Correct Answer -A
A i.e. Ether

Correct Answer - B

B i.e. Thiopentone

Anesthetic agents safe to use in raised intracranial pressure (ICP)
are thiopentone, propofol & etomidateQ

Correct Answer
A

Correct Answer - A
A i.e. Procaine

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Correct Answer - B
Ans. b. Retrograde amnesia
At the time of peak concentration in plasma, hypnotic doses of
benzodiazepines (midazolam) can be expected to cause varying
degrees of lightheadedness, lassitude, increased reaction time
motor incoordination, impairment of mental and motor functions,
confusion, and anterograde amnesia:'
Midazolam:
• It causes anterograde amnesiaQ
• Tolerance and tachyphylaxis may occur, particularly with longer-term
infusions&(Shafer A. Complications of sedation with midazolam in
the intensive care unit and a comparison with other sedative
regimens. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(5): 947-56)
◦] Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has also been associated with
high dose/ long-term midazolam infusions?
.• Compared with propofol infusions, midazolam infusions have been
associated with a decreased occurrence of hypotension. but a more
variable time course for recovery of function after the cessation of
the infusion.

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Correct Answer-A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cisatracurium
• The unique feature of atracurium and cisatracurium is inactivation in
plasma by spontaneous nonenzymatic degradation (Hofman
elimination) in addition to that by alkaline ester hydrolysis
•| Therefore both of these do not require hepatic or renal routes for
elimination therefore can be used safely in hepatic and renal failure.
• Moreover, cisatracurium does not provoke histamine release.
therefore it is preferred over atracurium.

Correct Answer- A
Ans.is 'a' i.e., Morton
Second gas effect and diffusion hypoxia
• In initial part of induction, diffusion gradient from alveoli to blood is
high and larger quantity of anaesthetic is entering blood.
• the inhaled Concentration of anaesthetic is high (eg N20),
Substantial loss of alveolar gas volume will occur and it creates
negative intralveolar pressure that leads to removal of more gas
from cylinder to alveoli --> Concentration effect.
• If another inhalation agent is (eg Halothane) is being given at the
same time, it also will be delivered to lung from the cylinder (due to
negative intraalveolar pressure) -> Second gas effect.
• During recovery reverse occurs - N20 having low blood solubility,
rapidly diffuses into alveoli and dilutes the alveolar air - -> partial
pressure of oxygen in alveoli is reduced.
• The resulting hypoxia is known as diffusion hypoxia.
• D iffusion hypoxia can be prevented by continuing 100% 02
inhalation for a few minutes after discontinuing N20, instead of
straight away switching over to air.
Remember
• Concentration effect and secondary gas effect during induction
• Diffusion hypoxia --> during recovering

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Correct Answer - C Ketamine