🔆 RBI Measures to Boost International Use of Indian Rupee (INR)

📍 Objective
✅ To promote internationalisation of the Rupee — enabling its use for global trade and financial transactions.

📍 Key Measures
✅ 1. INR Loans to Non-Residents:
Authorised dealer banks and their overseas branches can now lend in INR to residents of Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (including banks).

✅ 2. Transparent Reference Rates:
Financial Benchmarks India Ltd (FBIL) to develop reference rates for INR against major global currencies.
Currently available for USD, Euro, Yen, and Pound Sterling.

✅ 3. Wider Use of SRVAs (Special Rupee Vostro Accounts):
Surplus SRVA balances can now be invested in corporate bonds and commercial papers (earlier limited to govt. securities).

📍 About SRVA
✅ A Special Rupee Vostro Account is an account held by a foreign bank with an Indian bank to settle trade in INR directly, bypassing the US dollar.

#economy #cse #mains

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🔆 Centre Withdraws Approval for Animal Protein-Based Biostimulants

📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.

📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.

#Geography #cse #mains

🔆 Chola Art & Architecture

📍 Temple Architecture (Dravidian Style)
✅ Brihadeshvara Temple, Thanjavur – Built by Rajaraja I.
✅ Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple – Built by Rajendra I to celebrate northern victories.
✅ Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram – Built by Rajaraja II, famous for intricate sculptures.

📍 Bronze Sculptures
✅ Chola bronze (lost-wax) sculptures are masterpieces.
✅ Most iconic: Nataraja – Shiva in cosmic dance, symbolizing creation & destruction.

📍 Literature
✅ Thevaram – Shaivite devotional hymns by Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar.
✅ Periyapuranam – Biography of 63 Nayanmars, compiled by Sekkizhar (12th century).
✅ Kamban’s Ramavataram (Kamba Ramayanam) – Tamil translation of Ramayana.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Trade & Commerce in the Chola Empire

📍 Infrastructure & Industry
✅ Peruvazhis – Major trunk roads facilitated trade.
✅ Silk-weaving in Kanchipuram – Guild-based industry with residential colonies for weavers.

📍 Merchant & Artisan Guilds
✅ Ayyavole 500 (Ainutruvar) & Manigramam – Powerful regional & international trade guilds.
✅ Idangai Guilds – Artisan & merchant groups for large-scale production.
✅ Nagaram – Local guilds in commercial hubs like Kanchipuram & Mamallapuram.

📍 Trading Communities
✅ Gavundas – Landowning traders.
✅ Anjuvannam – Maritime traders (Jews, Christians, Muslims).
✅ Valanjiyar – Long-distance overseas traders.

📍 Foreign Trade
✅ Strong ties with China, Sumatra, Java, Arabia.
✅ Imported Arabian horses to strengthen cavalry.

#history

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🔆 Comparison of Saguna & Nirguna Bhakti Traditions

📍 Meaning
✅ Saguna Bhakti: Worship of a personal God with form — divine embodied in idols like Rama, Krishna, Shiva, Devi.
✅ Nirguna Bhakti: Worship of a formless, abstract, supreme consciousness — God beyond shape or attributes.

📍 Concept of God
✅ Saguna: God possesses attributes (compassion, love, strength) and manifests physically.
✅ Nirguna: God is Brahman — eternal, infinite, without qualities or limitations.

📍 Expression
✅ Saguna: Expressed through bhajans, kirtans, and hymns glorifying deities.
✅ Nirguna: Emphasizes philosophical poetry focused on unity, introspection, and spiritual realization.

📍 Prominent Saints
✅ Saguna Tradition:
• Tulsidas (Rama devotion – Ramcharitmanas)
• Mirabai (Krishna devotion)
• Surdas (Sursagar)
• Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (Vaishnavism)
• Ramanuja (Vishishtadvaita philosophy)
• Sant Eknath, Tyagaraja (Carnatic Bhakti)

✅ Nirguna Tradition:
• Kabir (Unity of Nirguna Brahman)
• Guru Nanak (Sikhism – Oneness of God)
• Dadu Dayal, Namdev, Ravidas, Bulleh Shah (Sufi–Sant traditions)

📍 Major Literary Works
✅ Saguna Bhakti: Ramcharitmanas, Sursagar, Bhakti Songs of Mirabai, Hymns of Alvar & Nayanar
✅ Nirguna Bhakti: Bijak (Kabir), Guru Granth Sahib, Dohas of Kabir & Rahim, Abhangas of Namdev & Tukaram

📍 Core Essence
✅ Saguna Bhakti: Focuses on personal devotion, emotional surrender, and love for a chosen deity.
✅ Nirguna Bhakti: Focuses on inner realization, universal equality, and breaking barriers of caste and ritual.

#history

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🔆 25 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ RBI Payment System Report (June 2025) — UPI leads in volume, RTGS in value; debit card use declines as India shifts toward a cashless economy.
✅ Digital payments formed 99.7% of total volume & 97.5% of total value in 2024.
✅ Platform Share: UPI – 85% volume, 9% value; RTGS – 69% value, 0.1% volume.
✅ RBI Draft Circular (Oct 2025) — introduces Unique Transaction Identifier (UTI) for all OTC derivative trades from April 1, 2026, improving global risk tracking.
✅ HaRBInger 2025 — RBI’s 4th Global Hackathon on theme “SecureBanking: Powered by Identity, Integrity & Inclusivity.”

📍 BANKING & FINANCIAL
✅ UPI introduces “Pay With Mutual Fund” — a global-first feature allowing instant UPI payments directly from liquid MF units.
✅ NPCI launches AI-powered “UPI Help” assistant for real-time complaint resolution, integrated with UDIR Framework.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2025 — 309M poor face triple climate hazards; 64.5% of world’s poor live in middle-income nations.
✅ China issues Yellow Alert for Typhoon Fengshen — heavy rains expected across Hainan, Taiwan & Vietnam.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Panchayati Raj Ministry releases 2-min film “Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas” promoting citizen participation in local planning (till 6 Nov).
✅ PM-ABHIM strengthens India’s pandemic health infrastructure with ₹64,180 cr outlay (2021–26).
✅ ESTIC 2025 to be held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (3–5 Nov) — focus on AI for inclusive growth.
✅ State of Global Air (SoGA) Report 2025: 2 million deaths in India 2023) linked to air pollution; 95% NCD-related.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ DAC approves ₹79,000 cr procurements — includes NAMIS Mk-II, Landing Platform Docks, Light Torpedoes, & ELINT Systems for tri-services.
✅ Indian Army signs ₹2,700 cr deal for 4.25 lakh indigenous carbines — Bharat Forge & AdPLR Systems as suppliers.
✅ Cochin Shipyard delivers first Anti-Submarine Warfare Craft “Mahe” to Indian Navy.

📍 MoUs & INITIATIVES
✅ IIM Calcutta & Satyajit Ray Film Institute sign first-ever academia–media collaboration for research & professional synergy.
✅ BEML (India) & Tesmec (Italy) partner to introduce surface miner equipment for eco-friendly mining.

📍 STATES
✅ Kerala launches “Sushakthi” Self-Help Groups for persons with disabilities — 40% members from PwD category.
✅ Sikkim celebrates ‘Kukur Tihar’, honouring dogs for loyalty.
✅ Telangana CM Revanth Reddy presents Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavana Award to Salman Khurshid.

📍 OBITUARIES
✅ Daniel Naroditsky (US Chess Grandmaster) passes away at 29.

#CurrentAffairs

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ International Snow Leopard Day – 23 Oct | Theme: “Protecting the Mountain Guardian.”
✅ World Polio Day – 24 Oct | Theme: “Together, We End Polio.”
✅ UN Day – 24 Oct.
✅ World Development Information Day – 24 Oct.
✅ ITBP Raising Day – 24 Oct | Motto: “Shaurya – Dridhata – Karm Nishtha.”
✅ National Cybersecurity Awareness Month – October 2025.

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

🔆 3 Critical AI Challenges Faced by India

📍 1. Job Displacement Risk:
✅ Over 60% of formal jobs could be automated by 2030, posing a major employment threat.

📍 2. Skill Gaps:
✅ Most graduates lack training in advanced AI domains like RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) and research-based AI applications.

📍 3. Talent Shortage:
✅ India meets only ~50% of the demand for skilled AI professionals, creating a critical supply-demand gap.

#cse