhaGriha', and the 'Kalyana Mandapa'.
The temple is thought by many to have been built between 1530 and 1545 by Virupanna and Veeranna.
It has an open-air Kalyana Mandapam (wedding hall), where the wedding of Shiva and Parvati is believed to have taken place in the presence of other gods and goddesses.
#Adopt_a_Heritage_Project
The Scheme was launched on World Tourism Day i.e. 27th September, 2017.
This project is a initiative of Ministry of Tourism in collaboration with Ministry of Culture & ASI, to develop the heritage sites / monuments and making them tourist-friendly to enhance the tourism potential and their cultural importance in a planned and phased manner
The project plans to entrust heritage sites/monuments & other tourist sites to private sector companies, public sector companies & individuals for the development of tourist amenities.It aims to develop synergy among all partners
Successful bidders selected for adopting heritage sites / monuments by the Oversight & Vision Committee shall be called as Monument Mitras. The basic and advanced amenities of the tourist destinations would be provided by them
They would also look after the operations and the maintenance of the amenities. The ‘Monument Mitras’ would associate pride with their CSR activities
Fort at Gandikota- included in the scheme
#Gandikota is a village and historical fort on the right bank of the Pennar river
Built in such a manner that the Gandikota gorge provides it a natural defence on the north and west sides
The center of power for various dynasties, such as the Kalyani Chalukyas, Pemmasani Nayakas & the Golconda Sultanate
Capital of Pemmasani Nayakas for more than 300 years
Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka constructed the huge fort at Gandikota with 101 towers replacing the previous sand fort constructed by Kaka Raja, Vassals of Kalyani Chalukya rulers
#Pre_Revision