The big problem with geographic explanations, however, is that geography is largely unchanging.

**

This can be a problem for explanations linking geography to long-run economic growth, because many of the differences in incomes that we observe across the world today have changed dramatically over time.

*

...it cannot easily explain why the Middle East was much more developed in 1000 than Western Europe yet by 1800 Western Europe was far ahead of the Middle East.

How the world became rich

Kuni kecha o‘quvchilarimdan biri dars yakunida “Maslahatingiz kerak” deb qoldi.

“O‘zim chetda o‘qimoqchiman, lekin ota-onam qarshi (qiz bola chunki). Bu yerda o‘qisam, turmushga berib yuborishadi”.

Nima deyishgayam o‘ylanib qoldim. Chunki kontekst hisobga olinsa, o‘quvchi qiz gapirgan gapning bo‘yi eniga to‘g‘ri kelmayapti - na IELTS holder, na hozir borib comp-based test topshirib 7.0 ball opke desa, opkelishga yaraydigan language proficiency bor - lekin “o‘zim kalman, ko‘nglim nozik” xilidan.

Yoshlar qayerdan bunaqa dal... kechirasizlar-u, qayerdan o‘shanaqalashib ketyapti? Nimaning yoki kimning ta’siri, nimaning oqibati? Mayli, suhbatning davomini eshiting:

“Koreyada o‘qimoqchiman. O‘rtog‘im bilan”.
- Karislar ko‘zi to‘rt bo‘lib kutmayotgandir, bilim bo‘lmaganiga yarasha “soqqa” bormi?
“O‘qishdan tashqari ishlaymiz...”

Yopt... Uyidan bir qadam mustaqil chiqib ko‘rmagan, hali O‘zbekistonda bir so‘m ishlab topish zahmatini ko‘rmagan 17 yashar qizning gapini ko‘ringlar-ey!

- Maqsad faqat chet elni ko‘rishmi?
“Ha”.
- Unda normalniyroq birorta er toping, o‘sha oborib-opkelib yuradi otpuskasida.
“Eee...”
- Karisiston ammangizning chorbog‘i emas, o‘qigisi kelgan odam astoydil bo‘lib, haligacha IELTS, portfolio, application degan narsalarni taxlab, hujjatini topshirishga tayyor bo‘lardi, BTSni eshitib, Junko‘*ni tug‘ilgan kunida ko‘zini siydigini oqizib yurmasdan, dedim. Indamay, mulzam bo‘lib qoldi. Alam qiladigani, bu qiz o‘rangan. Boshida muslimalarga xos ro‘moli bilan shunchalik yengil, havoyi fikrlayaptimi (bola-da baribir) - bilmadim, menda o‘rangan qizlar nisbatan vazmin, teran fikrlidek tassurot qoldirardi-da - qolganlardan nima kutish mumkin, xz.

Maqsadi g‘ira-shira bo‘lgani kamdek, unga erishish uchun amali ham yo‘q. Bir yarim yildan buyon bir yaxshi, bir o‘rtacha o‘qib amallab CEFRga ilashib oldi. Endi shuni “uspex” sanab, balki nimagadir arzirman deb o‘ylagan-da. Karislar bu yarim varaq qog‘ozni burchakdagi xujrada ishlatvoradi. Undan boshqasiga yaramaydi chunki.

Xullas, maqsad dalasiga amal urug‘ini ekmasangiz, natija unmaydi. Makkayam ololmaysiz.

Transport infrastructure also mattered for Chinese economic development. Economic growth in the Middle Kingdom was greatly aided by the creation of the Grand Canal by the Sui (581–618 CE) and Tang (618–907 CE) dynasties and improved by their successors. The Grand Canal, said to be 40 meters wide, connected the Yangzi to the Yellow River. Its construction needed thousands of laborers and the vast expenditures involved caused the collapse of the Sui. The canal transported grain to the capital city, Luoyang, and played a critical role in supplying the army guarding the northern frontier. In the Tang dynasty, 130,000 tons of grain were transported north each year (Ball, 2017, p. 120).

How the world became rich

Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005b) studied the impact of Atlantic trade on European economic development. They found that the discovery of the Americas and the development of new trade routes had varying effects on economic growth, depending on the society’s political institutions. In other words, geography played a role in determining economic outcomes via its effect on institutions. Where long-distance commerce was already controlled by the crown, access to the Atlantic strengthened royal power. Two prominent examples of this are Charles V and Phillip II, who ruled Spain for most of the 16th century. Access to the Atlantic – and all of the wealth flowing from South American mines – allowed them to dispense with representative institutions. Thus, while Spain was initially enriched by the Americas, the long-run impact on economic growth was negative, since it resulted in more extractive institutions. In contrast, where monarchs lacked the ability to control or monopolize long-distance trade (such as in England or the Dutch Republic), the discovery of the Americas strengthened the merchant class and enabled them to constrain royal power.


How the world became rich

The Global Risks Report 2025

Rule of law vs. per capita GDP
Data sources: World Justice Project (2020) for rule of law, Bolt and van Zanden (2020) for per capita GDP.

Economic freedom is strongly correlated with per capita income.


*


One of the lessons from England’s political and economic rise is that well-functioning property rights matter for economic success.

How the world became rich

Trampga kimdir dos and don'ts list tuzib bergan boʻlsa, u bularning oʻrnini almashtirib qoʻygan shekilli.

https://www.tg-me.com/uzbekonomics/1094

"O'zimga eslatmalar" ruknidan.

O'qituvchining o'tadigan darsi soxta lekin oladigan puli haqiqiy bo'lishi mumkin emas.

Bir necha oydan keyin imtihon boʻladi. Hali ham kech emas alohida kvota/imtiyozlarni bekor qilishga.

Oʻqishga kirishdagi imtiyozlar deganda esimga tushdi:

"Ўтган ҳафта якунида Президент билан Фарғонада учрашган абитуриент Мадина Солиевага давлатимиз раҳбари ўзи орзу қилган ЎДЖТУга ўқишга киришига омад тилиган эди.

Бу воқеадан бир кун ўтиб Олий таълим, фан ва инновациялар вазирлиги вакиллари ҳамда ЎДЖТУ ректори Фарғонага келиб, унга имтиёзли асосида, ҳеч бир имтиҳонсиз ўқишга қабул қилинганлиги тўғрисидаги сертификатни тантанали  топширибди."

Tramp: Agar sizda bizning qurollarimiz boʻlmaganida, urush ikki hafta davom etgan boʻlar edi.

Zelenskiy: Uch kun. Buni men Putindan eshitganman.


https://youtu.be/uqOOOR7Kr-s?si=rkWxQDHYV3z0jSZw