✅Gs-2 : Centre-state relations- Fiscal federalism

🅾️ Fiscal federalism- V. Important article - Prepared detailed notes. MUST read this- Click here

⚠️Fiscal Federalism and State Borrowing-Kerala's challenge to the Centre's limit on State borrowing highlights tensions in India's fiscal federalism structure.

🅾️States' Role in Social Spending- States shoulder the majority of spending on social sectors like health and education, which directly impact people's lives.

🅾️Kerala's Fiscal Situation in 2023-24- Decreasing transfers from the Union government and limited ability to raise own revenue. Kerala's planned borrowing exceeds the Centre's 3% of GSDP limit=Debt-financed spending can be beneficial if used to create incomes and jobs, potentially addressing challenges like aging population and outmigration faced by Kerala and other future states.

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✅Gs-2 : Criminal Justice system

🔥Largest criminal justice reform measures in Indian history- Click here

🅾️Context : Critical examination of select sections within the recently enacted Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023

⚠️Specific Provisions Critiqued : Section 106(2), Section 112 ("Petty organized crime"), Section 303(2) ("Theft"), Section 143 (6) and (7) ("Human trafficking")- Supreme Court ruling in Mithu vs State of Punjab (1983)

🛑WHAT POINTS TO FOCUS ON

⚜️1. Disproportionate punishment- potential for excessive punishment (Section 106(2)) without considering all circumstances could be problematic.

⚜️2. Self-reporting in accident cases - against FR

⚜️3. "Petty organized crime" definition lacks clarity

⚜️4. Non-cognizable status for minor theft could create hurdles for victims,

⚜️5. Mandatory life imprisonment for certain trafficking offenses takes away the judge's ability to individualize punishments

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🔰Please read these Learnings from CSP 2021- PART 1-

The above post is the context - CLick here

Not many useful articles today

✅Gs 2- Indian constitutional issues-Fundamental rights

🛑Government can now allow private companies for aadhar authentication- which was against SC judgement - V. IMP development - Click here

🔰Context : Using Aadhaar-based age tokens to address privacy concerns- context of India's new Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023=aims to strike a balance between protecting the online privacy and meeting the regulatory requirements for age verification

🛑How does it work?

⚜️1. Age Tokens: Instead of sharing personal information, users would generate a digital token- authentication happens through Aadhar.

⚜️2. Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs): cryptographic tokens can prove that a user is of a certain age without revealing their specific date of birth

🛑Why is it good?

⚜️1.Privacy: You control what information gets shared.

⚜️2. Security: It's very hard to fake these tokens.

‼️Also read - Masked Aadhar

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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- AI- the road ahead.

🅾️The central thesis of the article = true understanding of artificial intelligence, particularly when it comes to achieving the level of intelligence akin to human cognition, is unlikely to be derived purely from empirical data and inductive reasoning.

🅾️AI, as it stands, cannot deduce or simulate the same understanding of the world as a human being because it does not grasp the underlying physical and chemical processes of reality.

🔰Solution : path forward involves the development of an explanatory theory of AI. Such a theory would need to explain how AI could replicate the breadth of human cognition, including abductive reasoning and the creation of scientific theories


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✅Gs-2 : Fiscal federalism

🅾️while the central government's fiscal metrics are commonly discussed and scrutinized, state budgets, which are critical components of public finance, also deserve close attention

🅾️ There is often an optimistic bias in state budget projections, which might not materialize due to various fiscal pressures and real-world challenges.

🅾️Big variation in grants. States don't always get the grant money they expect from the Central Government, causing budget problems.

🅾️States are borrowing way more. This is concerning if they can't pay it back and could lead to a crisis

👉🏻Ex : Kerala's Fiscal Situation in 2023-24- Click here

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