🔆 Important Economic and Administrative Committees/Commissions

📍 Economic Committees/Commissions:

✅ Lord Lansdown (1888-1894) - Harshell Committee (1893)
• Purpose: To give suggestions regarding currency.

✅ Lord Lansdown (1888-1894) - Opium Commission (1893)
• Purpose: To investigate the effect of opium on health.

✅ Lord Elgin (1894-1899) - Henry Fowler Commission (1898)
• Purpose: To give suggestions on currency.

✅ Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Irrigation Commission (1901)
• Purpose: To plan for the expenditure on irrigation.

✅ Lord Hardinge (1910-1916) - Maclagon Committee (1914-15)
• Purpose: To advise for cooperative finances.

✅ Lord Irwin (1926-1931) - Linlithgow Commission (1928)
• Purpose: To study the problem in agriculture.

✅ Lord Irwin (1926-1931) - Whitley Commission (1929)
• Purpose: To study the condition of labor in industries.

✅ Lord Wellingdon (1931-1936) - Indian Measurement Committee (1935)
• Purpose: To arrange for the inclusion of labor in Federal Assembly.

📍 Administrative Committees/Commissions:

✅ Lord Duffelin (1884-1886) - Etkinson Commission (1886)
• Purpose: To involve more Indians in Civil Service.

✅ Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Fraser Commission (1902)
• Purpose: To investigate the working of police.

✅ Lord Hardinge (1910-1916) - Royal Commission on Civil Service (1912)
• Purpose: To give 25% high posts to Indian (Indiansiation).

#history

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News- The Union government has taken up about 22,560 hectares of land to restore and conserve mangroves under the Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) initiative over the past two years.

✅ About MISHTI

👉 MISHTI was announced in the Union Budget for 2023-24

👉 It launched on June 5, 2023

👉 Objective - To restore and promote mangroves as a unique, natural ecosystem and for preserving and enhancing the sustainability of the coastal habitats

✅ What are Mangroves?

👉 Mangroves are coastal ecosystems composed of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that thrive in intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions.

👉 Examples- Red mangrove, Grey mangrove, and Rhizophora.

✅ Characteristic Features of Mangroves

👉 Thrive in tidal flats, estuaries, and deltas with high silt deposition

👉They develop pneumatophores (Avicennia) for respiration, prop roots (Rhizophora) for stability, and lenticellated bark for water loss and salt secretion.

👉 Mangroves exhibit viviparity

👉 Cannot tolerate freezing temperatures

✅ Distribution of Mangroves

👉Mangrove thrive only in tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator

👉 Covering less than 1% of all tropical forests globally.

👉 Largest mangrove areas are in South and Southeast Asia, followed by South America, Africa, North and Central America, and Oceania.

👉 Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, Mexico, and Australia hold 47% of the global mangrove cover

✅ Mangroves cover in India

👉 As per the Indian State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, India's mangrove cover is around 4,992 sq. km, constituting 0.15% of the country's total geographical area

👉 The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world, while Bhitarkanika is the second largest in India

✅ Significance of Mangroves

👉 Carbon sequestration
👉 Coastal protection
👉 Biodiversity hotspots
👉Food security and livelihoods

✅ Challenges

👉 Pollution (oil spills)
👉 Land conversion
👉 Invasive species
👉 Anthropogenic activities
👉 Loss of habitat

#CurrentAffairs

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✅ Background: The Central Pay Commission (CPC)

👉 A Pay Commission is an
administrative body constituted by the Government of India to review and recommend revisions in the pay structure, allowances, and retirement benefits for all Central Government employees—both civilian and defence.

👉 Decennial Cycle: Pay Commissions are typically constituted once every ten years to keep the compensation structure aligned with the changing economic conditions, cost of living, and inflation.

👉 Constitutional Basis: There is no specific constitutional article for the Pay Commission; it is set up via an executive resolution by the Union Cabinet.

✅ Historical Context:

👉 The First Pay Commission was established in 1946.

👉 Seven commissions have been set up since India's independence.

✅ Mandate of Review:

The primary objective is to maintain parity in emoluments with other sectors, ensure a "Decent and dignified Living Wage," and promote employee morale and administrative efficiency while maintaining fiscal discipline.

✅ Implementation: The Commission submits its report to the GoI. The government may accept, modify, or reject the recommendations. Once accepted, they are usually implemented retrospectively from the date specified.

✅ The final report is submitted to the Ministry of Finance.

#CurrentAffairs

https://www.tg-me.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY

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🔆 29 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme
✅ Launched in 2010 for non-urea P&K fertilizers.
✅ Fixed subsidy/kg for N/P/K/S (28 grades like DAP).
✅ Cabinet approved Rabi 2025-26 rates for affordability.
✅ Urea under separate MRP control (₹242/45kg bag since 2018).

📍 SJ-100 Civil Aircraft
✅ HAL-Russia UAC MoU for SJ-100 production (103 seats, 3,530 km range, -55°C to +45°C operations).
✅ First full-scale passenger jet since AVRO HS748 (1961-88).
✅ Boosts UDAN scheme for tier-2/3 connectivity, requires 200+ units/decade.

📍 PM-SHRI Scheme Implementation in Kerala
✅ Kerala signed MoU for PM Schools for Rising India.
✅ 13,070 schools designated; all states except TN/WB.
✅ Features eco-green schools (solar, waste management), NEP 2020 exemplar.

📍 Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)
✅ MeitY approved ₹5,532 cr projects for electronics components.
✅ 1-10% incentives for 6 years (FY26-32) on PCBs/copper laminates.
✅ Aims to reduce imports and integrate global value chains.
✅ Electronics production USD 125B (FY25), exports USD 28B.

📍 20th East Asia Summit (EAS)
✅ Kuala Lumpur Declaration adopted; 19 members post-Timor-Leste.
✅ Focus on environment, education, health, connectivity.
✅ Theme for 2025: Inclusivity/Sustainability.

📍 United Nations Convention against Cybercrime
✅ 72/193 UN states signed in Hanoi; 1st global treaty criminalising hacking/fraud.
✅ Establishes 24/7 evidence network, asset recovery.
✅ UNODC secretariat, binding after 40 ratifications.

📍 Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary
✅ Located in Ladakh UT (borders J&K).
✅ Fauna: Snow leopard, argali, chiru.
✅ Proposal to redraw boundaries received by Centre.

📍 Discovery of Dilmun Temple
✅ 4,000-year-old Bronze Age temple discovered in Failaka Island, Kuwait.
✅ Artifacts: Seals, beads; Dilmun (3000-1600 BCE) trade hub.

📍 National Seeds Corporation (NSC)
✅ Estd. 1963; Mini Ratna-I, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
✅ Produces foundation/certified seeds.
✅ Implements NFSM/MIDH; maintains SAARC seed bank.
✅ New seed plant inaugurated at Pusa, Delhi.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 29 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 BANKING & FINANCE
✅ India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) records 4% growth in September 2025.
✅ Manufacturing sector growth: 4.8%, driving overall industrial growth.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Hurricane Melissa — Jamaica braces for the strongest storm of 2025; currently a Category 3 storm with wind speeds of 125 mph (205 km/h).
✅ Elon Musk launches AI-powered “GrioKipedia” to rival Wikipedia; developed by Musk’s AI company, xAI, launched on 27 October 2025.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Government approves ₹5,532 crore investment for electronics component plants under the ECMS (Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme).
✅ Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurates deep-sea fishing vessels at Mazgaon Dock, Mumbai under the PMMSY (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana).
✅ Cabinet approves 8th Pay Commission to review salaries, allowances, and pensions for 50 lakh central government employees.
✅ India’s Services Employment Share rises to 30%, adding 40 million jobs in 6 years; still below global average of 50%.
✅ India’s Per Capita Income set to surpass $5,000 by 2030. Current FY2025: USD 2,600.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Army to procure first indigenous software-defined radios.
✅ NCERT signs MoU with IIT Madras to boost EdTech and research initiatives.

📍 STATES
✅ International Dance Festival “Udbhav Utsav” begins in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
✅ Kerala Government unveils Vision 2031 for transforming industrial sectors.
✅ Rajasthan bans children below 14 years from working in shops.
✅ Odisha Government approves ‘B-MAAN’ scheme to boost aviation sector.

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Animation Day – 28 October 2025.
✅ Dyslexia Awareness Month – October 1–31, 2025.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Catherine Connolly elected Iceland’s 10th President with a landslide win.

📍 AWARDS & BOOKS
✅ Sanjeev Kapoor honoured as Top Asian Food Pioneer by World Food Prize.
✅ Booker Prize launches new children’s prize worth £50,000.
✅ Vajra Chandrasekera wins the 2025 Grin Fiction Prize.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Sujeet Kalkal wins gold for India in U23 World Championships.
✅ Prithvi Shaw scripts Ranji Trophy history with a double century.
✅ Lando Norris wins Mexico GP.
✅ India sweeps Kabaddi Gold at Asian Youth Games.
✅ Indian GM D. Gukesh and Divya Deshmukh win gold at the 2025 European Chess Club Cup.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 29 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 BANKING & FINANCE
✅ India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) records 4% growth in September 2025.
✅ Manufacturing sector growth: 4.8%, driving overall industrial growth.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Hurricane Melissa — Jamaica braces for the strongest storm of 2025; currently a Category 3 storm with wind speeds of 125 mph (205 km/h).
✅ Elon Musk launches AI-powered “GrioKipedia” to rival Wikipedia; developed by Musk’s AI company, xAI, launched on 27 October 2025.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ Government approves ₹5,532 crore investment for electronics component plants under the ECMS (Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme).
✅ Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurates deep-sea fishing vessels at Mazgaon Dock, Mumbai under the PMMSY (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana).
✅ Cabinet approves 8th Pay Commission to review salaries, allowances, and pensions for 50 lakh central government employees.
✅ India’s Services Employment Share rises to 30%, adding 40 million jobs in 6 years; still below global average of 50%.
✅ India’s Per Capita Income set to surpass $5,000 by 2030. Current FY2025: USD 2,600.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Army to procure first indigenous software-defined radios.
✅ NCERT signs MoU with IIT Madras to boost EdTech and research initiatives.

📍 STATES
✅ International Dance Festival “Udbhav Utsav” begins in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
✅ Kerala Government unveils Vision 2031 for transforming industrial sectors.
✅ Rajasthan bans children below 14 years from working in shops.
✅ Odisha Government approves ‘B-MAAN’ scheme to boost aviation sector.

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Animation Day – 28 October 2025.
✅ Dyslexia Awareness Month – October 1–31, 2025.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Catherine Connolly elected Iceland’s 10th President with a landslide win.

📍 AWARDS & BOOKS
✅ Sanjeev Kapoor honoured as Top Asian Food Pioneer by World Food Prize.
✅ Booker Prize launches new children’s prize worth £50,000.
✅ Vajra Chandrasekera wins the 2025 Grin Fiction Prize.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Sujeet Kalkal wins gold for India in U23 World Championships.
✅ Prithvi Shaw scripts Ranji Trophy history with a double century.
✅ Lando Norris wins Mexico GP.
✅ India sweeps Kabaddi Gold at Asian Youth Games.
✅ Indian GM D. Gukesh and Divya Deshmukh win gold at the 2025 European Chess Club Cup.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 Delhi Sultanate Key Facts

📍 Books and Literature
✅ Tabaqat I Nasiri: Written by Minhaj-us-Siraj (Iltutmish)
✅ Khusrro’s Books:
• Tughlaqnama
• Laila Majnu
• Hsht Bihisht
• Fatwa e Jahandari: Written by Ziauddin Barani

📍 Diwan I
✅ Insha: Correspondence
✅ Ariz: Military
✅ Wizarat: Finance
✅ MustakRaj: Akhilji
✅ Kohi: Agriculture (mbt)
✅ Bandgan (Slave), Khairat (Charity), Isthiq (Pension) - FST

📍 Important Events & Figures
✅ Bahlol Sikandar (Gulrukhi) - Ibrahim
✅ Qarachil Expedition: mbt at Himalayas to counter Chinese

#history

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🔆 India’s Position in Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

📍 REE Potential
✅ India holds around 6% of the world’s rare earth reserves, indicating significant untapped resources.

📍 Import Dependency
✅ In FY 2023–24, India imported 2,270 tonnes of REEs, showing a moderate dependence on external sources.

📍 Light REE Capabilities
✅ India can extract light REEs from monazite-rich beach sands, particularly along the coasts of Kerala.

📍 Heavy REE Refining Deficit
✅ India lacks the technological and industrial infrastructure to refine heavy REEs, which creates a strategic vulnerability in the critical minerals supply chain.

🔆 China’s Position in the REE Market

📍 Market Monopoly
✅ China holds a monopoly in the global REE market.
✅ It accounted for more than 2/3rd of mined REEs last year.
✅ China produces nearly 90% of global refined REE output.

📍 Rare-Earth Magnets Supply
✅ China also dominates the supply of rare-earth magnets.

📍 Recent Trade Curbs
✅ China’s recent export curbs on 12 rare-earth elements have reignited trade tensions globally.

#Geography

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🔆 About Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs)

📍 What are TLPs?
✅ Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs) are short-lived, unusual visual events observed on the moon’s surface, including flashes, glows, or colour changes.
✅ These phenomena last from a few seconds to several hours before disappearing.

📍 Common TLP Features:
✅ Brightening, reddish or violet blotches, and foggy spots are typical TLP occurrences.
✅ Certain lunar regions, like Aristarchus Crater (the most active site), Plato Crater, and other highland areas, show TLPs more frequently due to internal stresses or gas release.

📍 Scientific Interpretation:
✅ TLPs suggest the moon is more dynamic and active than previously thought, hinting at ongoing geological or electrostatic processes.

📍 Possible Causes / Theories:
✅ Gas Release (Outgassing): Gases like radon or argon might be released due to gravitational stresses, moonquakes, or solar heating, causing disturbances in lunar dust.
✅ Meteoroid Impacts: High-velocity meteoroid collisions on the moon’s surface produce brief flashes of light visible from Earth.
✅ Electrostatic Phenomena: Lunar dust may become electrically charged by solar radiation, causing it to levitate or move, creating light scattering or glows.

📍 Atmospheric Effects on Earth:
✅ Earth’s atmosphere can sometimes distort the view, creating the illusion of TLPs.

📍 Conclusion:
✅ TLPs reveal that the moon is not entirely geologically dead, as it continues to experience meteoroid bombardment, seismic activity, and outgassing.

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#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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🔆 Mughal Books and Their Authors

📍 Key Books and Authors:

✅ Tuzuki Babri - Written by Babar
✅ Humayun Nama - Written by G. Begum
✅ Akbarnama - Written by Abul Fazal
✅ Padshahnama - Written by ah Lahori
✅ Sirr i Akbar - Written by Dara Shikoh, featuring Upanishad Urdu translation

#history

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🔆 Mains Question
Q. “Climate justice has a fair price tag of trillions, not billions.” Discuss the importance of robust climate finance in addressing the climate crisis and how it impacts the Global South’s trust in COP negotiations.

📍 Key Issues:
✅ Climate Justice must be built on fair financing for vulnerable regions, not just a symbolic commitment.
✅ Poor Quality & Quantity of Finance: Global South’s trust in climate negotiations is waning due to lack of adequate funding.
✅ COP30 in Brazil: The potential for global collaboration exists, but real support is still lacking, hindering long-term progress.
✅ Green Climate Fund: Though aimed at bridging the finance gap, it falls short of delivering the promised funds, impeding effective climate action.

📍 India’s Role:
✅ India calls for stronger global financial commitments, urging for trillions in climate finance, rather than billions.
✅ Promoted global partnerships like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.

#environment

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