Forwarded from Celtic Europe
Due to the new telegram rule where they can use/share your photos and information, which can be used in court cases and litigation against you. Everything you've ever sent becomes public as of today. Even messages that have been deleted. It costs nothing for a simple copy and paste, better safe than sorry:
“I do not give telegram or any entities associated with telegram permission to use my pictures, information, messages or posts, both past and future. With this statement, I give notice to telegram it is strictly forbidden to disclose, copy, distribute, or take any other action against me based on this profile and/ or its contents. The content of this profile (and of this forum/channel/group) is private and confidential information. The violation of privacy can be punished by law (UCC 1-308- 11
308-103 and the Rome Statute. TELEGRAM DOES NOT HAVE MY PERMISSION TO SHARE PHOTOS OR MESSAGES.”
NOTE: Telegram is now a public entity. All members must send a note like this. If you do not publish a statement at least once it will be tacitly allowing the use of your photos, as well as the information contained in chats.
“I do not give telegram or any entities associated with telegram permission to use my pictures, information, messages or posts, both past and future. With this statement, I give notice to telegram it is strictly forbidden to disclose, copy, distribute, or take any other action against me based on this profile and/ or its contents. The content of this profile (and of this forum/channel/group) is private and confidential information. The violation of privacy can be punished by law (UCC 1-308- 11
308-103 and the Rome Statute. TELEGRAM DOES NOT HAVE MY PERMISSION TO SHARE PHOTOS OR MESSAGES.”
NOTE: Telegram is now a public entity. All members must send a note like this. If you do not publish a statement at least once it will be tacitly allowing the use of your photos, as well as the information contained in chats.
Forwarded from Celtic Europe
Castell Dinas Brân, in Denbighshire, Wales. 🏴 Fourth image is a digital reconstruction of the site.
Castell Dinas Brân was first built in the late 12th or early 13th century by Madog, son of Gruffydd Maelor, who ruled the Kingdom of Powys Fadog. The site he chose contained the ruins of an ancient hill-fort dating to the Iron Age. The first medieval construction was made entirely from wood, and it was destroyed in a fire after a few decades of occupation. The castle was then rebuilt in stone by Gruffydd, the son of the aforementioned Madog, during the decade of the 1260s. The castle was not long in existence, as it was extensively damaged —and never repaired— during the wars between king Edward I of England and king Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd (1277-1282), which ended in the final conquest of Wales by England.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Castell Dinas Brân was first built in the late 12th or early 13th century by Madog, son of Gruffydd Maelor, who ruled the Kingdom of Powys Fadog. The site he chose contained the ruins of an ancient hill-fort dating to the Iron Age. The first medieval construction was made entirely from wood, and it was destroyed in a fire after a few decades of occupation. The castle was then rebuilt in stone by Gruffydd, the son of the aforementioned Madog, during the decade of the 1260s. The castle was not long in existence, as it was extensively damaged —and never repaired— during the wars between king Edward I of England and king Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd (1277-1282), which ended in the final conquest of Wales by England.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Forwarded from Celtic Europe
Part of the Celtic treasure-hoard discovered in the forest near Frasnes-lez-Buissenal, in Hainaut, Belgium; 1st century B.C. 🇧🇪
The treasure included two gold torcs exquisitely executed in La Tène style, and eighty un-inscribed gold coins of types frequently found in northern Gaul and Britain and associated with the Gallic Nervii and Morini tribes. Now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City, USA.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
The treasure included two gold torcs exquisitely executed in La Tène style, and eighty un-inscribed gold coins of types frequently found in northern Gaul and Britain and associated with the Gallic Nervii and Morini tribes. Now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City, USA.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Forwarded from Celtic Europe
The city of Karadeniz Eregli (formerly Heraclea Pontica), on the Black Sea coast of Turkey; fourth photo shows the ruins of the ancient town. 🇹🇷
Heraclea Pontica was founded as a trading colony by the Greek city-state of Megara, before eventually becoming independent. During antiquity, Heraclea had several notable conflicts with the Celts who’d settled in Anatolia. In his History of Heraclea, the Greek historian Memnon recorded how the Galatians ravaged the territory of Heraclea in the year 254 B.C; this was punishment for having opposed them when they placed Ziaelas on the throne of Bithynia. Hostilities broke out again in 250 B.C; when king Ariobarzanes of Pontus died while caught up in a dispute with the Galatians. When his young son, Mithridates II succeded him, the Celts invaded Pontus and devastated it. But Pontus held out thanks to the inhabitants of Heraclea Pontica, who’s fleet supplied the city of Amisos, and thereby the whole of Pontus, with grain. For this, the Celts again exacted a harsh revenge, ravaging Heraclea’s territory until the city sued for peace. Peace was granted upon the payment of 5,000 gold coins to the Galatian army as a whole, plus an additional 200 gold coins to each of the chieftains.
Heraclea would again be attacked by the Celts in the decade of the 190s B.C; and subjected to a long siege. However, on this occasion, they seem to have been led by an incompetent general, who left camp with most of his army in order to resupply it by plundering the surrounding countryside. The Heracleans took advantage to make a sally and score an easy victory against a meagre force left behind to guard the camp, causing the siege to be lifted. This was the last encounter between the Galatians and the Heracleans. In subsequent years, both would suffer severely at the hands of Pontus, as the latter rapidly morphed into an aggressive super-state that could only be overpowered by Rome.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Heraclea Pontica was founded as a trading colony by the Greek city-state of Megara, before eventually becoming independent. During antiquity, Heraclea had several notable conflicts with the Celts who’d settled in Anatolia. In his History of Heraclea, the Greek historian Memnon recorded how the Galatians ravaged the territory of Heraclea in the year 254 B.C; this was punishment for having opposed them when they placed Ziaelas on the throne of Bithynia. Hostilities broke out again in 250 B.C; when king Ariobarzanes of Pontus died while caught up in a dispute with the Galatians. When his young son, Mithridates II succeded him, the Celts invaded Pontus and devastated it. But Pontus held out thanks to the inhabitants of Heraclea Pontica, who’s fleet supplied the city of Amisos, and thereby the whole of Pontus, with grain. For this, the Celts again exacted a harsh revenge, ravaging Heraclea’s territory until the city sued for peace. Peace was granted upon the payment of 5,000 gold coins to the Galatian army as a whole, plus an additional 200 gold coins to each of the chieftains.
Heraclea would again be attacked by the Celts in the decade of the 190s B.C; and subjected to a long siege. However, on this occasion, they seem to have been led by an incompetent general, who left camp with most of his army in order to resupply it by plundering the surrounding countryside. The Heracleans took advantage to make a sally and score an easy victory against a meagre force left behind to guard the camp, causing the siege to be lifted. This was the last encounter between the Galatians and the Heracleans. In subsequent years, both would suffer severely at the hands of Pontus, as the latter rapidly morphed into an aggressive super-state that could only be overpowered by Rome.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Forwarded from Celtic Europe
Cairnpapple Hill, in West Lothian, Scotland. 🏴
Cairnpapple Hill (Gaelic: Càrn a’ Phubaill; Welsh: Carn y Pabell; “Stone-heap of the tent”) was an important ritual site in ancient Scotland, used for rituals and burials of important persons for thousands of years. The site was being used since the Neolithic, with evidence of ritual offerings being placed there since 3,500 B.C. Around 3,000 B.C; the site was built up into a henge, with a bank and ditch covering an oval area 60 meters in diameter, lined with 24 wooden poles, and with entrances placed on the north and south. By 2,000 B.C. a stone and clay cairn was built off-center within the cairn, containing the burial of a man within a stone chamber, accompanied by beaker-style pottery and associated items, such as a club and a type of ceremonial mask. Over the course of the next several hundred years, the cairn was enlarged at least twice, with huge stones and additional burial-cists added, as well as at least two cremation burials.
The site’s later history is somewhat obscure, though it seems likely that it was still an important ritual site during Roman times: The Greco-Roman geographer Ptolemy recorded a site named Medio-Nemeton (“midland-sanctuary” or “middle-grove”) not far from the Antonine Frontier system; Cairnpapple Hill was just south of it and is the best candidate for identification as Medio-Nemeton. Archaeologists have also found two early medieval Christian burials within the site, indicating that the importance of Cairnpapple Hill had lasted even until then.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Cairnpapple Hill (Gaelic: Càrn a’ Phubaill; Welsh: Carn y Pabell; “Stone-heap of the tent”) was an important ritual site in ancient Scotland, used for rituals and burials of important persons for thousands of years. The site was being used since the Neolithic, with evidence of ritual offerings being placed there since 3,500 B.C. Around 3,000 B.C; the site was built up into a henge, with a bank and ditch covering an oval area 60 meters in diameter, lined with 24 wooden poles, and with entrances placed on the north and south. By 2,000 B.C. a stone and clay cairn was built off-center within the cairn, containing the burial of a man within a stone chamber, accompanied by beaker-style pottery and associated items, such as a club and a type of ceremonial mask. Over the course of the next several hundred years, the cairn was enlarged at least twice, with huge stones and additional burial-cists added, as well as at least two cremation burials.
The site’s later history is somewhat obscure, though it seems likely that it was still an important ritual site during Roman times: The Greco-Roman geographer Ptolemy recorded a site named Medio-Nemeton (“midland-sanctuary” or “middle-grove”) not far from the Antonine Frontier system; Cairnpapple Hill was just south of it and is the best candidate for identification as Medio-Nemeton. Archaeologists have also found two early medieval Christian burials within the site, indicating that the importance of Cairnpapple Hill had lasted even until then.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Forwarded from Celtic Europe
View of Benbulben mountain from Rosses Point, in county Sligo, Ireland.
Rosses Point was the site of a medieval battle between the Irish Kingdom of Tír Chonaill and the Kingdom of England. 🇮🇪⚔️🏴 The Battle of Creadran Cille was fought in the year 1257, resulting in victory for king Gofraidh Ua Domhnaill (Anglicized: Geoffrey/Godfrey O’Donnell) of Tír Chonaill. The forces of the English Lordship of Ireland were led by Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly. FitzGerald and O’Donnell met in single combat during the battle, inflicting severe wounds upon each other, from which FitzGerald later died. His army suffered severe losses and was ultimately put to flight. The Irish followed up the battle by sacking and burning the town of Sligo. The battle was a revanche for Tír Chonaill, which had lost the Battle of Ballyshannon ten years earlier against the same FitzGerald, who held the title of Chief Justiciar of Ireland at that time (i.e. governor or viceroy). Gofraidh’s predecessor as king of Tír Chonaill, Máel Sechnaill Ua Domhnaill, had lost his life in that battle.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope
Rosses Point was the site of a medieval battle between the Irish Kingdom of Tír Chonaill and the Kingdom of England. 🇮🇪⚔️🏴 The Battle of Creadran Cille was fought in the year 1257, resulting in victory for king Gofraidh Ua Domhnaill (Anglicized: Geoffrey/Godfrey O’Donnell) of Tír Chonaill. The forces of the English Lordship of Ireland were led by Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly. FitzGerald and O’Donnell met in single combat during the battle, inflicting severe wounds upon each other, from which FitzGerald later died. His army suffered severe losses and was ultimately put to flight. The Irish followed up the battle by sacking and burning the town of Sligo. The battle was a revanche for Tír Chonaill, which had lost the Battle of Ballyshannon ten years earlier against the same FitzGerald, who held the title of Chief Justiciar of Ireland at that time (i.e. governor or viceroy). Gofraidh’s predecessor as king of Tír Chonaill, Máel Sechnaill Ua Domhnaill, had lost his life in that battle.
Celtic Europe - channel link (please share!): https://www.tg-me.com/CelticEurope