🔆 Vedic Society – Key Features
📍 Social Structure
✅ Varna System: Four classes — Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras.
✅ Women: Enjoyed freedom & education in early Vedic age.
✅ Family: Patriarchal, yet closely knit.
📍 Economic Life
✅ Agrarian base on Indo-Gangetic plains; barley & wheat main crops.
✅ Trade reached Mesopotamia, promoting prosperity.
✅ Occupations: From craftsmen to traders, ensuring social balance.
📍 Political Setup
✅ Tribal Janapadas led by kings with Sabha & Samiti aiding governance.
📍 Religion
✅ Worship of Indra & Agni; rituals with Vedic mantras.
✅ Brahmins mediated between deities & people, ensuring harmony.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
📍 Social Structure
✅ Varna System: Four classes — Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras.
✅ Women: Enjoyed freedom & education in early Vedic age.
✅ Family: Patriarchal, yet closely knit.
📍 Economic Life
✅ Agrarian base on Indo-Gangetic plains; barley & wheat main crops.
✅ Trade reached Mesopotamia, promoting prosperity.
✅ Occupations: From craftsmen to traders, ensuring social balance.
📍 Political Setup
✅ Tribal Janapadas led by kings with Sabha & Samiti aiding governance.
📍 Religion
✅ Worship of Indra & Agni; rituals with Vedic mantras.
✅ Brahmins mediated between deities & people, ensuring harmony.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
👍2❤1
🔆 17 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up
📍 RBI
✅ India’s DPI success: 20B+ UPI transactions/month worth $280B; 85% of all digital payments.
📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Global Hunger Index 2025: India improves slightly; global GHI score 18.3 → still “moderate hunger.”
✅ WMO Report: CO₂ levels rise 3.5 ppm (record) — highest in human history, intensifying global warming.
✅ India’s Merchandise Exports up 6.75% (Sept) to $36.4B; imports up 16.7%, widening trade deficit.
📍 NATIONAL
✅ Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw tests Mappls navigation app, promoting India’s self-reliance in digital mapping.
✅ Hindustan Shipyard Ltd granted Mini Ratna (Category-I) status — boosting maritime defence capacity.
✅ Limestone fully classified as a major mineral — now under central oversight (MMDR Act, 1957).
✅ India’s wild elephant population drops to 22,446 – first-ever DNA-based census reveals decline since 2017.
✅ HM Amit Shah inaugurates “Extradition of Fugitives” conference to strengthen global law enforcement cooperation.
✅ Ayush Ministry & FSSAI release Ayurveda Aahara list to integrate traditional nutrition with modern food standards.
✅ 16th IREE 2025 inaugurated at Bharat Mandapam — theme: “Future-Ready Railways.”
✅ Bharath Thammineni becomes first Indian to summit nine 8,000m peaks.
✅ Indian Immunologicals Ltd launches India’s 1st gE-deleted DIVA vaccine “Raksha-IBR” for cattle disease control.
✅ FM Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurates dhaRti BioNest Incubation Centre at IIT Dharwad to support biotech startups.
✅ India launches Global “AgXelerate” Platform* linking agri-innovators across 7 countries for regenerative agriculture.
📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Navy & Indonesia hold 5th Samudra Shakti Exercise (2025) at Visakhapatnam – maritime coordination under Act East Policy.
✅ DRDO successfully tests Combat Parachute System at 32,000 ft altitude.
✅ IAF & UK Carrier Strike Group conduct joint exercises in Indian Ocean to enhance air–sea interoperability.
✅ Amit Shah announces 7th NSG Hub at Ayodhya for rapid counter-terror response.
✅ India–South Korea hold 1st-ever bilateral naval exercise at Busan, strengthening Indo-Pacific cooperation.
✅ Netherlands to host NATO’s 2025 “Steadfast Noon” nuclear exercise.
✅ Defence Ministry inks ₹659.47 cr contract for advanced night sights for Indian Army’s SIG 716 rifles.
📍 MoUs & INNOVATIONS
✅ IIT Bhubaneswar & Indian Army sign MoU for joint R&D in AI, AR/VR, Robotics & Emerging Tech.
📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Jose Jeri sworn in as President of Peru.
#CurrentAffairs
📍 RBI
✅ India’s DPI success: 20B+ UPI transactions/month worth $280B; 85% of all digital payments.
📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Global Hunger Index 2025: India improves slightly; global GHI score 18.3 → still “moderate hunger.”
✅ WMO Report: CO₂ levels rise 3.5 ppm (record) — highest in human history, intensifying global warming.
✅ India’s Merchandise Exports up 6.75% (Sept) to $36.4B; imports up 16.7%, widening trade deficit.
📍 NATIONAL
✅ Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw tests Mappls navigation app, promoting India’s self-reliance in digital mapping.
✅ Hindustan Shipyard Ltd granted Mini Ratna (Category-I) status — boosting maritime defence capacity.
✅ Limestone fully classified as a major mineral — now under central oversight (MMDR Act, 1957).
✅ India’s wild elephant population drops to 22,446 – first-ever DNA-based census reveals decline since 2017.
✅ HM Amit Shah inaugurates “Extradition of Fugitives” conference to strengthen global law enforcement cooperation.
✅ Ayush Ministry & FSSAI release Ayurveda Aahara list to integrate traditional nutrition with modern food standards.
✅ 16th IREE 2025 inaugurated at Bharat Mandapam — theme: “Future-Ready Railways.”
✅ Bharath Thammineni becomes first Indian to summit nine 8,000m peaks.
✅ Indian Immunologicals Ltd launches India’s 1st gE-deleted DIVA vaccine “Raksha-IBR” for cattle disease control.
✅ FM Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurates dhaRti BioNest Incubation Centre at IIT Dharwad to support biotech startups.
✅ India launches Global “AgXelerate” Platform* linking agri-innovators across 7 countries for regenerative agriculture.
📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Navy & Indonesia hold 5th Samudra Shakti Exercise (2025) at Visakhapatnam – maritime coordination under Act East Policy.
✅ DRDO successfully tests Combat Parachute System at 32,000 ft altitude.
✅ IAF & UK Carrier Strike Group conduct joint exercises in Indian Ocean to enhance air–sea interoperability.
✅ Amit Shah announces 7th NSG Hub at Ayodhya for rapid counter-terror response.
✅ India–South Korea hold 1st-ever bilateral naval exercise at Busan, strengthening Indo-Pacific cooperation.
✅ Netherlands to host NATO’s 2025 “Steadfast Noon” nuclear exercise.
✅ Defence Ministry inks ₹659.47 cr contract for advanced night sights for Indian Army’s SIG 716 rifles.
📍 MoUs & INNOVATIONS
✅ IIT Bhubaneswar & Indian Army sign MoU for joint R&D in AI, AR/VR, Robotics & Emerging Tech.
📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Jose Jeri sworn in as President of Peru.
#CurrentAffairs
❤3👍2
📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Food Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Hand in hand for better food and a better future.”
✅ World Anaesthesia Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Anaesthesiology in Health Emergencies.”
✅ World Spine Day – 16 Oct | Theme: Back to basics for spine health.
#days
✅ World Food Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Hand in hand for better food and a better future.”
✅ World Anaesthesia Day – 16 Oct | Theme: “Anaesthesiology in Health Emergencies.”
✅ World Spine Day – 16 Oct | Theme: Back to basics for spine health.
#days
❤2👍1
#Goodmorning
⏳28 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳219 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳308 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳23 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳51 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳45 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳114 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳275 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳28 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳219 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳308 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳23 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳51 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳45 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳114 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳275 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
❤1
🔆 Japan’s “Latecomer” Industrial Revolution
📍 Introduction
✅ After the Meiji Restoration (1868), Japan rapidly modernized, unlike Europe’s slow, organic process.
✅ Its industrial revolution was state-led, disciplined, and adaptive, blending tradition with technology.
📍 Unique Features
✅ Geography & Resources: Isolation and scarcity pushed Japan to import, adapt, and innovate foreign technology.
✅ Central Authority: Strong imperial control enabled top-down reforms and quick decisions.
📍 Meiji Reforms (1868)
✅ Abolished feudal rule, modernized administration, and embraced Western science & education.
✅ Opened the economy to foreign ideas and built a new industrial base.
📍 Approach to Industrialization
✅ State Role: Massive public investment in railways, shipyards, and heavy industries.
✅ Zaibatsu: Business houses like Mitsui & Mitsubishi powered growth with state support.
✅ Education: Universal schooling created a skilled, disciplined workforce.
📍 Selective Borrowing
✅ Adopted Western methods but preserved Japanese ethos, ensuring efficiency with identity.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Japan’s industrialization was fast, centralized, and adaptive, making it the first Asian industrial power and a model for late developers.
#mains
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
📍 Introduction
✅ After the Meiji Restoration (1868), Japan rapidly modernized, unlike Europe’s slow, organic process.
✅ Its industrial revolution was state-led, disciplined, and adaptive, blending tradition with technology.
📍 Unique Features
✅ Geography & Resources: Isolation and scarcity pushed Japan to import, adapt, and innovate foreign technology.
✅ Central Authority: Strong imperial control enabled top-down reforms and quick decisions.
📍 Meiji Reforms (1868)
✅ Abolished feudal rule, modernized administration, and embraced Western science & education.
✅ Opened the economy to foreign ideas and built a new industrial base.
📍 Approach to Industrialization
✅ State Role: Massive public investment in railways, shipyards, and heavy industries.
✅ Zaibatsu: Business houses like Mitsui & Mitsubishi powered growth with state support.
✅ Education: Universal schooling created a skilled, disciplined workforce.
📍 Selective Borrowing
✅ Adopted Western methods but preserved Japanese ethos, ensuring efficiency with identity.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Japan’s industrialization was fast, centralized, and adaptive, making it the first Asian industrial power and a model for late developers.
#mains
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
❤4👍2
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°Daily Practice Till Your Exam
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🔆 Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures – A Mirror to Social Life
📍 Overview
✅ Medieval Indian temples were not just places of worship — they were living chronicles of the era’s social, cultural, and political life.
✅ Carved on temple walls, pillars, and gateways, these sculptures offer insight into the daily activities, hierarchies, beliefs, and artistic excellence of medieval India.
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Social Hierarchy: Temples like Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) depict nobles with ornaments and commoners in simpler attire, reflecting class distinctions.
✅ Political Power: Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) showcases carvings of rulers and warriors, symbolizing royal authority.
✅ Occupations: Sun Temple (Konark) highlights professions such as potters, smiths, and weavers — celebrating skilled craftsmanship.
✅ Religious Harmony: Elephanta Caves represent both Hindu and Buddhist influences, underscoring spiritual coexistence.
✅ Women in Society: Khajuraho sculptures portray women as dancers, musicians, and devotees, signifying their cultural and religious importance.
✅ Education & Scholarship: Nalanda temples stand as centers of intellectual pursuit and knowledge dissemination.
✅ Nature & Art: Motifs of flora and fauna — like those at Sanchi Stupa — illustrate humanity’s close bond with nature.
📍 Significance
✅ These sculptures reflect Bhakti and Sufi influences, social reforms, and the aesthetic ideals of their times.
✅ They serve as a visual encyclopedia of medieval Indian civilization — documenting not just faith, but the rhythm of life itself.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Overview
✅ Medieval Indian temples were not just places of worship — they were living chronicles of the era’s social, cultural, and political life.
✅ Carved on temple walls, pillars, and gateways, these sculptures offer insight into the daily activities, hierarchies, beliefs, and artistic excellence of medieval India.
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Social Hierarchy: Temples like Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) depict nobles with ornaments and commoners in simpler attire, reflecting class distinctions.
✅ Political Power: Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) showcases carvings of rulers and warriors, symbolizing royal authority.
✅ Occupations: Sun Temple (Konark) highlights professions such as potters, smiths, and weavers — celebrating skilled craftsmanship.
✅ Religious Harmony: Elephanta Caves represent both Hindu and Buddhist influences, underscoring spiritual coexistence.
✅ Women in Society: Khajuraho sculptures portray women as dancers, musicians, and devotees, signifying their cultural and religious importance.
✅ Education & Scholarship: Nalanda temples stand as centers of intellectual pursuit and knowledge dissemination.
✅ Nature & Art: Motifs of flora and fauna — like those at Sanchi Stupa — illustrate humanity’s close bond with nature.
📍 Significance
✅ These sculptures reflect Bhakti and Sufi influences, social reforms, and the aesthetic ideals of their times.
✅ They serve as a visual encyclopedia of medieval Indian civilization — documenting not just faith, but the rhythm of life itself.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
❤3
🔆 Mini Warm Pool (MWP) – Key Facts
📍 Source: Down To Earth (DTE)
✅ Location: A small region of unusually warm sea surface water in the southeastern Arabian Sea, near the Kerala coast.
✅ Formation Period: Develops every year in April–May, just before the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
✅ Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) often exceeds 30°C — the warmest in the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon months.
✅ Variability: Strength and extent vary year to year, influenced by El Niño and large-scale climate patterns.
📍 Role in Monsoon Onset:
✅ Induces local convection, drawing southwesterly monsoon winds toward Kerala.
✅ Acts as a precursor that helps initiate the monsoon.
📍 Link with El Niño & Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect:
✅ El Niño’s delayed impact (4–5 months) influences the Indian Ocean via this effect — it “stores” and “releases” Pacific heat later.
✅ Easterly winds from this effect reduce surface cooling → strengthen MWP.
✅ Strong MWP creates local low pressure, pulling moisture to Kerala and self-correcting El Niño’s delaying impact.
📍 Importance for Forecasting:
✅ Monitoring MWP improves monsoon prediction accuracy.
✅ Helps farmers, policymakers, and water managers plan better.
✅ Demonstrates Pacific–Indian Ocean coupling and how small oceanic zones influence continental-scale weather.
#Geography
📍 Source: Down To Earth (DTE)
✅ Location: A small region of unusually warm sea surface water in the southeastern Arabian Sea, near the Kerala coast.
✅ Formation Period: Develops every year in April–May, just before the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
✅ Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) often exceeds 30°C — the warmest in the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon months.
✅ Variability: Strength and extent vary year to year, influenced by El Niño and large-scale climate patterns.
📍 Role in Monsoon Onset:
✅ Induces local convection, drawing southwesterly monsoon winds toward Kerala.
✅ Acts as a precursor that helps initiate the monsoon.
📍 Link with El Niño & Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect:
✅ El Niño’s delayed impact (4–5 months) influences the Indian Ocean via this effect — it “stores” and “releases” Pacific heat later.
✅ Easterly winds from this effect reduce surface cooling → strengthen MWP.
✅ Strong MWP creates local low pressure, pulling moisture to Kerala and self-correcting El Niño’s delaying impact.
📍 Importance for Forecasting:
✅ Monitoring MWP improves monsoon prediction accuracy.
✅ Helps farmers, policymakers, and water managers plan better.
✅ Demonstrates Pacific–Indian Ocean coupling and how small oceanic zones influence continental-scale weather.
#Geography
👍1
#Goodmorning
⏳27 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳218 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳307 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳22 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳50 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳44 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳113 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳274 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳27 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳218 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳307 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳22 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳50 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳44 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳113 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳274 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
❤1
🔆 Quantum-Based True Random Numbers
✅ Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI)
✅ Need: Random numbers secure encryption, authentication & cybersecurity.
✅ Issue: Current systems use pseudorandom (algorithm-based) numbers — predictable by quantum computers.
✅ Innovation: Uses natural quantum processes (e.g., radioactivity) to create truly random, unpredictable numbers, enhancing digital security.
#ScienceTech #cse
✅ Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI)
✅ Need: Random numbers secure encryption, authentication & cybersecurity.
✅ Issue: Current systems use pseudorandom (algorithm-based) numbers — predictable by quantum computers.
✅ Innovation: Uses natural quantum processes (e.g., radioactivity) to create truly random, unpredictable numbers, enhancing digital security.
#ScienceTech #cse
❤3
doc20251013665001.pdf
1.9 MB
🔆 Women in India’s Workforce – Key Facts & Government Efforts (2025)
📍 Current Status
✅ Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): ~37% (World Bank, 2025) – steady rise from 23% in 2017.
✅ Urban Women: 26% participation; Rural Women: over 41%.
✅ Sectors: Majority in agriculture, informal & care sectors; rising entry into services & startups.
✅ Self-employment: Women constitute over 20% of India’s entrepreneurs (Startup India data).
📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ Mission Shakti (MoWCD): Umbrella programme combining Sambal (safety) & Samarthya (empowerment).
✅ One-Stop Centres: Support for violence-affected women across all districts.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): ~70% women beneficiaries, fostering micro-enterprise growth.
✅ Startup India “Prabhaav” platform: Tracks impact of women-led startups.
✅ Skill Development & Digital Literacy: Focus on Aspirational Districts & rural skilling for women’s employability.
📍 Challenges
❌ Persistent gender pay gap & under-representation in formal jobs.
❌ Care burden and lack of safe workplaces limit participation.
❌ Need for formalisation, childcare infrastructure & flexible work policies.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Boost formal job creation & credit access.
✅ Strengthen Mission Shakti convergence at grassroots.
✅ Promote STEM & leadership roles for women.
✅ Institutionalise gender budgeting across ministries.
✨ #WomenEmpowerment #InclusiveGrowth
📍 Current Status
✅ Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): ~37% (World Bank, 2025) – steady rise from 23% in 2017.
✅ Urban Women: 26% participation; Rural Women: over 41%.
✅ Sectors: Majority in agriculture, informal & care sectors; rising entry into services & startups.
✅ Self-employment: Women constitute over 20% of India’s entrepreneurs (Startup India data).
📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ Mission Shakti (MoWCD): Umbrella programme combining Sambal (safety) & Samarthya (empowerment).
✅ One-Stop Centres: Support for violence-affected women across all districts.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): ~70% women beneficiaries, fostering micro-enterprise growth.
✅ Startup India “Prabhaav” platform: Tracks impact of women-led startups.
✅ Skill Development & Digital Literacy: Focus on Aspirational Districts & rural skilling for women’s employability.
📍 Challenges
❌ Persistent gender pay gap & under-representation in formal jobs.
❌ Care burden and lack of safe workplaces limit participation.
❌ Need for formalisation, childcare infrastructure & flexible work policies.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Boost formal job creation & credit access.
✅ Strengthen Mission Shakti convergence at grassroots.
✅ Promote STEM & leadership roles for women.
✅ Institutionalise gender budgeting across ministries.
✨ #WomenEmpowerment #InclusiveGrowth
❤5
🔆 Green Hydrogen Hubs – MNRE
✅ Recognised Ports:
• Deendayal (Gujarat)
• V.O. Chidambaranar (Tamil Nadu)
• Paradip (Odisha)
✅ Purpose: Boost clean fuel innovation, green investments & industrial participation.
📍 About NGHM (National Green Hydrogen Mission):
✅ Launch: Jan 2023
✅ Goal: Make India a Global Hub for Green Hydrogen production, use & export.
✅ Target: 5 MMT Green Hydrogen/year by 2030
#Environment #cse
✅ Recognised Ports:
• Deendayal (Gujarat)
• V.O. Chidambaranar (Tamil Nadu)
• Paradip (Odisha)
✅ Purpose: Boost clean fuel innovation, green investments & industrial participation.
📍 About NGHM (National Green Hydrogen Mission):
✅ Launch: Jan 2023
✅ Goal: Make India a Global Hub for Green Hydrogen production, use & export.
✅ Target: 5 MMT Green Hydrogen/year by 2030
#Environment #cse
🔆 Govt Initiatives to Strengthen Microfinance
✅ SHG–Bank Linkage: Expands SHG credit access; shifts focus to income-generating activities.
✅ PM MUDRA Yojana: Provides collateral-free micro loans to small businesses.
✅ NABARD Refinance: Offers long-term funds to MFIs to boost lending capacity.
#cse
✅ SHG–Bank Linkage: Expands SHG credit access; shifts focus to income-generating activities.
✅ PM MUDRA Yojana: Provides collateral-free micro loans to small businesses.
✅ NABARD Refinance: Offers long-term funds to MFIs to boost lending capacity.
#cse
❤3
🔆 Temple Discoveries Highlight Chalukya Expansion
📍 Location – Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda district, Telangana
📍 About the Discovery
✅ Archaeologists from Public Research Institute of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) unearthed two ancient temples and a rare inscription from the Badami Chalukyan period.
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Temples: Dated between 543–750 AD, during the Badami Chalukya rule.
• Blend of Badami Chalukyan and Kadamba Nagara styles under Rekha Nagara format.
• One temple revealed an apanavattam (base of a Shiva lingam).
• Another yielded a Vishnu idol.
✅ Inscription: Mentions ‘Gandaloranru’, dated to the 8th–9th century AD.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Location – Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda district, Telangana
📍 About the Discovery
✅ Archaeologists from Public Research Institute of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) unearthed two ancient temples and a rare inscription from the Badami Chalukyan period.
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Temples: Dated between 543–750 AD, during the Badami Chalukya rule.
• Blend of Badami Chalukyan and Kadamba Nagara styles under Rekha Nagara format.
• One temple revealed an apanavattam (base of a Shiva lingam).
• Another yielded a Vishnu idol.
✅ Inscription: Mentions ‘Gandaloranru’, dated to the 8th–9th century AD.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
❤1
🔆 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
📍 Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
✅ Triggered by crop failure and drought in Kheda, Gujarat.
✅ Led by Sardar Patel with Gandhi’s support, demanding remission of land tax.
✅ Outcome – Tax suspended, rates reduced, and confiscated property returned.
📍 Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
✅ Protest against land revenue hike in Gujarat.
✅ Led by Patel; women bestowed on him the title “Sardar.”
✅ Ended with government conceding to peasants’ demands.
📍 Role in Constituent Assembly
✅ Chairman:
• Committee on Fundamental Rights & Minorities
• Provincial Constitution Committee
✅ Presided over Karachi Session (1931) that adopted Fundamental Rights & Economic Policy.
📍 Statue of Unity
✅ 182 m statue at Kevadia (Ekta Nagar), facing Sardar Sarovar Dam — world’s tallest statue.
📍 National Unity Day (31 October)
✅ Celebrated to honour Sardar Patel’s birth anniversary and his role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
📍 Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
✅ Triggered by crop failure and drought in Kheda, Gujarat.
✅ Led by Sardar Patel with Gandhi’s support, demanding remission of land tax.
✅ Outcome – Tax suspended, rates reduced, and confiscated property returned.
📍 Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
✅ Protest against land revenue hike in Gujarat.
✅ Led by Patel; women bestowed on him the title “Sardar.”
✅ Ended with government conceding to peasants’ demands.
📍 Role in Constituent Assembly
✅ Chairman:
• Committee on Fundamental Rights & Minorities
• Provincial Constitution Committee
✅ Presided over Karachi Session (1931) that adopted Fundamental Rights & Economic Policy.
📍 Statue of Unity
✅ 182 m statue at Kevadia (Ekta Nagar), facing Sardar Sarovar Dam — world’s tallest statue.
📍 National Unity Day (31 October)
✅ Celebrated to honour Sardar Patel’s birth anniversary and his role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union.
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
❤3
#Goodmorning
⏳26 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
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⏳49 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳43 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳112 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳273 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳26 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳217 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳306 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳21 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳49 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
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#Target
#TargetOnlyone
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🔆 Rogue Planet
✅ Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
✅ Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
✅ Orbit: No parent star — moves independently through space.
✅ Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.
#Science_and_Technology #cse
✅ Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
✅ Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
✅ Orbit: No parent star — moves independently through space.
✅ Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.
#Science_and_Technology #cse
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#Goodmorning
⏳25 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳216 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳305 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳20 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳48 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳42 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳111 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳272 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳25 days left IfoS mains 16 Nov
⏳216 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳305 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳20 days left Mpsc 9 Nov
⏳48 days left PPSC prelims 7 dec
⏳42 days left JKPSC prelims/CAT/EPFO 30 Nov
⏳111 days left Cgpsc prelims 8 Feb
⏳272 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
❤3
🔆 India Hosts 8th Session of Codex Committee on Spices & Culinary Herbs (CCSCH-8)
📍 Venue: Guwahati | Date: 17 Oct 2025 | Source: PIB Delhi
✅ Key Outcome: Finalized Codex standards for large cardamom, vanilla, and coriander — boosting global spice quality and trade benchmarks.
✅ Organised by: Spices Board India under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry; operates within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO & WHO).
✅ Significance:
• Ensures uniform global benchmarks for spice quality and safety.
• Enhances India’s export competitiveness as a leading producer of cardamom and coriander.
• Strengthens India’s role as a trusted partner in the global spice trade.
✅ Participation: Delegates from 30 countries, emphasizing science-based, harmonized, and fair-trade standards.
📍 Mains Question:
How does India’s leadership in Codex standard-setting strengthen its position in global agri-trade and promote food safety diplomacy?
#Agriculture
📍 Venue: Guwahati | Date: 17 Oct 2025 | Source: PIB Delhi
✅ Key Outcome: Finalized Codex standards for large cardamom, vanilla, and coriander — boosting global spice quality and trade benchmarks.
✅ Organised by: Spices Board India under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry; operates within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO & WHO).
✅ Significance:
• Ensures uniform global benchmarks for spice quality and safety.
• Enhances India’s export competitiveness as a leading producer of cardamom and coriander.
• Strengthens India’s role as a trusted partner in the global spice trade.
✅ Participation: Delegates from 30 countries, emphasizing science-based, harmonized, and fair-trade standards.
📍 Mains Question:
How does India’s leadership in Codex standard-setting strengthen its position in global agri-trade and promote food safety diplomacy?
#Agriculture
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