The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the 2025 #NobelPeacePrize to Maria Corina Machado for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy
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WR-RollList-CAPF-25-Engl-101025 (1).pdf
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🔆 Koeppen’s Classification of Climate 🌦️
📍 Overview:
✅ The Koeppen Climate Classification, developed by Vladimir Koeppen, is the most widely used empirical system for classifying the world’s climates.
✅ It is called empirical because it is based on observed data (temperature, rainfall, vegetation) rather than theoretical logic.
📘 Basis of Classification:
🌿 Koeppen identified a close relationship between climate and natural vegetation.
🌡️ He selected specific temperature and precipitation thresholds corresponding to vegetation zones and used them to classify climates.
📍 Major Climatic Groups:
Koeppen recognized five major climate groups —
🔸 A, C, D, E → Humid climates (classified mainly by temperature)
🔸 B → Dry climates (classified mainly by precipitation)
📍 Symbols & Subdivisions:
🌦️ Seasonality of Dryness (small letters):
• f → No dry season
• m → Monsoon climate
• w → Winter dry season
• s → Summer dry season
🌡️ Temperature Severity (small letters):
• a, b, c, d → Indicate progressively cooler climates or shorter summers
🏜️ Subtypes under Dry (B) Climates (capital letters):
• S → Steppe (Semi-arid)
• W → Desert (Arid)
#Geography
📍 Overview:
✅ The Koeppen Climate Classification, developed by Vladimir Koeppen, is the most widely used empirical system for classifying the world’s climates.
✅ It is called empirical because it is based on observed data (temperature, rainfall, vegetation) rather than theoretical logic.
📘 Basis of Classification:
🌿 Koeppen identified a close relationship between climate and natural vegetation.
🌡️ He selected specific temperature and precipitation thresholds corresponding to vegetation zones and used them to classify climates.
📍 Major Climatic Groups:
Koeppen recognized five major climate groups —
🔸 A, C, D, E → Humid climates (classified mainly by temperature)
🔸 B → Dry climates (classified mainly by precipitation)
📍 Symbols & Subdivisions:
🌦️ Seasonality of Dryness (small letters):
• f → No dry season
• m → Monsoon climate
• w → Winter dry season
• s → Summer dry season
🌡️ Temperature Severity (small letters):
• a, b, c, d → Indicate progressively cooler climates or shorter summers
🏜️ Subtypes under Dry (B) Climates (capital letters):
• S → Steppe (Semi-arid)
• W → Desert (Arid)
#Geography
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🔆 Cistanthe longiscapa (Pata de Guanaco)
✅ Habitat: Native to the Atacama Desert, Chile — one of the driest places on Earth.
✅ Growth Cycle: Annual herb that blooms and completes its life cycle after sporadic rainfall.
✅ Adaptation: Uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) — opens stomata at night to absorb CO₂ and store it as malic acid, conserving water for desert survival.
#Environment
✅ Habitat: Native to the Atacama Desert, Chile — one of the driest places on Earth.
✅ Growth Cycle: Annual herb that blooms and completes its life cycle after sporadic rainfall.
✅ Adaptation: Uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) — opens stomata at night to absorb CO₂ and store it as malic acid, conserving water for desert survival.
#Environment
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#Goodmorning
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🔆 Polar Silk Road
✅ Initiative by: China
✅ Introduced in: Arctic Policy White Paper (2018)
✅ Route: Arctic sea lanes linking North America, East Asia, and Western Europe — offering shorter, cost-effective transport.
✅ Update: Chinese ship began voyage via Arctic Ocean from Ningbo-Zhoushan, launching the Polar Silk Route.
#IR #Geography
✅ Initiative by: China
✅ Introduced in: Arctic Policy White Paper (2018)
✅ Route: Arctic sea lanes linking North America, East Asia, and Western Europe — offering shorter, cost-effective transport.
✅ Update: Chinese ship began voyage via Arctic Ocean from Ningbo-Zhoushan, launching the Polar Silk Route.
#IR #Geography
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🔆 Kharsawan Massacre (1948): A Forgotten Tribal Uprising
📍 Historical Background:
✅ 1912 – Bengal Presidency partitioned; Bihar & Orissa formed.
✅ 1912 – First demand for a separate tribal state (Jharkhand) raised.
✅ 1930 – Simon Commission acknowledged region’s distinct identity.
✅ 1938 – Adivasi Mahasabha founded by Jaipal Singh Munda to lead tribal cause.
📍 Kharsawan’s Merger Issue:
✅ Post-Independence – Kharsawan & 24 princely states acceded to India, merging with Orissa.
✅ Adivasis opposed merger — sought a separate tribal state, not inclusion in Odisha or Bihar.
📍 The Massacre (1948):
✅ ~50,000 Adivasis gathered at Kharsawan to protest merger.
✅ Police opened fire — resulting in mass killings (estimates: dozens to thousands).
✅ Bodies disposed in wells; injured left untreated.
📍 Significance:
✅ Symbol of Adivasi resistance for self-determination and recognition.
✅ Remembered as a tragic milestone in Jharkhand’s statehood movement.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
📍 Historical Background:
✅ 1912 – Bengal Presidency partitioned; Bihar & Orissa formed.
✅ 1912 – First demand for a separate tribal state (Jharkhand) raised.
✅ 1930 – Simon Commission acknowledged region’s distinct identity.
✅ 1938 – Adivasi Mahasabha founded by Jaipal Singh Munda to lead tribal cause.
📍 Kharsawan’s Merger Issue:
✅ Post-Independence – Kharsawan & 24 princely states acceded to India, merging with Orissa.
✅ Adivasis opposed merger — sought a separate tribal state, not inclusion in Odisha or Bihar.
📍 The Massacre (1948):
✅ ~50,000 Adivasis gathered at Kharsawan to protest merger.
✅ Police opened fire — resulting in mass killings (estimates: dozens to thousands).
✅ Bodies disposed in wells; injured left untreated.
📍 Significance:
✅ Symbol of Adivasi resistance for self-determination and recognition.
✅ Remembered as a tragic milestone in Jharkhand’s statehood movement.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
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🔆 Australia: Quick Facts
📍 Capital: Canberra
📍 Update: India–Australia signed key defence pacts to boost military cooperation.
🌏 Location:
✅ Smallest continent, 6th largest country.
✅ Lies between the Indian Ocean (west) and Pacific Ocean (east).
🏜️ Deserts:
✅ Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami, Simpson, Gibson.
⛰️ Mountains:
✅ Great Dividing Range, Macdonnell Ranges.
🌊 Rivers:
✅ Murray-Darling, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan.
🐠 Natural Wonder:
✅ Great Barrier Reef — world’s largest coral reef system.
#Geography #cse
📍 Capital: Canberra
📍 Update: India–Australia signed key defence pacts to boost military cooperation.
🌏 Location:
✅ Smallest continent, 6th largest country.
✅ Lies between the Indian Ocean (west) and Pacific Ocean (east).
🏜️ Deserts:
✅ Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami, Simpson, Gibson.
⛰️ Mountains:
✅ Great Dividing Range, Macdonnell Ranges.
🌊 Rivers:
✅ Murray-Darling, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan.
🐠 Natural Wonder:
✅ Great Barrier Reef — world’s largest coral reef system.
#Geography #cse
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#Goodmorning
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#Target
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🔆 Pendency in the Supreme Court – A Growing Judicial Concern
📍 Current Data (Mid-2025):
✅ Total pending cases: 88,417 (highest ever)
✅ Fresh cases in a month: 7,078
✅ Disposed cases: 5,683 (≈80.3% of instituted cases)
✅ Pendency trend: Sharp rise after May 2025 despite full bench of 34 judges.
#Polity #CurrentAffairs #cse
📍 Current Data (Mid-2025):
✅ Total pending cases: 88,417 (highest ever)
✅ Fresh cases in a month: 7,078
✅ Disposed cases: 5,683 (≈80.3% of instituted cases)
✅ Pendency trend: Sharp rise after May 2025 despite full bench of 34 judges.
#Polity #CurrentAffairs #cse
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🔆 LEADS Index 2025 Update
✅ Full Form: Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)
✅ New Additions:
• Digital adoption metrics — ULIP integration & real-time tracking.
• Sustainability indicators — green transport & carbon efficiency.
✅ Top Performers: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
✅ Improved States: Uttar Pradesh, Odisha
#GS3 #Infrastructure #cse
✅ Full Form: Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)
✅ New Additions:
• Digital adoption metrics — ULIP integration & real-time tracking.
• Sustainability indicators — green transport & carbon efficiency.
✅ Top Performers: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
✅ Improved States: Uttar Pradesh, Odisha
#GS3 #Infrastructure #cse
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🔆 Subramania Bharati – The Mahakavi of Modern Tamil Nadu
📍 Who was he?
✅ Known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar, he was a Tamil poet, freedom fighter, and social reformer.
✅ Master of 32 languages, including 3 foreign ones — he believed all Indian languages were equal to English in richness and value.
📍 Role in Freedom Struggle:
✅ His nationalistic and reformist writings inspired people in Tamil Nadu to join India’s independence movement.
✅ His translation of “Vande Mataram” became a rallying cry for freedom fighters.
📍 Major Literary Works:
✅ Kaṇṇan Pattu (Songs to Krishna)
✅ Panchali Sapatham (Panchali’s Vow)
✅ Kuyil Pattu (Kuyil’s Song)
✅ Translated Vedic hymns, Yoga Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita into Tamil.
📍 Career Highlights:
✅ Began as Assistant Editor of Swadesamitran (1904).
✅ Later edited India (Tamil weekly) and Bala Bharatham (English paper) with M.P.T. Acharya.
✅ Collaborated with Sri Aurobindo on Arya and Karma Yogi journals in Pondicherry.
📍 Themes & Legacy:
✅ Writings blend patriotism, devotion, and mysticism — earning him the title “Lyrical Poet of India.”
✅ His poem Panchali Sapatham condemned social injustice and promoted women’s empowerment & reform.
✅ Faced British persecution and exile (1908) for his fearless voice.
Legacy: Bharati remains a symbol of linguistic pride, social reform, and poetic nationalism.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
📍 Who was he?
✅ Known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar, he was a Tamil poet, freedom fighter, and social reformer.
✅ Master of 32 languages, including 3 foreign ones — he believed all Indian languages were equal to English in richness and value.
📍 Role in Freedom Struggle:
✅ His nationalistic and reformist writings inspired people in Tamil Nadu to join India’s independence movement.
✅ His translation of “Vande Mataram” became a rallying cry for freedom fighters.
📍 Major Literary Works:
✅ Kaṇṇan Pattu (Songs to Krishna)
✅ Panchali Sapatham (Panchali’s Vow)
✅ Kuyil Pattu (Kuyil’s Song)
✅ Translated Vedic hymns, Yoga Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita into Tamil.
📍 Career Highlights:
✅ Began as Assistant Editor of Swadesamitran (1904).
✅ Later edited India (Tamil weekly) and Bala Bharatham (English paper) with M.P.T. Acharya.
✅ Collaborated with Sri Aurobindo on Arya and Karma Yogi journals in Pondicherry.
📍 Themes & Legacy:
✅ Writings blend patriotism, devotion, and mysticism — earning him the title “Lyrical Poet of India.”
✅ His poem Panchali Sapatham condemned social injustice and promoted women’s empowerment & reform.
✅ Faced British persecution and exile (1908) for his fearless voice.
Legacy: Bharati remains a symbol of linguistic pride, social reform, and poetic nationalism.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
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🔆 Myanmar: Key Facts
📍 Capital: Nay Pyi Taw
📍 Update: Myanmar military conducted airstrikes on protesters.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Located in western mainland Southeast Asia.
✅ Borders: China (N, NE), Laos (E), Thailand (SE), Bangladesh (W), India (NW).
✅ Water Bodies: Andaman Sea (S), Bay of Bengal (SW).
⛰️ Geographical Features:
✅ Mountains: Rakhine, Shan Plateau, Dawna, Tenasserim ranges.
✅ Highest Peak: Mount Hkakabo Razi.
✅ Rivers: Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittang, Salween, Yangon.
#Geography #cse
📍 Capital: Nay Pyi Taw
📍 Update: Myanmar military conducted airstrikes on protesters.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Located in western mainland Southeast Asia.
✅ Borders: China (N, NE), Laos (E), Thailand (SE), Bangladesh (W), India (NW).
✅ Water Bodies: Andaman Sea (S), Bay of Bengal (SW).
⛰️ Geographical Features:
✅ Mountains: Rakhine, Shan Plateau, Dawna, Tenasserim ranges.
✅ Highest Peak: Mount Hkakabo Razi.
✅ Rivers: Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittang, Salween, Yangon.
#Geography #cse
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#Goodmorning
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⏳223 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳312 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳27 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳55 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
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🔆 Bamiyan Buddhas
✅ Location: Bamiyan Valley, Central Afghanistan
✅ Built: 6th century CE
✅ Height: 115 ft & 174 ft statues carved into sandstone cliffs.
✅ Art Style: Gandharan Buddhist art — symbol of Buddhism’s spread in Central Asia.
✅ Destruction: Demolished by Taliban in 2001.
✅ UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site (2003).
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://www.tg-me.com/CSE_EXAM
https://aratt.ai/@cse_exam_upsc
✅ Location: Bamiyan Valley, Central Afghanistan
✅ Built: 6th century CE
✅ Height: 115 ft & 174 ft statues carved into sandstone cliffs.
✅ Art Style: Gandharan Buddhist art — symbol of Buddhism’s spread in Central Asia.
✅ Destruction: Demolished by Taliban in 2001.
✅ UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site (2003).
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://www.tg-me.com/CSE_EXAM
https://aratt.ai/@cse_exam_upsc
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