In David Anthony's book he calls it "the Repin culture" but in recent talks he has clarified that he sees Repin as a local pottery type within the broader Yamnaya culture.

David Anthony said in April 2024 of the Repin site. "Repin I see as a pottery style that developed on the Don... I don't see it as a culture, I see it as a pottery type."

Repin is an early Yamnaya site and pottery style, an early local variant of the emerging Yamnaya technology and way of life.

In some ways though, this is just semantics. Archeologists, especially in decades past, were very liberal in assigning groups to new archeological cultures and there's no reason "the Repin culture" wouldn't fit their criteria. There are "cultures" identified within broader "cultures" in prehistory and ultimately it doesn't really matter what you call them.

The Repin Culture - Ancestor of Afanasievo culture?

The Repin Culture (estimated range 3900–3300 BC) came out of middle Don region of the steppe and is considered a descendent of Sredny Stog that moved eastward. The material culture shares similarities with both its ancestor Sredny Stog and the later Yamnaya. David Anthony theorizes that they may be the ancestor of the Afanasievo. Their material culture is also similar to early Yamnaya.

Material culture of Repin Culture (Source Nina Morgunova - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Materials_of_the_Repin_type.jpg)

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The mystical god-kings of Neolithic Ireland built these enormous monuments we call passage graves.

But they were much more than just tombs for the dead...

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Neolithic European farmers on the frontier 7,000 years ago ate better than you do.

They also got more beaver.

Typically for my viewers, people wanted more information about the Knowth phallus stone.

Check out my post on YT for details and images.

You like this sort of thing.

Please remember to watch my new film about Newgrange and the entire Irish Neolithic.

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Amber necklaces from the Corded Ware culture (Single Grave Culture), Denmark.

Photo Credits to Roberto Fortuna and Kira Ursem, Nationalmuseet Denmark

https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amber_necklaces,_Denmark._Neolithic_-_Bronze_Age.png#mw-jump-to-license

Man of the Khvalynsk Culture

Khvalynsk were part of the Eneolithic Steppe horizon along with Sredny Stog and the Berezhnovka–Progress group. They are not an ancestor of Yamnaya or Corded Ware but more like an “Uncle” culture. They formed from an admixture of a steppe Eneolithic group that moved northward and admixed with local hunter gathers in the Volga region. Sredny Stog would be like a “brother culture” which came out of a similar population but instead of admixture with Volga hunter gathers they instead had admixed with Ukraine N populations.

Source of reconstruction: https://sapiensbio.ru/rekonstrukczii/avtor-nechvaloda-a-i-graficheskaya-rekonstrukcziya-licza-po-cherepu-muzhchiny-hvalynskoj-kultury/

Placenames in England that have a direct connection to Wōden include Wednesbury and Wednesfield in Staffordshire, Woodnesborough and Wormhill in Kent, Wenslow and Wensley in Bedfordshire, and Wensley in Derbyshire. Grimspound also connects to Wōden through His epithet Grim - which in Old Norse is Grímr - meaning "hooded one."

Another example is Adam's Grave in Wiltshire, a Neolithic long barrow called Wōdnesbeorg during the Anglo-Saxon period. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions two battles that occurred at Wōdnesbeorg in 592 AD and 715 AD:

592 AD: Her micel wælfill wæs æt Woddes beorge, Ceawlin wæs ut adrifen. "There was great slaughter at Woden's hill, and Ceawlin was driven out."

715 AD: Her Ine Ceolred fuhton æt Woddes beorge. "There Ine and Ceolred fought at Woden's hill."

Wōden's Hill was important as a strategic military position during the Anglo-Saxon period because it lay between the Ridgeway and the medieval earthworks Wansdyke (Wōden's Dyke). These locations also show Wōden's active participation in the natural and man-made landscape and the events that occur on them.

Neolithic monuments have a strong connection to Wōden, and Wōden's Hill serves as an example of the spiritual and religious dimension these monuments hold because they were constructed by our ancestors in the Neolithic period, linking us and our ancestors themselves into prehistory.

Wōden's connection to prehistoric monuments and the natural landscape is a reminder of His ultimate dominion over creation and the extent of His creational power.

Vǫluspá in the Poetic Edda is a strong reminder in the Old Norse literature on earth's creation by Óðinn and His potent ability to reshape titanic mythic forces:

"At the dawn of days,
Did Ymir wake,
Neither sand nor sea,
Nor song of waves,
Earth was not,
Nor heavens high,
A gaping void,
Of grass still shy

Then Bórr's sons (Óðinn, Villi, Vé) lifted the land,
Miðgarðr they made;
The sun from the south,
Warmed the stones of earth,
And green was the ground,
With growing leeks."

Wōden's Hill pictured above.

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The LBK was a patriarchal, warlike society of freedom loving settlers who continually expanded the frontier of Neolithic society across Europe.

They also built the largest structures the world had ever seen. But what were they like, and why did they build these enormous longhouses?

I hope you enjoy this new video about these incredible and influential people and their wonderful houses.

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Artifacts from the Cernavodă culture (which is estimated to have existed from 4000 BC – 3200 BC). This culture shows similarities to Sredny Stog and the Early European farmer cultures of the Gumelnița–Kodžadermen-Karanovo VI complex which it replaced. They are a candidate for the origins of the Proto-Anatolian branch (Western Route Hypothesis).

Source: (Penske et al. 2023)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10412445/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145060757

HERE IT IS! THE LATEST STJ FILM

Learn why Cornwall was vital for the transition to the full use of tin-bronze across Europe and the Mediterranean. See some of the beautiful gold and bronze creations of the British beaker folk and find out why daggers and other weapons were significant in their religion.

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I've spoken about the British origins of European bronzization before and it surprises and perhaps upsets some people.

We still live with this pervasive concept sometimes called ex oriente lux. The idea that all civilising influence - the light of civilisation - flows from east (meaning the near east / middle east) outwards.

This in large part comes from the Christian tradition, the Holy Land etc. But also the ancient greek world being eastern Mediterranean oriented, and the discovery and exploration of ancient civilisations like the Egyptians and Sumerians by western scholars.

It persists in part because in some ways it is true! But we should be aware that it is a preconception.

This is also partly explains why so many people are obsessed with "the Phoenicians" and comment on my Nordic Bronze Age videos that the local rock art was produced by Phoenicians or depicts them. Even though that idea is ridiculous and impossible (ie Phoenicians never sailed to Scandinavia and the rock art pre-dates their existence by centuries).

But ex oriente lux ergo Phoenicians