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interesting fact about the Toda: they are the closest population genetically to the pre-Aryan civilisation of the Indus Valley. They descend from IVC people who migrated south, probably to escape the Aryans.

They look different from other Dravidian speakers and have less Onge related ancestry than many other South Indians. Some Brits thought they were a lost tribe of Israel when they met them!

Toda refer to non-Toda Indians as "Indians" and are generally, and historically, pro-British
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In my 2018 film Aryans to Empire I met Pete Raj, a man from the Dravidian Adivasi tribe known as the Toda who dwell in the beautiful Nilgiri hills. They were during the Raj, and still are pro-British and refer to the Indians as an other from themselves. He proved such a popular character that several memes circulated in response to the film including one of him wearing a skull mask and another in reference to the Buffalo worship of the Toda people.
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The Toda religion is NOT Hinduism. This rather undermines the Hindutva claim that Hinduism has its roots in the IVC rather than the Aryan religion.

Toda do not worship Shiva or Krishna or Vishnu etc

They have three gods; Sun, moon and buffalo.

Only Toda men can enter a Toda temple where buffalo milk and ghee libations are poured. Even a Brahmin may not enter. No Sanskrit prayers are used. No Hindu texts are revered.
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This bracteate from Ravlunda in Scania, Sweden has quite a special design.

A warrior wearing a visored helmet has a spirit beast emerging from his head. In his right hand he holds a raven which seems to speak to him. A horse with stylised bird like legs is in front of him - potentially reflecting a vehicle for spirit-travel typical of shamans. The raven, horse beast, and the three dots by the hip are all seen on many other bracteates but the visored helm is unusual.
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I was flogged in public by a Basque girl wearing a fox skin.

Why? Watch my new video to find out!
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Basque pagan tradition ⬆️
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Win fame, eternal glory that passes to your descendants.

From Dagfinn Skre “The Northern Routes to Kingship”
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Pliny records good boys among the Germanic tribes:

“We have heard accounts of a dog that fought to defend its master from brigands. Although covered in wounds it would not leave his master's corpse and fought to keep away birds and other scavenging animals. Another dog, Epirus, recognised his master's murderer in a gathering of people and by snapping and barking at him, made him confess his crime. (...) When the Cimbri men were killed, their dogs still defended the wagons on which they had their homes.”
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Natural History, 8.61
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An archaeological map of cultural clusters in Britain 500 AD
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“We can see the effect that endurance can have on people when we observe foreign nations who labour extensively, wear minimal clothing, and live with few necessities. Look at the nations that dwell north of the Roman Empire.
I mean the Germans and all the nomad tribes who wage war against us along the Danube. They suffer from extended winters and dismal climates. Their sparse soil only grudgingly gives them sustenance.
They keep the rain off their dwellings with bundles of leaves or thatch.
Yet they can sprint across the frozen marshes when hunting wild beasts for food. Do you think they are unhappy? There can be no unhappiness in performing a role that repetition has made part of nature and necessity.
…Their climate is harsh and terrible, but their exposed bodies are accustomed to enduring these extremes. What you think of as hardship, is merely the usual mode of life of all these people (the northern Europeans).”

Seneca, On Providence, 1.4
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I read a theory that this was made by a captured Roman smith who was carried back to Germania and forced to make Germanic style ornaments. While Germans near the limes were content to raid metal items, those further away may have stolen artisans and taken them as far as Scandinavia to create Roman-quality goods in the third century
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Two Roman-Iron-Age gilt discs from the Thorsberg Moor have differently decorated outer areas: the less well preserved one has animals (deer) while the other has a complicated combination of Germanic and Roman imagery.

A reclining Romanesque figure bearing a sceptre appears in each of the four section. Is it a god? It resembles Wodenic kings of later bracteates.

A combination of the same animals known from the earlier Nordic Bronze age solar drama are also depicted. 1. fish+horse. 2.duck+horse 3. ?+horse. 4. duck+fish.

Each of the quadrants is separated by a solar disc motif. This shows a unique transitionary stage in Germanic art with BA elements, Roman elements and the beginning of what would become the Germanic animal style.
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2025/10/01 11:08:35
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