🔆 Moscow Format

✅ Established: 2017
✅ Objective: Promote peace, stability, and national reconciliation in Afghanistan.
✅ Members: India, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.
✅ Update: At the 7th Moscow Format Meeting, Taliban officials participated formally for the first time.

#IR #cse

🔆 “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker” – Ensuring Objectivity in the Office of Lok Sabha Speaker

📍 Concept:
The idea implies that once a Speaker demits office, they should not return to active party politics, ensuring neutrality and objectivity in parliamentary conduct.

📍 Potential Benefits:
✅ Impartiality: Strengthens the Speaker’s independence, as they won’t be influenced by party loyalties.
✅ Strengthening Democracy: Neutrality fosters fair debate and balanced proceedings in Parliament.
✅ Enhanced Credibility: Builds public trust by projecting the Speaker as an unbiased guardian of parliamentary values.

📍 Potential Implications:
❌ Restriction on Political Career: Limits post-tenure political opportunities for the Speaker.
❌ Reduced Incentive for Qualified Candidates: Fear of career stagnation may deter capable individuals.
❌ Detachment from Political Realities: Permanent separation from politics may reduce practical understanding of evolving issues.
❌ Constitutional Challenge: May conflict with the right to political participation guaranteed to citizens.

📍 Conclusion:
While the principle of “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker” enhances neutrality and democratic trust, it must be balanced with constitutional freedoms and political practicality. Institutional ethics, rather than legal restrictions, should ensure Speaker impartiality.

#Polity #mains

🔆 16 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI
✅ Telangana ranks #1 in UPI transaction intensity, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Delhi — RBI paper shows deeper digital adoption.

📍 BANKING
✅ IMF revises India’s GDP growth to 6.6% (FY26); global growth at 3.2%.
✅ 16th Finance Commission tenure extended till 30 Nov 2025 under Arvind Panagariya.
✅ EPFO allows 100% PF withdrawal with 25% balance safeguard; simplifies partial withdrawals.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Indian Wolf listed as Vulnerable (IUCN) due to habitat loss, hybridisation & poisoning.
✅ Indonesia’s Mount Lewotobi erupts — ash plume 10 km high.
✅ Henley Passport Index 2025: India ranks 85th (57 destinations); Singapore tops.

📍 India–Kyrgyz Republic
✅ Agreed to boost counterterrorism, defence & regional security cooperation, reinforcing peace in Central Asia.

📍 India @ UNHRC
✅ Elected unopposed for 7th term (2025–27) to the UN Human Rights Council, reaffirming India’s global human rights commitment.

📍 Samudra Shakti 2025 – Visakhapatnam
✅ India–Indonesia naval exercise featuring Harbour & Sea phases to strengthen maritime interoperability and regional security.

📍 Vivek Menon @ IUCN
✅ Indian conservationist Vivek Menon elected Chair of IUCN Species Survival Commission (2025–29) — first Indian to hold this global biodiversity role.

📍 WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (21st)
✅ CO₂ concentration: 423.9 ppm in 2024 (+3.5 ppm; record jump).
✅ 2024: Warmest year ever — 🌡️ +1.55°C above pre-industrial levels.
✅ Radiative forcing: +54% from long-lived greenhouse gases since 1990.

📍 India–Indonesia Aid
✅ India sent Prussian Blue capsules to Indonesia to treat radiation exposure from Cesium-137, showcasing regional humanitarian response.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ PLFS Sept 2025: Labour force participation rises to 55.3 %; female LFPR highest at 34.1 %.
✅ Jal Jeevan Mission crosses 15.71 cr rural tap connections, covering 80 % households.

📍 MoUs & INITIATIVES
✅ India–Mongolia sign 10 MoUs spanning heritage, minerals, cooperatives & digital links; India to offer free e-visas to Mongolians.

📍 STATEs
✅ Amit Shah marks 41st NSG Foundation Day, praising its elite legacy.

📍 APPOINTMENTS & OBITUARIES
✅ Anant Goenka elected FICCI President (2025–26).
✅ Mahavir Lunawat re-elected Chairman, AIBI.
✅ Raila Odinga (Former Kenya PM) passes away.

📍 AWARDS & BOOK
✅ Rajnath Singh releases “Ready, Relevant & Resurgent II” by CDS Gen. Anil Chauhan.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Coco Gauff wins Wuhan Open 2025, defeating Jessica Pegula in all-American final.

#CurrentAffairs

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Students’ Day – 15 Oct (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam).
✅ Global Handwashing Day – 15 Oct.
✅ White Cane Safety Day – 15 Oct.
✅ International Day of Rural Women – 15 Oct | Theme: “Rural Women Cultivating Good Food for All.”
✅ International E-Waste Day – 14 Oct | Theme: “Recycle Your E-Waste – It’s Critical!”

#Days
@AnmolVachan1

🔆 Siddi Tribal Community

✅ Also known as: Habshi or Badsha — an Afro-Indian tribal group of East African origin.
✅ States: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra (Western coast).
✅ Status: Scheduled Tribe; among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
✅ Literacy: 72% (recent achievement).
✅ Origin: Arrived in India — 7th century with Arabs; 16th century with Portuguese & British (mostly as slaves).
✅ Occupation: Shifted from hunting & gathering to agriculture & wage labour.

#cse
#prelims
#art_and_culture

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@upsc_art_and_culture

🔆 Vedic Society – Key Features

📍 Social Structure
✅ Varna System: Four classes — Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras.
✅ Women: Enjoyed freedom & education in early Vedic age.
✅ Family: Patriarchal, yet closely knit.

📍 Economic Life
✅ Agrarian base on Indo-Gangetic plains; barley & wheat main crops.
✅ Trade reached Mesopotamia, promoting prosperity.
✅ Occupations: From craftsmen to traders, ensuring social balance.

📍 Political Setup
✅ Tribal Janapadas led by kings with Sabha & Samiti aiding governance.

📍 Religion
✅ Worship of Indra & Agni; rituals with Vedic mantras.
✅ Brahmins mediated between deities & people, ensuring harmony.


#history

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@upsc_4_history

🔆 17 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI
✅ India’s DPI success: 20B+ UPI transactions/month worth $280B; 85% of all digital payments.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Global Hunger Index 2025: India improves slightly; global GHI score 18.3 → still “moderate hunger.”
✅ WMO Report: CO₂ levels rise 3.5 ppm (record) — highest in human history, intensifying global warming.
✅ India’s Merchandise Exports up 6.75% (Sept) to $36.4B; imports up 16.7%, widening trade deficit.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw tests Mappls navigation app, promoting India’s self-reliance in digital mapping.
✅ Hindustan Shipyard Ltd granted Mini Ratna (Category-I) status — boosting maritime defence capacity.
✅ Limestone fully classified as a major mineral — now under central oversight (MMDR Act, 1957).
✅ India’s wild elephant population drops to 22,446 – first-ever DNA-based census reveals decline since 2017.
✅ HM Amit Shah inaugurates “Extradition of Fugitives” conference to strengthen global law enforcement cooperation.
✅ Ayush Ministry & FSSAI release Ayurveda Aahara list to integrate traditional nutrition with modern food standards.
✅ 16th IREE 2025 inaugurated at Bharat Mandapam — theme: “Future-Ready Railways.”
✅ Bharath Thammineni becomes first Indian to summit nine 8,000m peaks.
✅ Indian Immunologicals Ltd launches India’s 1st gE-deleted DIVA vaccine “Raksha-IBR” for cattle disease control.
✅ FM Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurates dhaRti BioNest Incubation Centre at IIT Dharwad to support biotech startups.
✅ India launches Global “AgXelerate” Platform* linking agri-innovators across 7 countries for regenerative agriculture.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Navy & Indonesia hold 5th Samudra Shakti Exercise (2025) at Visakhapatnam – maritime coordination under Act East Policy.
✅ DRDO successfully tests Combat Parachute System at 32,000 ft altitude.
✅ IAF & UK Carrier Strike Group conduct joint exercises in Indian Ocean to enhance air–sea interoperability.
✅ Amit Shah announces 7th NSG Hub at Ayodhya for rapid counter-terror response.
✅ India–South Korea hold 1st-ever bilateral naval exercise at Busan, strengthening Indo-Pacific cooperation.
✅ Netherlands to host NATO’s 2025 “Steadfast Noon” nuclear exercise.
✅ Defence Ministry inks ₹659.47 cr contract for advanced night sights for Indian Army’s SIG 716 rifles.

📍 MoUs & INNOVATIONS
✅ IIT Bhubaneswar & Indian Army sign MoU for joint R&D in AI, AR/VR, Robotics & Emerging Tech.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Jose Jeri sworn in as President of Peru.

#CurrentAffairs

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Food Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Hand in hand for better food and a better future.”
✅ World Anaesthesia Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Anaesthesiology in Health Emergencies.”
✅ World Spine Day – 16 Oct | Theme: Back to basics for spine health.

#days

🔆 Japan’s “Latecomer” Industrial Revolution

📍 Introduction
✅ After the Meiji Restoration (1868), Japan rapidly modernized, unlike Europe’s slow, organic process.
✅ Its industrial revolution was state-led, disciplined, and adaptive, blending tradition with technology.

📍 Unique Features
✅ Geography & Resources: Isolation and scarcity pushed Japan to import, adapt, and innovate foreign technology.
✅ Central Authority: Strong imperial control enabled top-down reforms and quick decisions.

📍 Meiji Reforms (1868)
✅ Abolished feudal rule, modernized administration, and embraced Western science & education.
✅ Opened the economy to foreign ideas and built a new industrial base.

📍 Approach to Industrialization
✅ State Role: Massive public investment in railways, shipyards, and heavy industries.
✅ Zaibatsu: Business houses like Mitsui & Mitsubishi powered growth with state support.
✅ Education: Universal schooling created a skilled, disciplined workforce.

📍 Selective Borrowing
✅ Adopted Western methods but preserved Japanese ethos, ensuring efficiency with identity.

📍 Conclusion
✅ Japan’s industrialization was fast, centralized, and adaptive, making it the first Asian industrial power and a model for late developers.

#mains
#history

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🔆 Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures – A Mirror to Social Life

📍 Overview
✅ Medieval Indian temples were not just places of worship — they were living chronicles of the era’s social, cultural, and political life.
✅ Carved on temple walls, pillars, and gateways, these sculptures offer insight into the daily activities, hierarchies, beliefs, and artistic excellence of medieval India.

📍 Key Highlights
✅ Social Hierarchy: Temples like Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) depict nobles with ornaments and commoners in simpler attire, reflecting class distinctions.
✅ Political Power: Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) showcases carvings of rulers and warriors, symbolizing royal authority.
✅ Occupations: Sun Temple (Konark) highlights professions such as potters, smiths, and weavers — celebrating skilled craftsmanship.
✅ Religious Harmony: Elephanta Caves represent both Hindu and Buddhist influences, underscoring spiritual coexistence.
✅ Women in Society: Khajuraho sculptures portray women as dancers, musicians, and devotees, signifying their cultural and religious importance.
✅ Education & Scholarship: Nalanda temples stand as centers of intellectual pursuit and knowledge dissemination.
✅ Nature & Art: Motifs of flora and fauna — like those at Sanchi Stupa — illustrate humanity’s close bond with nature.

📍 Significance
✅ These sculptures reflect Bhakti and Sufi influences, social reforms, and the aesthetic ideals of their times.
✅ They serve as a visual encyclopedia of medieval Indian civilization — documenting not just faith, but the rhythm of life itself.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture

🔆 Mini Warm Pool (MWP) – Key Facts
📍 Source: Down To Earth (DTE)

✅ Location: A small region of unusually warm sea surface water in the southeastern Arabian Sea, near the Kerala coast.
✅ Formation Period: Develops every year in April–May, just before the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
✅ Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) often exceeds 30°C — the warmest in the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon months.
✅ Variability: Strength and extent vary year to year, influenced by El Niño and large-scale climate patterns.

📍 Role in Monsoon Onset:
✅ Induces local convection, drawing southwesterly monsoon winds toward Kerala.
✅ Acts as a precursor that helps initiate the monsoon.

📍 Link with El Niño & Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect:
✅ El Niño’s delayed impact (4–5 months) influences the Indian Ocean via this effect — it “stores” and “releases” Pacific heat later.
✅ Easterly winds from this effect reduce surface cooling → strengthen MWP.
✅ Strong MWP creates local low pressure, pulling moisture to Kerala and self-correcting El Niño’s delaying impact.

📍 Importance for Forecasting:
✅ Monitoring MWP improves monsoon prediction accuracy.
✅ Helps farmers, policymakers, and water managers plan better.
✅ Demonstrates Pacific–Indian Ocean coupling and how small oceanic zones influence continental-scale weather.

#Geography

🔆 Quantum-Based True Random Numbers

✅ Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI)
✅ Need: Random numbers secure encryption, authentication & cybersecurity.
✅ Issue: Current systems use pseudorandom (algorithm-based) numbers — predictable by quantum computers.
✅ Innovation: Uses natural quantum processes (e.g., radioactivity) to create truly random, unpredictable numbers, enhancing digital security.

#ScienceTech #cse

🔆 Women in India’s Workforce – Key Facts & Government Efforts (2025)

📍 Current Status
✅ Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): ~37% (World Bank, 2025) – steady rise from 23% in 2017.
✅ Urban Women: 26% participation; Rural Women: over 41%.
✅ Sectors: Majority in agriculture, informal & care sectors; rising entry into services & startups.
✅ Self-employment: Women constitute over 20% of India’s entrepreneurs (Startup India data).

📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ Mission Shakti (MoWCD): Umbrella programme combining Sambal (safety) & Samarthya (empowerment).
✅ One-Stop Centres: Support for violence-affected women across all districts.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): ~70% women beneficiaries, fostering micro-enterprise growth.
✅ Startup India “Prabhaav” platform: Tracks impact of women-led startups.
✅ Skill Development & Digital Literacy: Focus on Aspirational Districts & rural skilling for women’s employability.

📍 Challenges
❌ Persistent gender pay gap & under-representation in formal jobs.
❌ Care burden and lack of safe workplaces limit participation.
❌ Need for formalisation, childcare infrastructure & flexible work policies.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Boost formal job creation & credit access.
✅ Strengthen Mission Shakti convergence at grassroots.
✅ Promote STEM & leadership roles for women.
✅ Institutionalise gender budgeting across ministries.

✨ #WomenEmpowerment #InclusiveGrowth