• President Lula da Silva Hands Over G20 Chair to South African President Cyril Ramaphosa.
• G20 in 2024 was held in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro.
• South Africa will host the G20 in 2025.
• Followed by the United States of America in 2026.
• The G20 is made up of 19 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Russia, Türkiye, UK and USA) and two regional bodies: the African Union and the European Union.
• The members of the G20 represent around 85% of the world's GDP, more than 75% of world trade and around two-thirds of the world's population.
• G20 in 2024 was held in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro.
• South Africa will host the G20 in 2025.
• Followed by the United States of America in 2026.
• The G20 is made up of 19 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Russia, Türkiye, UK and USA) and two regional bodies: the African Union and the European Union.
• The members of the G20 represent around 85% of the world's GDP, more than 75% of world trade and around two-thirds of the world's population.
■ Indira Gandhi Peace Prize 2023:
• The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2023 was conferred on Daniel Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad, who have dedicated their lives to promoting amity among Israeli and Palestinian people through non-violent tools of music, dialogue and peoples' participation.
• The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2023 was conferred on Daniel Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad, who have dedicated their lives to promoting amity among Israeli and Palestinian people through non-violent tools of music, dialogue and peoples' participation.
Forwarded from UPSC Smart Study
■ The Constitution of India :
• The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949.
• The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950 and hence India celebrates its Republic Day on 26th January every year.
• Every year Constitution Day is celebrated on November 26. The day is celebrated to mark the adoption of Constitution. It is also known as Samvidhan Divas or National Law Day.
• The Constitution Day was declared in 2015. It was done to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Dr.Ambedkar.
• Dr.Ambedkar is called as the "Father of the Constitution of India" and "The Chief Architect of the Constitution of India".
• Indian Constitution is the longest written Constitution in the world.
• It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to frame the constitution.
• Original Constitution has a Preamble, 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 8 Schedules.
• The total amount spent to frame the Constitution was Rs.64 lakh.
• January 26 was specifically chosen as the date of commencement of the Constitution because of its historical importance. It was on this day in 1930 that "Purna Swaraj day" was celebrated, following the resolution of the Lahore Session (December 1929) of the INC.
• Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324,366 367 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 came into force on November 26, 1949 itself.
• Original copies of the Constitution were written in two languages, Hindi and English.
• The original copy of the Constitution was written by Prem Bihari Narayan Raizada by hand. It is written in Italic letters through excellent calligraphy.
• The original version was beautified and decorated by artists Shantiniketan, Nand Lal Bose and Beohar Rammanohar Sinha.
• The Constitution of India has borrowed some of its features from a number of countries, including Britain, Ireland, Japan, USA, South Africa, Germany, Australia, and Canada.
• Adopted National Flag on 22 July 1947.
• Adopted National Anthem on 24 January 1950.
• Adopted National Song on 24 January 1950.
□ History of Making of the Constitution :
• In 1934, M.N. Roy first proposed the idea of a constituent assembly.
• In 1935, the Indian National Congress (INC) for the first time, officially demanded a constituent assembly to frame the Constitution of India.
• In 1938, Jawarhalal Nehru, on behalf of the declared that "the constitution of free India must be friend without outside interference by a controlled assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise".
• The demand was finally accepted in principle by the British Government in what is known as the August Offer' of 1940.
• In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the cabinet, came to India with a draft proposal of the British Government on the framing of an independent Constitution to be adopted after the World War II.
• But Cripps Proposals were rejected by the Muslim League which wanted India to be divided into two autonomous states with two separate Constituent Assemblies.
• Finally, a Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946. While it rejected the idea of two Constituent Assemblies, it put forth a scheme for the Constituent Assembly which more or less satisfied the Muslim League.
• The Cabinet Mission consists of three members. They are Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Alexander.
• Under the Cabinet Mission plan of 1946, elections were held for the formation of the constituent assembly.
• The members of the Constituent Assembly are partly elected and partly nominated.
• The Constituent Assembly was constituted in November 1946. The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was 389.
• The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. Sachidananda Sinha was elected as the temporary president of the Assembly.
• Later, Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly.
• The assembly had two Vice presidents. H.C Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected as the Vice Presidents of the Assembly.
• 284 members were actually present on that day and signed the Constitution.
• On January 24, 1950, the Constitution Assembly held its final session.
• The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949.
• The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950 and hence India celebrates its Republic Day on 26th January every year.
• Every year Constitution Day is celebrated on November 26. The day is celebrated to mark the adoption of Constitution. It is also known as Samvidhan Divas or National Law Day.
• The Constitution Day was declared in 2015. It was done to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Dr.Ambedkar.
• Dr.Ambedkar is called as the "Father of the Constitution of India" and "The Chief Architect of the Constitution of India".
• Indian Constitution is the longest written Constitution in the world.
• It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to frame the constitution.
• Original Constitution has a Preamble, 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 8 Schedules.
• The total amount spent to frame the Constitution was Rs.64 lakh.
• January 26 was specifically chosen as the date of commencement of the Constitution because of its historical importance. It was on this day in 1930 that "Purna Swaraj day" was celebrated, following the resolution of the Lahore Session (December 1929) of the INC.
• Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324,366 367 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 came into force on November 26, 1949 itself.
• Original copies of the Constitution were written in two languages, Hindi and English.
• The original copy of the Constitution was written by Prem Bihari Narayan Raizada by hand. It is written in Italic letters through excellent calligraphy.
• The original version was beautified and decorated by artists Shantiniketan, Nand Lal Bose and Beohar Rammanohar Sinha.
• The Constitution of India has borrowed some of its features from a number of countries, including Britain, Ireland, Japan, USA, South Africa, Germany, Australia, and Canada.
• Adopted National Flag on 22 July 1947.
• Adopted National Anthem on 24 January 1950.
• Adopted National Song on 24 January 1950.
□ History of Making of the Constitution :
• In 1934, M.N. Roy first proposed the idea of a constituent assembly.
• In 1935, the Indian National Congress (INC) for the first time, officially demanded a constituent assembly to frame the Constitution of India.
• In 1938, Jawarhalal Nehru, on behalf of the declared that "the constitution of free India must be friend without outside interference by a controlled assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise".
• The demand was finally accepted in principle by the British Government in what is known as the August Offer' of 1940.
• In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the cabinet, came to India with a draft proposal of the British Government on the framing of an independent Constitution to be adopted after the World War II.
• But Cripps Proposals were rejected by the Muslim League which wanted India to be divided into two autonomous states with two separate Constituent Assemblies.
• Finally, a Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946. While it rejected the idea of two Constituent Assemblies, it put forth a scheme for the Constituent Assembly which more or less satisfied the Muslim League.
• The Cabinet Mission consists of three members. They are Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Alexander.
• Under the Cabinet Mission plan of 1946, elections were held for the formation of the constituent assembly.
• The members of the Constituent Assembly are partly elected and partly nominated.
• The Constituent Assembly was constituted in November 1946. The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was 389.
• The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. Sachidananda Sinha was elected as the temporary president of the Assembly.
• Later, Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly.
• The assembly had two Vice presidents. H.C Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected as the Vice Presidents of the Assembly.
• 284 members were actually present on that day and signed the Constitution.
• On January 24, 1950, the Constitution Assembly held its final session.
🏸 Syed Modi India International Badminton Championship 2024:
• Women (Singles): PV Sindhu (India) 🥇
• Women (Doubles): Treesa Jolly/Gayatri Gopichand (India) 🥇
• Men (Singles): Lakshya Sen (India) 🥇
• Men (Doubles): Di Huang/Yang Liu (China) 🥇
• Mixed doubles: Dechapol Puavaranukroh/Supissara Paewsampran (Thailand) 🥇
• Women (Singles): PV Sindhu (India) 🥇
• Women (Doubles): Treesa Jolly/Gayatri Gopichand (India) 🥇
• Men (Singles): Lakshya Sen (India) 🥇
• Men (Doubles): Di Huang/Yang Liu (China) 🥇
• Mixed doubles: Dechapol Puavaranukroh/Supissara Paewsampran (Thailand) 🥇
🏭 National Pollution Control Day, December 2:
• Every year, India observes National Pollution Control Day on December 2 to remember those who lost their lives in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
• On the intervening night of December 2 and 3, 1984, Bhopal witnessed one of the deadliest tragedies in India’s history. A toxic gas, methyl isocyanate, leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant.
• This day is observed to make people aware of pollution-related issues and how it affects our daily lives.
• The theme for National Pollution Day 2024 is "Clean Air, Green Earth: A Step Towards Sustainable Living."
• Every year, India observes National Pollution Control Day on December 2 to remember those who lost their lives in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
• On the intervening night of December 2 and 3, 1984, Bhopal witnessed one of the deadliest tragedies in India’s history. A toxic gas, methyl isocyanate, leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant.
• This day is observed to make people aware of pollution-related issues and how it affects our daily lives.
• The theme for National Pollution Day 2024 is "Clean Air, Green Earth: A Step Towards Sustainable Living."
💊 Nafithromycin, India's First Indigenous Antibiotic:
• India has introduced its first indigenous antibiotic, Nafithromycin.
• It will soon be available on the market under the brand name "Miqnaf".
• It is the country's first indigenously developed antibiotic aimed at tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
• The antibiotic was developed by Wockhardt with critical support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) under the Department of Biotechnology.
• This innovation is designed to treat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a severe illness caused by drug-resistant bacteria, which disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly as well as immune compromised hosts like Patients with Diabetes, Cancers etc.
• India has introduced its first indigenous antibiotic, Nafithromycin.
• It will soon be available on the market under the brand name "Miqnaf".
• It is the country's first indigenously developed antibiotic aimed at tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
• The antibiotic was developed by Wockhardt with critical support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) under the Department of Biotechnology.
• This innovation is designed to treat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), a severe illness caused by drug-resistant bacteria, which disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly as well as immune compromised hosts like Patients with Diabetes, Cancers etc.
🌱 World Soil Day, December 5:
• World Soil Day (WSD) is held annually on 5 December as a means to focus attention on the importance of healthy soil and advocating for the sustainable management of soil resources.
• The theme for the year 2024 is "Caring for soils: Measure, Monitor, Manage".
■ Initiatives by Indian Government:
□ Soil Health Card:
• The Soil Health Card Scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 19.02.2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan.
• Provides information to farmers on nutrient status of soil.
• Recommends appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health & its fertility.
□ National Mission on Natural Farming:
• Promoting chemical-free farming to ensure soil health, fertility, & quality.
□ 'Catch the Rain' campaign:
• Improving soil moisture & enhancing availability of water to till the soil by promoting rain water harvesting.
• PM Narendra Modi has launched the 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain' campaign on March 22, 2021 (Water Day) for conserving water.
• World Soil Day (WSD) is held annually on 5 December as a means to focus attention on the importance of healthy soil and advocating for the sustainable management of soil resources.
• The theme for the year 2024 is "Caring for soils: Measure, Monitor, Manage".
■ Initiatives by Indian Government:
□ Soil Health Card:
• The Soil Health Card Scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 19.02.2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan.
• Provides information to farmers on nutrient status of soil.
• Recommends appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health & its fertility.
□ National Mission on Natural Farming:
• Promoting chemical-free farming to ensure soil health, fertility, & quality.
□ 'Catch the Rain' campaign:
• Improving soil moisture & enhancing availability of water to till the soil by promoting rain water harvesting.
• PM Narendra Modi has launched the 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain' campaign on March 22, 2021 (Water Day) for conserving water.
⚱️ Year End Review 2024 - Ministry of Culture:
• India Hosts Historic 46th World Heritage Committee Session
• Moidams - The Mound-Burial System of Ahom Dynasty Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India's 43rd Entry.
• India and USA sign the first ever 'Cultural Property Agreement' to prevent illegal trafficking of cultural property and retrieval of antiquarian objects to their place of origin.
• Government confers status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages.
• India Partners with France Museums Développement to Establish World's Largest Museum 'Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum'.
• India Hosts Historic 46th World Heritage Committee Session
• Moidams - The Mound-Burial System of Ahom Dynasty Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India's 43rd Entry.
• India and USA sign the first ever 'Cultural Property Agreement' to prevent illegal trafficking of cultural property and retrieval of antiquarian objects to their place of origin.
• Government confers status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages.
• India Partners with France Museums Développement to Establish World's Largest Museum 'Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum'.