Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅How are these charts important for Prelims? - there is a HIGH CHANCE that UPSC will move away from basic CRR, SLR , Type of questions! There is a very high chance that you are expected to know the basics in depth- Like Provisioning vs capital requirements! Basel norms- ROE,ROA, GNPA, NNPA etc.
⚠️MOST IMPORTANT CHAPTER OF ECONOMIC SURVEY for prelims- Video will be streamed on youtube tonight!
🚫Why is it important?- Because every year 2-3 questions come from money and banking- Conceptual clarity along with facts is VERY IMP- STAY TUNED
Economic Survey Lecture for prelims playlist- Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS youtube channel
⚠️MOST IMPORTANT CHAPTER OF ECONOMIC SURVEY for prelims- Video will be streamed on youtube tonight!
🚫Why is it important?- Because every year 2-3 questions come from money and banking- Conceptual clarity along with facts is VERY IMP- STAY TUNED
Economic Survey Lecture for prelims playlist- Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS youtube channel
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Trump's Trade Policy Shift
🅾️US Announced Reciprocal Tariffs- Higher tariffs on US trade partners regardless of their economic development level.
🅾️So there are Claims that countries like China, India, Mexico, and Canada impose higher tariffs on US products than the US imposes on them.
🅾️After this, India’s exports to the US will face increased tariffs, affecting key sectors like automobiles, chemicals, agriculture, and electronics.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️US Announced Reciprocal Tariffs- Higher tariffs on US trade partners regardless of their economic development level.
🅾️So there are Claims that countries like China, India, Mexico, and Canada impose higher tariffs on US products than the US imposes on them.
🅾️After this, India’s exports to the US will face increased tariffs, affecting key sectors like automobiles, chemicals, agriculture, and electronics.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅I will be in Delhi ORN on 7th and 8th of may, 2025. Anyone willing to write a free OFFLINE MOCK exam on 8th MAY followed by a brief strategy session for Prelims 2025 and anyone willing to meet me regarding any advice on Mains scores or the way ahead- I will be happy to help you. Please fill the following form to help me figure out the logistics
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/17eeItwlVE9-BJ4ObwjdO6GTuDzWJBAloxOsHkpZGDoM/edit
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/17eeItwlVE9-BJ4ObwjdO6GTuDzWJBAloxOsHkpZGDoM/edit
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
UPSC Prelims 2025- Key.pdf
30 MB
✅How Relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025?- ☝️Check this document. 🙂
This is also the official key from my end
- VK ( @hinduhighlights and @upschighlights)
This is also the official key from my end
- VK ( @hinduhighlights and @upschighlights)
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
There will be an open skill development webinar for ALL the candidates writing mains 2025. If you want to know how vk ias programs can help you learn those skills, contact @vk_ias for that webinar link
Time - 4:45 PM -31.05.2025
✅Cost - webinar is free of cost.
Time - 4:45 PM -31.05.2025
✅Cost - webinar is free of cost.
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Financial institutions
🅾️Updates on Financial sector regulations- reforms - n recent months, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have released new frameworks on how they will design and release regulations. This marks a shift from top-down regulation to a more consultative, transparent process, where public feedback is invited and documented.
🅾️Overall funda?- The philosophy with which you carry out reforms should Justify Why a Regulation is Needed -Institutionalize Accountability-> Improve Public Participation
⚜️Pre consultative legislative policy- Click here
🅾️But Roadblock : Many Indian regulators lack the human/technical capacity- Consultation isn’t just listening — it’s explaining why a rule exists, proving its impact, and being willing to revise it.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Updates on Financial sector regulations- reforms - n recent months, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have released new frameworks on how they will design and release regulations. This marks a shift from top-down regulation to a more consultative, transparent process, where public feedback is invited and documented.
🅾️Overall funda?- The philosophy with which you carry out reforms should Justify Why a Regulation is Needed -Institutionalize Accountability-> Improve Public Participation
⚜️Pre consultative legislative policy- Click here
🅾️But Roadblock : Many Indian regulators lack the human/technical capacity- Consultation isn’t just listening — it’s explaining why a rule exists, proving its impact, and being willing to revise it.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive Growth- Inequality- A very important article
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality. he World Bank's “Inequality and Equity Brief” (April 2024) reported that India ranks among the bottom four globally in income inequality. This sparked debate because the data from India’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 shows a decline in inequality, not a rise.
⚜️High-income individuals save/invest more, poor households consume most of what they earn → makes consumption more equal even when incomes differ.
⚜️Media often uses pre-tax data to say top 1% earn massively.
⚜️But post-tax + subsidy data shows the bottom 50% gets more net benefit.
⚜️Top 1% pay 42% of all direct taxes, but post-subsidy, inequality is softened.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality. he World Bank's “Inequality and Equity Brief” (April 2024) reported that India ranks among the bottom four globally in income inequality. This sparked debate because the data from India’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 shows a decline in inequality, not a rise.
⚜️High-income individuals save/invest more, poor households consume most of what they earn → makes consumption more equal even when incomes differ.
⚜️Media often uses pre-tax data to say top 1% earn massively.
⚜️But post-tax + subsidy data shows the bottom 50% gets more net benefit.
⚜️Top 1% pay 42% of all direct taxes, but post-subsidy, inequality is softened.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
#Economy
✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- DBT
✅Gs-2 : Govt schemes and Policies- Impact of DBT- Direct benefit transfer on governance
🅾️I am expecting this question in some format- You can use this as an example of good governance also.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Govt schemes and Policies- Impact of DBT- Direct benefit transfer on governance
🅾️I am expecting this question in some format- You can use this as an example of good governance also.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Budgeting - Federalism
🅾️ Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability- Click here
🅾️Widening Fiscal Deficit of States- Primarily driven by revenue deficit, not capital expenditure. Indicates states are borrowing to fund non-productive expenditures, limiting future growth.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️ Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability- Click here
🅾️Widening Fiscal Deficit of States- Primarily driven by revenue deficit, not capital expenditure. Indicates states are borrowing to fund non-productive expenditures, limiting future growth.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- India- US trade relations
🅾️Impact of tariffs on India Us trade can be divided into :
🌟1. Services- Trump's admin did not target this because even he knows US needs Indian services!
🌟2. Goods- 25% tariff target is on these- especially on Gems and Jewellery, Agri products . They want less tariffs on imports from US to India- Especially GM SOY and CORN -We discussed this- click here
⚠️PRELIMS : IMPORTANCE OF SOYAMEAL- Click here and find out answers for those questions
🔰Things to do :
⚜️1. Agri-R&D Via PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)- Watch this video
⚜️2. Take a call on GM crops-Genetically Modified(GM ) Crops- Click here- (Also watch the videos i posted to explain the concepts in that article)
⚜️3. Export diversification- Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Impact of tariffs on India Us trade can be divided into :
🌟1. Services- Trump's admin did not target this because even he knows US needs Indian services!
🌟2. Goods- 25% tariff target is on these- especially on Gems and Jewellery, Agri products . They want less tariffs on imports from US to India- Especially GM SOY and CORN -We discussed this- click here
⚠️PRELIMS : IMPORTANCE OF SOYAMEAL- Click here and find out answers for those questions
🔰Things to do :
⚜️1. Agri-R&D Via PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)- Watch this video
⚜️2. Take a call on GM crops-Genetically Modified(GM ) Crops- Click here- (Also watch the videos i posted to explain the concepts in that article)
⚜️3. Export diversification- Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Development -Need for Productivity
🅾️India's official metric for labour productivity is Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker or GVA per person employed- So GVA per worker/year is the key official metric.
🅾️ Sector-wise, tracked by MOSPI (NAS, ASI), Labour Ministry, and used in major national reports and policy documents. This measure is widely used for domestic comparisons (e.g., formal vs. informal, inter-state) and international benchmarking.
🔰Take away from this article ?- These arguments
⚜️1. Formalisation bridges Productivity and Wage Gaps
⚜️2. Mere job creation is not enough; the quality (formal vs. informal, productivity, security, upskilling) matters more for ensuring equitable development
⚜️3. Productivity and wage gaps between formal and informal sectors are wide.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️India's official metric for labour productivity is Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker or GVA per person employed- So GVA per worker/year is the key official metric.
🅾️ Sector-wise, tracked by MOSPI (NAS, ASI), Labour Ministry, and used in major national reports and policy documents. This measure is widely used for domestic comparisons (e.g., formal vs. informal, inter-state) and international benchmarking.
🔰Take away from this article ?- These arguments
⚜️1. Formalisation bridges Productivity and Wage Gaps
⚜️2. Mere job creation is not enough; the quality (formal vs. informal, productivity, security, upskilling) matters more for ensuring equitable development
⚜️3. Productivity and wage gaps between formal and informal sectors are wide.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Sunday Advice :
🅾️You all saw the 2025 UPSC mains analysis- Almost all questions were covered- Click here
⚠️Use this sunday to give some time and learn how to pick those Current affairs- explained in detail through this video-
https://youtu.be/urLWhpHjco8
🅾️You all saw the 2025 UPSC mains analysis- Almost all questions were covered- Click here
⚠️Use this sunday to give some time and learn how to pick those Current affairs- explained in detail through this video-
https://youtu.be/urLWhpHjco8
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- FDI
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- Capital formation issues
🅾️PYQ : “Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors responsible for low capital formation in India.”
🅾️PYQ 2016: “Explain how globalisation has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy.”
🔰Why invest domestically now :
⚜️1. Demand - (multiplier): capex → jobs → incomes → consumption → higher capacity utilisation → more capex.
⚜️2. Competitiveness-productivity : scale, technology, and supply-chain deepening reduce costs and import dependence; future-proofs exports.
⚜️3.Stability -resilience: more domestic capacity cushions external shocks, narrows CAD, and supports the rupee.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️PYQ : “Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors responsible for low capital formation in India.”
🅾️PYQ 2016: “Explain how globalisation has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy.”
🔰Why invest domestically now :
⚜️1. Demand - (multiplier): capex → jobs → incomes → consumption → higher capacity utilisation → more capex.
⚜️2. Competitiveness-productivity : scale, technology, and supply-chain deepening reduce costs and import dependence; future-proofs exports.
⚜️3.Stability -resilience: more domestic capacity cushions external shocks, narrows CAD, and supports the rupee.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Banking
🅾️Evolution of digital currencies - Stable coins
🅾️Traditional cross-border payments are slow, costly, and depend on intermediaries like SWIFT and banks. so we want a faster, cheaper, transparent, and programmable global payment system.UPSC often tests how technology reduces transaction costs and increases inclusion...e.g., UPI, JAM trinity, CBDC. Stablecoins are the next evolution in this chain.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Evolution of digital currencies - Stable coins
🅾️Traditional cross-border payments are slow, costly, and depend on intermediaries like SWIFT and banks. so we want a faster, cheaper, transparent, and programmable global payment system.UPSC often tests how technology reduces transaction costs and increases inclusion...e.g., UPI, JAM trinity, CBDC. Stablecoins are the next evolution in this chain.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Nobel Prize for Economics
🅾️Propositional knowledge = knowing what and why (scientific principles, e.g. laws of thermodynamics).
⚜️Prescriptive knowledge = knowing how (practical application, e.g. building a steam engine).
⚜️Sustainable innovation needs both =discovery and its scalable application.
🅾️Creative Destruction= Innovation → new products/processes → economic gains. But it also destroys old technologies, firms, and jobs. Hence, innovation must be paired with reskilling and adaptive policy to manage disruption.
🅾️Optimal R&D Investment- Too little R&D = stagnation. Too much =redundant competition. Aghion–Howitt’s model helps governments find the sweet spot where innovation benefits society even when private firms lose profits.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Propositional knowledge = knowing what and why (scientific principles, e.g. laws of thermodynamics).
⚜️Prescriptive knowledge = knowing how (practical application, e.g. building a steam engine).
⚜️Sustainable innovation needs both =discovery and its scalable application.
🅾️Creative Destruction= Innovation → new products/processes → economic gains. But it also destroys old technologies, firms, and jobs. Hence, innovation must be paired with reskilling and adaptive policy to manage disruption.
🅾️Optimal R&D Investment- Too little R&D = stagnation. Too much =redundant competition. Aghion–Howitt’s model helps governments find the sweet spot where innovation benefits society even when private firms lose profits.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu