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The correct use of as well as

By Marina Pantcheva

As well as is one of the most frequent, still most misused, conjunction in administrative and academic texts. There are two mistakes commonly made regarding its use.

TWO COMMON PROBLEMS

There are two common problems with the use of as well as. The first one relates to its meaning — as well as is often used as a synonym for and, which it is not.

Swedish is spoken in Sweden, as well as in parts of Finland. [incorrect]

The second problem concerns the form of the verb following as well as.  Can you find the mistakes in the following sentences?

John, as well as Mary, want to drop the course. [incorrect]
Running is healthy as well as it makes you feel good. [incorrect]
Sarah draws as well as designs clothes. [incorrect]

AS WELL AS IS NOT A SYNONYM FOR AND

As well as cannot be used to mean and. The expression X as well as Y  means not only Y but also X (note that X and Y are reversed). While and simply conjoins two (or more) expressions, as well as places unequal emphasis on the two expressions — the expression preceding as well as carries a stronger emphasis than the expression following it.

John, as well as Mary, came to the party. [not only Mary but also John; emphasis on John]
The programme aims to recruit Sami students as well as students from other countries. [not only students from other countries but also Sami students; emphasis on Sami students]

Now you see that the sentence:

Swedish is spoken in Sweden, as well as in parts of Finland. [incorrect]

means:

Swedish is spoken not only in parts of Finland, but also in Sweden. [Imagine! What a surprise!]

It is therefore wrong to use as well as simply in order to avoid a repetition of and, as in the sentence below.

The university focuses on education, research and development, as well as dissemination. [incorrect if all three areas are equally important and none is to be emphasized]

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AS WELL AS DOES NOT MAKE SUBJECTS PLURAL

In the sentence

John, as well as Mary, want to drop the course. [incorrect]

the verb want must agree with the noun preceding as well as in this case.

John, as well as Mary, wants to drop the course. [correct]

In other words, when as well as is part of the subject, the verb must agree with the noun before as well as.

VERBS AFTER AS WELL AS COME IN –ING FORM

When we put a verb after as well as, we use the -ing form of the verb. (This might sound really strange to a non-native speaker, but the grammar books agree on this.)

Running is healthy as well as making you feel good.
He broke the window, as well as destroying the wall.
She draws as well as designing clothes.

Note the difference between the last sentence and the next one:

She draws as well as she designs clothes.
[Her drawing is as good as her designing]

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Good at + activity

e.g.: She is good at swimming/ teaching/ listening/ solving problems etc.

Good in + location or field of study

e.g.: He is good in bed.

       He is good in defence (position of asoccer player).

       He is amazingly good in (the subject of)analysis.

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#the_rest

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GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?

 You use a singular verb after the rest when referring to an uncountable noun:The rest of the money is for you.I’ve eaten some cheese – the rest is in the fridge.• You use a plural verb after the rest when referring to a group of people or things:Two of the terrorists were captured and the rest were killed.

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#rumi
When I die
#vocabulary

‍ #pod_cast
#listening

❇️Be kind to unkind people

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‍ #listening #pod_cast

💎Negative thoughts

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#common_mistakes
#decrease
#in #of

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معمولاً از عبارت زیر برای کاهش در چیزی صحبت می کنیم.

✔️ decrease in sth

با این حال،معمولاً از عبارت زیر برای کاهش مقدار بکار می بریم.
✔️ decrease of sth

مثال:
• There has been a 2% decrease in the rate of unemployment.
2 درصد کاهش در نرخ بیکاری وجود داشته است.

• There has been a decrease of 2%.
2 درصد کاهش وجود داشته است.

• There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week of dieting.
بعد از یک هفته رژیم، یک کاهش کوچک در وزنش وجود داشت.

• Any decrease in tourism could have a serious effect on the local economy.
هر گونه کاهشی در گردشگری می‌توانست اثری جدی بر اقتصاد محلی بگذارد.

• The report's finding on the decrease in violent crime supports the police chief's claims.

• We have seen a marked decrease in the number of accidents since these safety measures were introduced.
از وقتی این تدابیر امنیتی ارائه شدند، کاهش شدیدی در تعداد تصادفات مشاهده شده است.

• We've noticed a steady decrease in jobs available for new graduates in the industry.


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#idioms
#vocabulary

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🔹Bail out on
Meaning:
Stop supporting someone when they are in trouble.
Example:
Everybody BAILED OUT ON him when the scandal broke.

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🔹I can't be doing with it

Meaning:
I am unwilling to tolerate it.
Example:
Next door are having another party and the noise is outrageous - I'm going round there to tell them I can't be doing with it.

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🔹In the heat of the moment

Meaning:
In an overwhelming situation, causing you to act rashly.
Example:
When the burglars broke in I just lashed out. I didn't think - it was just a heat of the moment reaction.

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🔹speak/talk out of turn

Meaning:
to say something that you should not have said

Example:
I'm sorry if I spoke out of turn, but I thought you already knew.

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🔹take the edge off sth

Meaning:
to make something unpleasant have less of an effect on someone:

Example:
Have an apple - it'll take the edge off your hunger.

Example:
His apology took the edge off her anger.

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🔹blow sth out of proportion

Meaning:
to treat a particular event orproblem far too seriously:

Example:
It's ridiculous - we have a tinydisagreement and you blow the wholething out of proportion!

Example:
Of course, when the papers get hold of a story, it's blown out of all proportion.

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🔹put years on sb

Meaning:
If something puts years on a person, it makes them appear much older:

Example:
Being tired and unhappy puts years on you

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#grammar


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fairly, quite, rather and pretty


1. Fairly 



اگر شما به شخصی بگویید "fairly nice" یا
آنها "fairly clever" آنها از نوع انتخاب لغاتتان خوششان نخواهد آمد. زیرا که fairly قید قدرتمندی برای بیان صفت نیست و معنی نسبتا را می دهد.

“How was the film?” “Fairly good. Not the best one I’ve seen this year”
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فیلم رو‌چطور دیدی؟
نسبتا خوب. ولی بهترین فیلمی‌نبود که امسال دیدم.

2. Quite

Quite
مقداری از fairly قدرتمند تر است.


” How was the film?” “Quite good. You ought to go and watch it.”
فیلم رو‌چطور دیدی؟
بسیار خوب بود. پیشنهاد می کنم ببینیش.
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همچنین Quite می تواند فعل را تغییر دهد.

It was a good party.
I quite enjoyed myself.

مهمونی‌خوبی بود. کاملا ازش لذت بردم.

3. Rather is stronger than quite. It can mean “more than is usual” , “more than was expected” or  “more than is wanted

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قید rather از quite شدت تاکید بیشتری دارد.، و‌به معنی بالاتر از انتظار و حد معمول و یا بالاتر از چیزی که می خواستیم است.

“How was the film?”
“Rather Good- I was surprised”
فیلم چطور بود؟
خیلی عالی بود. من که کلی متعجب شدم(دور از انتظار و یا بالاتر از سطح انتظار بیننده بود)

از rather برای تغییر ‌فعل نیز بکار می‌بریم.

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I rather like gardening.

من به باغبانی بیشتر علاقه‌مندم.‌


4. Pretty is similar to rather. It is only used in informal English.
قید pretty همانند rather است، اما در زبان غیر رسمی مرسومیت بیشتری دارد.

“How are you feeling?” “Pretty Tired. I’m going to bed”
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چطوری؟
خیلی خسته ام و میرم بخوابم.

نکته:
هنگام استفاده از quite و ‌rather، آنها را قبل از a و an به کار می بریم.

مثال:
It was quite a nice day.I’m reading rather an interesting book

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‍ 🎬 4 Short True Scary Stories
👤 Mr. Nightmare
🕑 10:15 💾 9.49 MB

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https://www.instagram.com/p/CFrFGh7g2O7/?igshid=s74kythed7sh

یک منبع مناسب و نسبتاً مختصر برای یادگیری نحوه‌ی نگارش مقالات علمی

✔️ How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper

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مجموعه کلماتی که به معنی "تخصیص دادن، اختصاص دادن" هستند:

1. Allocate
~ sth (for sth):
• A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.

~ sth (to sb/sth):
• They intend to allocate more places to mature students this year.

• More resources are being allocated to the project.

~ sb/sth sth:
• The project is being allocated more resources.

2. Assign
(مسئولیت، کار، چیزی) اختصاص دادن
~ sth (to sb):
• The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.
دو کلاس بزرگ به ما اختصاص داده شده است.
• The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.
معلم به هر کدام از بچه‌ها یک وظیفه‌ی متفاوت اختصاص داد.
~ sb sth:
• The teacher assigned each of the children a different task.
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3. Allot
(کار، وظیفه، زمان و...) اختصاص دادن
• I completed the test within the time allotted.
من آزمون را در زمان تخصیص داده شده تمام کردم.
~ sth to sb/sth:
• How much money has been allotted to us?
چقدر پول به ما اختصاص داده شده است.
~ sb/sth sth:
• How much money have we been allotted?

4. Designate
(نام، ویژگی) به چیزی نسبت دادن، (چیزی را برای کاری) اختصاص دادن
~ sb/sth (as) sth:
• This area has been designated (as) a National Park.
این منطقه بعنوان پارک ملی تعیین شده است.
• This floor has been designated a no-smoking area.
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5. Set Aside
کنار گذاشتن رای چیزی/کاری، اختصاص دادن برای چیزی/کاری
• The governor set aside a day for thanksgiving.
فرماندار یک روز را برای شکرگزاری تعیین کرد.
• £130 million would be set aside for repairs to schools.

6. Earmark
اختصاص دادن برای انجام کاری
~ sb/sth (for sb/sth):
• The money had been earmarked for spending on new school buildings.
پول برای هزینه‌‌ شدن برای ساختمان جديد مدرسه اختصاص داده شده بود.

7. Apportion
تقسیم کردن بین افراد
~ sth among/between/to sb:
• They apportioned the land among members of the family.
آن‌ها زمین را بین اعضای خانواده تقسیم کردند.
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به دو روشمختلف می‌توانیم بپرسیم نسبت فلانی با شما هر شخص دیگری کیست.
Formal:

مازیار چه نسبتی با شما دارد؟
How is Maziar related to you?

آرش چه نسبتی با الهام دارد؟
How is Arash related to Elham?

Informal:

مریم چکاره‌ت می‌شه؟
What is Maryam to you?

آرش چکاره‌ی الهام می‌شه؟
What is Arash to Elham?

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Prefer vs would prefer

Expressing preference
We use prefer to say we like one thing or activity more than another. We can use a prepositional phrase with to when we compare two things or actions:

I prefer tea to coffee.
We prefer going by ferry to flying.

We don’t use than after prefer:

She prefers books to magazines.
Not: She prefers books than magazines.

We can use a to-infinitive or an -ing form after prefer. A to-infinitive is more common.

She’s not keen on coffee. She prefers to drink tea. (or She prefers drinking tea to coffee.)

Would prefer
We use would prefer or ’d prefer, followed by a to-infinitive or a noun, to talk about present and future preferences:

I’d prefer to go by myself.
Would you prefer a quieter restaurant?
She’d prefer not to drive at night.

When we want to say that we would like to do one thing more than another, we can introduce the second thing with rather than, followed by an infinitive without to:

I’d prefer to go skiing this year rather than go on a beach holiday.

When we are talking about our preferences for the actions of another person, we can use would prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive or would prefer it if + past simple:

They’d prefer us to come later. (or They’d prefer it if we came later.)
Would you prefer me to drive? (or Would you prefer it if I drove?)

Typical errors
We use a to-infinitive after prefer, not an infinitive without to:

I prefer to drive.
Not: I prefer drive.
Whenever I have time I like to read but I prefer not to read in the evening.
Not: … but I prefer not read in the evening.

We make comparisons using to or rather than, not just than:

A lot of young people prefer computer games to football. (or A lot of young people not prefer computer games rather than football.)
Not: A lot of young people prefer computer games than football

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Here are some exercises based on the six areas English learners should consider practicing:

1. Intonation:
- Read short passages aloud and focus on varying your intonation to convey different emotions (e.g., excitement, sadness, surprise).
- Practice asking and answering questions with rising and falling intonation patterns.

2. Stress:
- Choose a list of words and practice saying them aloud, emphasizing the correct syllable.
- Try stressing different words in a sentence to see how it changes the meaning and emphasis.

3. Vowel sounds:
- Listen to recordings of native speakers pronouncing words with different vowel sounds, and try to mimic their pronunciation.
- Practice minimal pairs exercises where you contrast words with similar vowel sounds (e.g., ship/sheep, bit/beat).

4. Consonant sounds:
- Focus on pronouncing challenging consonant sounds in isolation and in words (e.g., "th," "r," "zh").
- Practice tongue twisters that target specific consonant sounds you find difficult.

5. Word linking:
- Read sentences aloud and focus on smoothly linking words together without pausing between them.
- Listen to natural speech and transcribe sentences, paying attention to where words are linked together.

6. Reduced forms:
- Practice using contractions in sentences (e.g., "I'm," "you'll," "they've") and pay attention to how they change the rhythm of your speech.
- Listen to recordings of native speakers using weak forms in connected speech and try to imitate them.

You can incorporate these exercises into your daily practice routine to gradually improve your pronunciation skills in each of these areas.

Suggest
 
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We can use the verb suggest with a noun phrase, a that-clause, the -ing form of a verb or a wh-question word (where, what).
Suggest + noun phrase
We can use a noun phrase as the object of suggest:

Can you suggest a good restaurant in this part of town?

If we need to mention the person who receives the suggestion, we use a to-construction:

My teacher suggested an exam I could take at the end of the year. (or My teacher suggested an exam to me which I could take at the end of the year.)
Not: My teacher suggested me an exam …

Suggest + that-clause
When we suggest an action to someone, we can use a that-clause. In informal situations, that is often left out:

I suggest (that) you leave here around four o’clock. The traffic gets very bad from about 4.30 onwards.

When suggest is in the past, we can use should in the that-clause:

Her doctor suggested that she should reduce her working hours and take more exercise.

Suggest + -ing form
We can use suggest with the -ing form of a verb when we mention an action but do not mention the person who will do it, because it is understood in the context:

She suggested travelling together for safety, since the area was so dangerous

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