🔆 Economic Committees / Commissions in British India

📍 Lord Lansdowne (1888–1894)
✅ Hershell Committee (1893) – Chairman: Hershell
→ Suggested reforms in currency system.

✅ Opium Commission (1893) –
→ Investigated the effects of opium trade on public health.

📍 Lord Elgin (1894–1899)
✅ Henry Fowler Commission (1898) – Chairman: H. Fowler
→ Gave recommendations on currency and financial administration.

📍 Lord Curzon (1899–1905)
✅ Irrigation Commission (1901) – Chairman: Sir Wolvin Scott Monkinj
→ Planned irrigation expenditure and infrastructure improvements.

📍 Lord Hardinge (1910–1916)
✅ Maclagan Committee (1914–15) – Chairman: Maclagan
→ Advised on cooperative finances and rural credit systems.

📍 Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
✅ Linthigow Commission (1928) – Report by: Linlithgow
→ Studied agricultural problems and rural economy.

✅ Whitelay Commission (1929) – Chairman: J.H. Whitelay
→ Examined labour conditions in industries and plantations.

📍 Lord Wellington (1931–1936)
✅ Indian Measurement Committee (1935) – Chairman: Lary Hamand
→ Recommended inclusion of labour representation in Federal Assembly.

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🔆 26 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ RBI’s gold reserves reach 880.18 tonnes (USD 95 bn) as of Sept 2025 — highest ever amid global price surge; central banks added 166 tonnes globally.

📍 BANKING & FINANCIAL
✅ SBI wins World’s Best Consumer Bank 2025 & Best Bank in India at Global Finance Awards, New York.
✅ India’s net FDI falls 159% (Aug 2025) — 2nd negative instance in FY26 as outflows exceed inflows; signals investor caution.
✅ Deloitte India Report: GDP forecast 6.7–6.9% (FY26), up 0.3 pts due to strong domestic demand.

📍 INTERNATIONAL
✅ India re-elected Vice-Chair (Asia-Pacific) of COP10 Bureau under UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention (2025–27 term).
✅ PM Modi to attend 47th ASEAN Summit (26–28 Oct) virtually from Kuala Lumpur — theme: Inclusivity & Sustainability.
✅ Saudi Arabia officially abolishes Kafala system (June 2025), freeing millions of migrant workers.
✅ Iceland records mosquitoes for the first time*, signalling climate warming impact on sub-Arctic ecology.

📍 NATIONAL
✅ MeitY amends IT Rules 2025, mandating content removal only via Joint Secretary/DIG+ level orders for greater transparency.
✅ Consumer Affairs Ministry amends VOPPA Order 2025 — enforces mandatory edible oil registration & monthly reporting.
✅ NHAI deploys AI-based 3D laser survey vehicles for 20,933 km of highways — enabling real-time road health monitoring.
✅ CDSCO launches Online National Drug Licensing System (ONDLS) to track pharma solvent batches and prevent contamination.
✅ WCD Ministry wins award for PM-JANMAN implementation; 2,000+ Anganwadis operational in PVTG.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Indian Army to raise 25 Bhairav light combat battalions in 6 months —
equipped with kamikaze drones & precision munitions.
✅ Army signs ₹2,770 cr contract for 4.25 lakh indigenous carbines from Bharat Forge (60%) & PLR Systems (40%).
✅ Sniper rifles upgraded to .338 calibre; 104 Javelin missiles & loitering munitions to enhance strike capabilities.

📍 STATES
✅ Manipur celebrates Ningol Chakouba Festival, honouring bond between married women & brothers.
✅ Chennai launches India’s first Real-Time Flood Forecasting System (RTFF-SDSS) across 4,974 sq km.
✅ Kerala to be declared India’s first extreme-poverty-free state on 1 Nov 2025.

📍 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ World Iodine Deficiency Day – 21 Oct 2025.

📍 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Paul Kapur appointed US Asst. Secretary of State (South & Central Asia) under Trump administration.
✅ Justice Prathiba M. Singh becomes Chairperson, WIPO Advisory Board.

📍 OBITUARIES
✅ Eknath Vasant Chitnis (veteran space scientist) passes away at 100.

📍 AWARDS & BOOKS
✅ Sunil Amrith wins British Academy Book Prize 2025 for “The Burning Earth.”
✅ Rajnath Singh releases book “Civil–Military Fusion as a Metric of National Power” by Lt Gen Raj Shukla (Retd).

📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
✅ NASA confirms asteroid 2025 PN7 as Earth’s temporary quasi-moon, likely to stay until 2083.

📍 SPORTS
✅ Rohit Sharma overtakes Sourav Ganguly to become India’s 3rd-highest ODI run-scorer.
✅ 4th South Asian Athletics Championship begins in Ranchi (24–26 Oct) – 300 athletes, 37 golds at stake.
✅ India wins 3 medals at World Para Powerlifting Championships (Cairo 2025).
✅ India clinches silver at Sultan of Johor Cup 2025 (Hockey) after 1–2 loss to Australia.

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🔆 Frontier Technologies Reshaping Modern Warfare

📍 Emerging Domains:
✅ AI-Based Warfare: AI tools now assist in target selection, collateral damage assessment, and real-time battlefield decisions — e.g. AI-powered drones for precision strikes.

✅ Electromagnetic Warfare: Uses electromagnetic energy to disrupt or protect communications and radar systems, enhancing both offensive and defensive operations.

✅ Space Warfare: Involves operations in outer space using kinetic (ASAT weapons) and non-kinetic (cyber/electronic) means to secure space dominance.

✅ Cyber Attacks: Exploitation of digital systems to steal critical data or disable infrastructure, e.g. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant cyber breach.

📍 Key Concerns:
✅ Global Security Risks: Unequal tech access fuels asymmetric warfare and empowers non-state actors.
✅ Legal Voids: Absence of international laws governing use of frontier tech in warfare creates accountability gaps.
✅ Dual-Use Dilemma: Civilian tech (AI, drones, satellites) can be repurposed for military use.
✅ Ethical Issues: Algorithmic bias, unclear command responsibility, and AI arms race threats persist.

📍 India’s Strategic Initiatives:
✅ Defence AI Council (DAIC) & Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA): Institutional framework for AI integration in defence.
✅ Project Seeker: AI-based facial recognition & surveillance for military security.
✅ Antariksha Abhyas 2024: India’s first space warfare exercise integrating military and space capabilities.
✅ DRDO Young Scientists’ Labs: Focused on AI, robotics, and next-gen warfare innovation.

💬 Mains Q:
How are frontier technologies such as AI, cyber, and space systems redefining the future of warfare? Discuss India’s preparedness in this context.

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#science_technology

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🔆 10th WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (2025)

📍 About the Report
✅ Released by World Health Organization (WHO) – tracks global progress in tobacco control since 2008.
✅ Based on implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).
✅ WHO’s MPOWER (2008) initiative supports FCTC’s demand-reduction strategies — aimed at reducing tobacco use, production, and availability.

📍 MPOWER Framework (6 Key Measures)
✅ M – Monitor tobacco use & prevention policies
✅ P – Protect people from tobacco smoke
✅ O – Offer help to quit tobacco
✅ W – Warn about the dangers of tobacco
✅ E – Enforce bans on advertising, promotion & sponsorship
✅ R – Raise taxes on tobacco

📍 Key Findings
✅ Since 2007, 155 countries have implemented at least one MPOWER measure, benefitting 6.1 billion people.
✅ Health warnings on cigarette packs have seen the most progress globally.
✅ India has enforced strict bans on tobacco advertising & promotion (TAPS) across all media.
✅ Tobacco taxation remains the least adopted measure — cigarettes remain affordable in India.
✅ India is the first country to extend tobacco control rules to digital streaming content.

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🔆 27 October 2025 – Current Affairs Round-Up

📍 RBI JUNCTION
✅ Forex reserves hit a record $702B, driven by gold holdings ($108.5B).
✅ HaRBInger 2025 — RBI’s 4th Global Hackathon on “Secure Banking through Identity & Integrity.”

📍 BANKING & ECONOMY
✅ SBI & BoB to set up Indian Digital Payment Intelligence Corp (₹500 cr) to curb cyber-fraud.
✅ IMF WEO: India’s GDP forecast 6.6% (FY26) – fastest among major economies.
✅ UPI daily volume touches ₹94,000 cr (Oct), record high.
✅ World Bank clears $280M loan to Kerala for elderly & chronic care.

📍 INTERNATIONAL & DIPLOMACY
✅ RBI pushes rupee internationalisation with Nepal, Bhutan & Sri Lanka – rupee lending, Vostro investments, transparent currency rates.
✅ India & Nigeria to open first IIT campus in Africa (FGA Suleja).
✅ Cyclone Montha intensifies over Bay of Bengal — Tamil Nadu, Odisha & Andhra on alert.
✅ IUCN Outlook 4: Only 57% of world natural sites in positive condition; Western Ghats & Sundarbans under concern.

📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
✅ Constitutional Morality — coined by George Grote, emphasised by B.R. Ambedkar for ethical conduct within constitutional limits.
✅ SC in Sabarimala (2018) equated public morality with constitutional morality.

📍 DEFENCE
✅ Rajnath Singh unveils Shaurya Van (Jaisalmer) and new Defence Procurement Manual 2025.
✅ ICG commissions FPVs “Ajit” & “Aparajit.”
✅ IAF joins Exercise Ocean Sky 2025 (Spain) — first non-NATO participant.

📍 ENVIRONMENT & SCIENCE
✅ Hanle (Ladakh) named India’s first Dark Sky Reserve — managed by IIA Bengaluru & UT Ladakh inside Changthang WLS (4,250 m).
✅ IUCN lists Khangchendzonga NP as “Good”; others face climate & tourism threats.

📍 AGRICULTURE & STATES
✅ Tamil Nadu Cauvery Delta faces paddy crisis due to moisture cap (17%); state seeks relaxation to 22%.
✅ Kerala receives $280M World Bank aid; Tamil Nadu activates NDMA readiness for Cyclone Montha.

📍 APPOINTMENTS & AWARDS
✅ Shantha Rangaswamy becomes first woman President, ICA.
✅ Dr. Ashokkumar Veeramuthu listed among Top 2% Global Scientists (Stanford–Elsevier).

📍 SPORTS
✅ Pakistan withdraws from 2025 Junior Hockey World Cup.

#CurrentAffairs

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News- The Lokpal of India is under scrutiny after data revealed a sharp fall in complaints and for issuing a tender to procure 7 BMW cars

✅ What is Lokpal?

👉 The Lokpal of India is an independent statutory body established under Lokpal and lokayuts Act, 2013

👉 It was created to enquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries including the Prime Minister, MPs, and government officials.

👉 The act came into force on  16 January, 2014

👉 The first Lokpal was constituted in March 2019

✅ Members and composition

👉 Chairperson - Former supreme court judge (currently -A.M. Khanwilkar )

👉 Members - 7; includes for judicial and three non judicial members

👉 Appointment - by the President of India on the recommendation of a selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, speaker of Lok Sabha leader of opposition, chief Justice of India and an eminent Jurist.

✅ Functions and Powers

👉 Enquiry and investigation
👉 Jurisdiction
👉 Superintendance over the CBI in referred cases
👉 Prosecution powers
👉 Role as a quasi- judicial authority

✅ Current status

👉 Lokpal has received 6,995 complaints so far but only 289 led to preliminary inquiries
👉 Only seven cases have reached the prosecution stage
👉 Creation of a Prosecution wing 2025
👉 No publication of annual reports since 2021- 22
👉 Steep drop in complaints from 2023 to 2025
👉 Transparency deficit

✅ Way Ahead

👉 Digital transparency is required to develop a real time complaint dashboard
👉 To adopt a ethical prudence
👉 Autonomy and adequate staffing for enquiries
👉 Public Awareness
👉 Mandatory Annual report to increase accountability and transparency

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🔆 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325–1351)

📍 Overview:
✅ Jauna Khan, one of the most controversial rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, known for his ambitious but often failed experiments.

📍 Major Experiments:
✅ Increased Land Revenue in Doab – Imposed higher taxes between Ganga–Yamuna to fund the army; failed due to famine and plague.
✅ Khurasan & Iraq Expedition – Raised a 3.7 lakh-strong army, paid in advance, but later disbanded, draining resources.
✅ Token Currency (Bronze Coins) – Introduced bronze coins equal to silver; counterfeiting led to redemption in gold/silver, exhausting the treasury.
✅ Capital Shift to Daulatabad (1327) – Moved Delhi’s population to Devagiri for better control; failed due to water shortage and hardships, forcing return to Delhi.

📍 Other Contributions:
✅ Built Adilabad Fort & Jahanpanah City.
✅ Established Diwan-i-Kohi (Agriculture Dept.) under Amir-i-Kohi; introduced Takavi loans for farmers.
✅ Patron of calligraphy, Arabic, Persian, astronomy, philosophy & mathematics.
✅ Welcomed Ibn Battuta (1334) as Qazi of Delhi.
✅ Repelled Mongol invasion (1327) led by Tarmashirin.
✅ Lost control over South India, leading to rise of Vijayanagar, Bahmani & Madura Sultanates.

📍 Legacy:
✅ Remembered as a visionary ruler with poor execution, combining intellectual brilliance with administrative impracticality.

💬 Mains Question:
Discuss how Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s experiments reflected both administrative innovation and failure.

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🔆 Amaravati School of Art (2nd Century BCE – 3rd Century CE)

✅ Origin & Development
• Flourished around Amaravati (Dhānyakaṭaka), Andhra Pradesh
• Purely indigenous style — free from foreign influence (unlike Gandhara)
• Major centres: Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala, Ter (Maharashtra)

✅ Patronage
• Satavahanas → primary patrons
• Later supported by Ikshvakus, merchants & guilds

✅ Main Remains
• Amaravati Stupa — among India’s largest, carved in greenish-white limestone
• Reliefs preserved in Chennai Museum & British Museum (Elliot Marbles)

✅ Themes & Style
• Dominated by Buddhism (Hinayana → Mahayana)
• Narrative panels show Buddha’s life & Jataka tales
• Secular scenes – dance, music, everyday life
• Sculptures show:
– Graceful lines & rounded forms
– Crowded yet unified compositions
– Dynamic movement, depth & naturalism

✅ Material Used
• White/cream limestone → gave a marble-like finish, called “Amaravati Marbles”

✅ Artistic Transition
• Marks change from aniconic (symbols) to iconic (Buddha images) representation

📍 Essence:
Amaravati art embodies refined narrative sculpture, indigenous elegance, and spiritual symbolism, standing apart from Gandhara’s realism and Mathura’s robust vitality.

💬 UPSC Mains Q:
“Discuss the distinctive features of the Amaravati School of Art and its contribution to Buddhist artistic tradition.”

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🔆 Snow Leopard

✅ Range: Found across 12 Asian countries; in India — J&K, Ladakh, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
✅ Status:
• IUCN: Vulnerable
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅ Declared as: State Animal of Ladakh & Himachal Pradesh.
✅ Traits: Solitary, silent (don’t roar), active at dawn & dusk.

#Environment #cse

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Elderly in India
Population, Challenges, and Government Initiatives

✅India's senior citizen population is projected to surge to around 230 million by 2036, making up about 15% of the total population.
✅Southern states, along with Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, have higher elderly populations, with regional disparities expected to widen by 2036.
✅The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is the Nodal Ministry for matters relating to the Senior Citizens. It develops and implements Acts, Policies and Programmes for welfare of Senior Citizens.
✅The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 and the subsequently amended Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Act, 2019 legally obligates children and heirs to provide maintenance to parents.