The Study of Mutations
☆ Fluctuation test
☆ Replica Plating
☆ Ames test

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Selection of Mutants
☆ Positive (Direct) Selection
☆ Negative (Indirect) Selection

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The Repair of DNA Damage in Microbes
☆ Light repair or photoreactivation
☆ Dark repair

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Induction & Repression
☆ lac operon
☆ trp operon

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Types of Chromosome localization.

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Main 5 theories for explaining Physical nature of Protoplast.

1. Alveolar theory – It was propounded by Butchilli (1882). According to it, the protoplasm is an emulsion with dispersed minute drops or alveoli. This theory is more close to the modern thinking.

2. Granular theory – It is proposed by Altmann (1893). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute granules.

3. Reticular theory – It was proposed by Hanslein, Klein and Carnoy (1898). According to it, the proplasm consists of network of fibrils.

4. Fibrillar theory – It was propounded by Flemming (1894). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute fibres.

5. Colloidal theory – It was prposed by Wilson Fisher (1894). The protoplasm is a crystallocolloidal solution & polyphasic colloidal system.

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Protoplast exhibits following vital activities –
Movement
Nutrition
Metabolism
Respiration
Growth
Excretion
Reproduction
Life cycle

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#genetics
Cistron, Recon, Muton
(Benzer, 1962)
Cistron : Functional unit of gene or Section of DNA or RNA that codes for specific Polypeptide in protein/enzyme synthesis.

Muton : smallest unit of Chromosome that undergo Mutations.

Recon : Cistron when undergo recombinations.

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Episome examples : ( can integrate to host chromosome).

Insertion sequences
Transposons
Viruses
F-factor

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The C-Value Paradox / Enigma

Genome Size = the amount of DNA present in haploid genome / unreplicated gametic nucleus.

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Culture Media(s) for the Cultivation and Identification of common Pathogens: Pictorial

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#physics
Free Electricity concept

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Nobel Prize in Medicine (2023)
#genetics #rna #covid19

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Southern Blotting relating information

Materials, Chemical used and their functions

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