Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Nobel Prize for Economics
🅾️Propositional knowledge = knowing what and why (scientific principles, e.g. laws of thermodynamics).
⚜️Prescriptive knowledge = knowing how (practical application, e.g. building a steam engine).
⚜️Sustainable innovation needs both =discovery and its scalable application.
🅾️Creative Destruction= Innovation → new products/processes → economic gains. But it also destroys old technologies, firms, and jobs. Hence, innovation must be paired with reskilling and adaptive policy to manage disruption.
🅾️Optimal R&D Investment- Too little R&D = stagnation. Too much =redundant competition. Aghion–Howitt’s model helps governments find the sweet spot where innovation benefits society even when private firms lose profits.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Propositional knowledge = knowing what and why (scientific principles, e.g. laws of thermodynamics).
⚜️Prescriptive knowledge = knowing how (practical application, e.g. building a steam engine).
⚜️Sustainable innovation needs both =discovery and its scalable application.
🅾️Creative Destruction= Innovation → new products/processes → economic gains. But it also destroys old technologies, firms, and jobs. Hence, innovation must be paired with reskilling and adaptive policy to manage disruption.
🅾️Optimal R&D Investment- Too little R&D = stagnation. Too much =redundant competition. Aghion–Howitt’s model helps governments find the sweet spot where innovation benefits society even when private firms lose profits.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
https://www.vkias.com/course/LekhanaWebinar-89313
🅾️Attend the first day of Lekhana Orientation Mains skill building program- Open for all- Register using the link above!
Time and date : 16th oct,2025- 3 PM.
🅾️Attend the first day of Lekhana Orientation Mains skill building program- Open for all- Register using the link above!
Time and date : 16th oct,2025- 3 PM.
VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
https://www.vkias.com/course/LekhanaWebinar-89313 🅾️Attend the first day of Lekhana Orientation Mains skill building program- Open for all- Register using the link above! Time and date : 16th oct,2025- 3 PM.
https://www.vkias.com/course/LekhanaWebinar-89313
Todays session of lekhana answer writing shows what can go wrong for candidates in exam hall- its an open book mock drill- dont fear the lack of content- know why content is the last thing u should worry about . Register yourself to attend the class today at 3 PM.
Just come with a book pen and an open mind. 🙂
Todays session of lekhana answer writing shows what can go wrong for candidates in exam hall- its an open book mock drill- dont fear the lack of content- know why content is the last thing u should worry about . Register yourself to attend the class today at 3 PM.
Just come with a book pen and an open mind. 🙂
Vkias
Lekhana Orientation
✅Gs1- Role of women in Indian society-
✅Gs-2- Judiciary-
🎖PYQ- Gs-2 paper had a question on Women in Judiciary- Click here- This is one dimension of woman empowerment
🅾️UPSC as a role model to bridge gender gap in judiciary- this is the take away
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2- Judiciary-
🎖PYQ- Gs-2 paper had a question on Women in Judiciary- Click here- This is one dimension of woman empowerment
🅾️UPSC as a role model to bridge gender gap in judiciary- this is the take away
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs2- Governance- Decentralized governance- Local governments
🎖Purpose of Local Governments : Click here
⚠️Issue - Urban India contributes nearly two-thirds of national GDP, yet municipalities control less than 1% of total tax revenue-Creates an inversion of democracy.
🌟Most important and novel points here :
⚜️1.Recognise grants and shared taxes as legitimate income.
⚜️2. Base ratings on transparency, audit compliance, and citizen participation.
⚜️3. Allow earmarking of GST or State shares as collateral for municipal borrowing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🎖Purpose of Local Governments : Click here
⚠️Issue - Urban India contributes nearly two-thirds of national GDP, yet municipalities control less than 1% of total tax revenue-Creates an inversion of democracy.
🌟Most important and novel points here :
⚜️1.Recognise grants and shared taxes as legitimate income.
⚜️2. Base ratings on transparency, audit compliance, and citizen participation.
⚜️3. Allow earmarking of GST or State shares as collateral for municipal borrowing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- IMEC- Implications
🅾️India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)=multimodal infrastructure project- between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Israel, extending to Europe via the Haifa Port.Originated during the G20 Summit in New Delhi (2023), with participation from India, the EU, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and the US.
🅾️The initiative followed the Abraham Accords (2020), which had raised hopes for regional peace and economic cooperation.
🅾️COunter to BRI of china
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)=multimodal infrastructure project- between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Israel, extending to Europe via the Haifa Port.Originated during the G20 Summit in New Delhi (2023), with participation from India, the EU, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and the US.
🅾️The initiative followed the Abraham Accords (2020), which had raised hopes for regional peace and economic cooperation.
🅾️COunter to BRI of china
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History #Personalities
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Heritage management- private players (Public-Private Partnerships or PPPs) to manage protected monuments.
🅾️The government proposes involving private companies to manage and maintain ancient monuments, arguing that the existing body, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is overstretched and underfunded. One side of the debate argues that the ASI is a capable constitutional body and the solution is simply to empower and fund the ASI better, warning that private players will prioritize commercialization (gift shops, branding) over real, technical conservation.
🅾️The opposing side argues that the ASI is bureaucratic and lacks modern management expertise; therefore, PPPs are essential to bring in professional management
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Heritage management- private players (Public-Private Partnerships or PPPs) to manage protected monuments.
🅾️The government proposes involving private companies to manage and maintain ancient monuments, arguing that the existing body, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is overstretched and underfunded. One side of the debate argues that the ASI is a capable constitutional body and the solution is simply to empower and fund the ASI better, warning that private players will prioritize commercialization (gift shops, branding) over real, technical conservation.
🅾️The opposing side argues that the ASI is bureaucratic and lacks modern management expertise; therefore, PPPs are essential to bring in professional management
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Indian constitution - Historical underpinnings- evolution of Idea of constitution
🅾️Main point of this article - Central Idea= The Indian Constitution is not the sole work of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar; it was a collaborative effort. Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (Constitutional Adviser) provided the initial working draft and fundamental structure, while Ambedkar, as Chairman of the Drafting Committee, skillfully refined and defended the final document, but was not its original architect.The article warns that reducing Ambedkar's contribution to a mere technical task ignores his radical social and moral philosophy, which was integral to the Constitution.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Main point of this article - Central Idea= The Indian Constitution is not the sole work of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar; it was a collaborative effort. Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (Constitutional Adviser) provided the initial working draft and fundamental structure, while Ambedkar, as Chairman of the Drafting Committee, skillfully refined and defended the final document, but was not its original architect.The article warns that reducing Ambedkar's contribution to a mere technical task ignores his radical social and moral philosophy, which was integral to the Constitution.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs3- Climate change- Carbon markets
🅾️Background : Click here
🅾️Carbon markets- in Agriculture- Agri-carbon market
🅾️Core idea here?- The successful use of the carbon market to fight climate change in India depends entirely on enacting strict legal safeguards to protect vulnerable communities from exploitation- without strict legal mandates for FPIC, transparency in contracts, and a formal mechanism for equitable benefit-sharing, the carbon market will simply become another avenue for powerful corporate interests to exploit community land and labor in the name of "climate action."
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Background : Click here
🅾️Carbon markets- in Agriculture- Agri-carbon market
🅾️Core idea here?- The successful use of the carbon market to fight climate change in India depends entirely on enacting strict legal safeguards to protect vulnerable communities from exploitation- without strict legal mandates for FPIC, transparency in contracts, and a formal mechanism for equitable benefit-sharing, the carbon market will simply become another avenue for powerful corporate interests to exploit community land and labor in the name of "climate action."
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Regional planning
✅Gs-2 : Governance
🅾️Central point here?- Bihar's economic backwardness stems from a complex mix of historical policy failures (like the Green Revolution's overemphasis on low-value agriculture) and an unfavorable political and social culture that has failed to prioritize modern industrialization and capital investment, leading to its current status as a low-income, labor-exporting state. Both the authors are presenting their views on the same .
⚠️Note : Articles like this explain the nature of interlinking across Gs papers needed to handle mains questions in the coming years! - V. imp and interesting to read this kind of articles.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Governance
🅾️Central point here?- Bihar's economic backwardness stems from a complex mix of historical policy failures (like the Green Revolution's overemphasis on low-value agriculture) and an unfavorable political and social culture that has failed to prioritize modern industrialization and capital investment, leading to its current status as a low-income, labor-exporting state. Both the authors are presenting their views on the same .
⚠️Note : Articles like this explain the nature of interlinking across Gs papers needed to handle mains questions in the coming years! - V. imp and interesting to read this kind of articles.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Biotechnology
🅾️Immunology-
🌟Context - India has strong clinical skills, but to become a global leader in medicine, it must also invest in immunology education, research, and innovation.
🔰What are some modern technologies that depend on immunology?
⚜️Vaccines- Click here
⚜️Cancer immunotherapy (like CAR-T)- Click here
⚜️Organ transplants- Click here
⚜️Autoimmune disease treatments
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Immunology-
🌟Context - India has strong clinical skills, but to become a global leader in medicine, it must also invest in immunology education, research, and innovation.
🔰What are some modern technologies that depend on immunology?
⚜️Vaccines- Click here
⚜️Cancer immunotherapy (like CAR-T)- Click here
⚜️Organ transplants- Click here
⚜️Autoimmune disease treatments
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
What if Ethics was EASY?
(Coming Soon!)
Cost -4999/- ( introducing the VK IAS pedagogical method through concept classes. where you learn the art of writing ANY answer through conceptual clarity followed by live answer writing sessions)
https://youtube.com/shorts/D3kbmCSiVI8?feature=share
(Coming Soon!)
Cost -4999/- ( introducing the VK IAS pedagogical method through concept classes. where you learn the art of writing ANY answer through conceptual clarity followed by live answer writing sessions)
https://youtube.com/shorts/D3kbmCSiVI8?feature=share
⚠️Join this Ethics Current affairs repository channel of VK IAS -
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
Telegram
UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
Ethics for UPSC and beyond :)
News analysis of VK IAS - @hinduhighlights
Prelims shortnotes : @upschighlights
For Enquries regarding UPSC CSE mentorship programs by Vikas kanukollu sir and team please contact : @Vk_ias
News analysis of VK IAS - @hinduhighlights
Prelims shortnotes : @upschighlights
For Enquries regarding UPSC CSE mentorship programs by Vikas kanukollu sir and team please contact : @Vk_ias
✅Gs2 - Criminal justice system -Criminal justice system- CBI
🅾️State of West Bengal v. CPDR (2010)- Sc said CBI transfer only if state investigation is demonstrably tainted or ineffective.
🅾️Eknath Shinde vs. Maharashtra (2022)- Judicial intervention must respect separation of powers and federal principle.
⚠️Problem: Judicial overreach — shifting investigation without factual failure of the SIT weakens federal balance.
⚜️Risk: Frequent CBI takeovers based on perception can erode the credibility of state institutions and judicial restraint.
🅾️Q) Can higher courts order a CBI investigation without state consent if there is a violation of fundamental rights or if there is a substantial question of law?- Click here
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🅾️State of West Bengal v. CPDR (2010)- Sc said CBI transfer only if state investigation is demonstrably tainted or ineffective.
🅾️Eknath Shinde vs. Maharashtra (2022)- Judicial intervention must respect separation of powers and federal principle.
⚠️Problem: Judicial overreach — shifting investigation without factual failure of the SIT weakens federal balance.
⚜️Risk: Frequent CBI takeovers based on perception can erode the credibility of state institutions and judicial restraint.
🅾️Q) Can higher courts order a CBI investigation without state consent if there is a violation of fundamental rights or if there is a substantial question of law?- Click here
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
#Polity
✅Gs 2- RPA- Aadhar card- voter link- Click here
🅾️ Indian constitutional issues-Fundamental rights- Aadhar- Click here
🅾️RPA- linking AAdhar with EPIC/ voter ID card-Advantages for migrants?- Click here
🅾️Indian constitutional issues- Aadhar vs right to privacy- Click here
📍Also read relevance of Aadhar in delivering public services and containing leakages- Click here
🔰The EC possesses massive digital infrastructure (Aadhaar, ECI-Net), but lacks:
⚜️1. Analytical audits
⚜️2. System-level anomaly detection
⚜️3. Transparency in algorithmic verification
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs 2- RPA- Aadhar card- voter link- Click here
🅾️ Indian constitutional issues-Fundamental rights- Aadhar- Click here
🅾️RPA- linking AAdhar with EPIC/ voter ID card-Advantages for migrants?- Click here
🅾️Indian constitutional issues- Aadhar vs right to privacy- Click here
📍Also read relevance of Aadhar in delivering public services and containing leakages- Click here
🔰The EC possesses massive digital infrastructure (Aadhaar, ECI-Net), but lacks:
⚜️1. Analytical audits
⚜️2. System-level anomaly detection
⚜️3. Transparency in algorithmic verification
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History #Personalities
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Gs-1 : Role of women
🔰Q) Trace the continuity of women’s assertion for selfhood from ancient Indian texts to contemporary movements.
⚜️Across two millennia, Indian women’s protest has changed its method from using Pali verses to coming out on streets for justice through slogans . But its essence remains the same: to reclaim the right to think, to choose, and to be heard.
⚜️Therigatha (6th century BCE): 73 verses by early Buddhist nuns — earliest female voices of freedom. Buddha’s call to Tissa: “Train yourself, don’t let what can hold you back overwhelm you.”
🅾️Concept of Swatantra Stree = a woman free to learn, love, travel, and live without fear.
🅾️Maitreyi rejected wealth for spiritual knowledge; Gargi debated metaphysics with Yajnavalkya = women as philosophical equals.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Gs-1 : Role of women
🔰Q) Trace the continuity of women’s assertion for selfhood from ancient Indian texts to contemporary movements.
⚜️Across two millennia, Indian women’s protest has changed its method from using Pali verses to coming out on streets for justice through slogans . But its essence remains the same: to reclaim the right to think, to choose, and to be heard.
⚜️Therigatha (6th century BCE): 73 verses by early Buddhist nuns — earliest female voices of freedom. Buddha’s call to Tissa: “Train yourself, don’t let what can hold you back overwhelm you.”
🅾️Concept of Swatantra Stree = a woman free to learn, love, travel, and live without fear.
🅾️Maitreyi rejected wealth for spiritual knowledge; Gargi debated metaphysics with Yajnavalkya = women as philosophical equals.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
SnT
✅GS3- Science and tech- space- Sun- Aditya L1 mission
🅾️Also read The ARIES facility -understanding solar physics and space weather is not an academic pursuit alone- its self sufficiency- Most space-weather predictions today come from U.S. or European systems.
Aditya-L1 + India’s solar telescope → build indigenous capability for forecasting solar storms. Click here
➡️Take away : Look at the various Telescopes - in different frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum- Why ?- Click here
🅾️This is because light of different wavelengths interacts differently with matter:
⚜️Shorter wavelengths (X-ray, UV)= reveal high-energy, hot plasma phenomena.
⚜️Longer wavelengths (infrared, radio) = reveal cooler, diffuse structures.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅GS3- Science and tech- space- Sun- Aditya L1 mission
🅾️Also read The ARIES facility -understanding solar physics and space weather is not an academic pursuit alone- its self sufficiency- Most space-weather predictions today come from U.S. or European systems.
Aditya-L1 + India’s solar telescope → build indigenous capability for forecasting solar storms. Click here
➡️Take away : Look at the various Telescopes - in different frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum- Why ?- Click here
🅾️This is because light of different wavelengths interacts differently with matter:
⚜️Shorter wavelengths (X-ray, UV)= reveal high-energy, hot plasma phenomena.
⚜️Longer wavelengths (infrared, radio) = reveal cooler, diffuse structures.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu