#Environment
✅Gs3- Conservation - Problem with the classification of India's ecosystem as wastelands-
🔴A highly informative article for both prelims and mains- Click here
Q) What do you mean by a wasteland- what are the problems associated with the definition of a wasteland? Critically analyze- click here
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✅Gs3- Conservation - Problem with the classification of India's ecosystem as wastelands-
🔴A highly informative article for both prelims and mains- Click here
Q) What do you mean by a wasteland- what are the problems associated with the definition of a wasteland? Critically analyze- click here
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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✅Gs-2 : Role of civil services in democracy
✅GS-2 : Education/ Govt policies and their implementation- Need for National Education Service- just like IAS
🅾️Need for continuous adaptation in education to meet the evolving economic and technological demands- Click here
🅾️Structural Issues Leading to Overestimation of Job Creation- Click here
🅾️single most important article if you were to understand the demand of UPSC- Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅GS-2 : Education/ Govt policies and their implementation- Need for National Education Service- just like IAS
🅾️Need for continuous adaptation in education to meet the evolving economic and technological demands- Click here
🅾️Structural Issues Leading to Overestimation of Job Creation- Click here
🅾️single most important article if you were to understand the demand of UPSC- Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Industries- Ship building industry
📍Context : India's Maritime India Vision 2030 focuses on logistics, infrastructure, and environmental concerns but lacks in areas like ship manufacturing and addressing the need for shipyards to handle larger vessel- Click here
🅾️But even this industry is undergoing a transition towards decarbonization-Environment- India- LT-LEDS
🅾️What other news can be looked at from the lens of the issue of circular economy?- Also read Ship breaking industry- Click here
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📍Context : India's Maritime India Vision 2030 focuses on logistics, infrastructure, and environmental concerns but lacks in areas like ship manufacturing and addressing the need for shipyards to handle larger vessel- Click here
🅾️But even this industry is undergoing a transition towards decarbonization-Environment- India- LT-LEDS
🅾️What other news can be looked at from the lens of the issue of circular economy?- Also read Ship breaking industry- Click here
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Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive Growth- Inequality- A very important article
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality. he World Bank's “Inequality and Equity Brief” (April 2024) reported that India ranks among the bottom four globally in income inequality. This sparked debate because the data from India’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 shows a decline in inequality, not a rise.
⚜️High-income individuals save/invest more, poor households consume most of what they earn → makes consumption more equal even when incomes differ.
⚜️Media often uses pre-tax data to say top 1% earn massively.
⚜️But post-tax + subsidy data shows the bottom 50% gets more net benefit.
⚜️Top 1% pay 42% of all direct taxes, but post-subsidy, inequality is softened.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality. he World Bank's “Inequality and Equity Brief” (April 2024) reported that India ranks among the bottom four globally in income inequality. This sparked debate because the data from India’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 shows a decline in inequality, not a rise.
⚜️High-income individuals save/invest more, poor households consume most of what they earn → makes consumption more equal even when incomes differ.
⚜️Media often uses pre-tax data to say top 1% earn massively.
⚜️But post-tax + subsidy data shows the bottom 50% gets more net benefit.
⚜️Top 1% pay 42% of all direct taxes, but post-subsidy, inequality is softened.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
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🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it work?- Based on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme framework—targets low-productivity districts.
🅾️Why? - Budgetary allocation is shrinking
⚠️What should we be careful about?- Should not become centralisation in disguise-
⚜️So Build District Agri Planning Units under Gram Panchayats + Krishi Vigyan Kendras+ Increase capital expenditure in agri-R&D, irrigation, infrastructure+ Mandate 60:40 centre-state contribution, with incentives for local innovations
⚜️Align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger), and integrate it with One District One Product (ODOP) and Digital Public Infrastructure in agri-Click here
🔰Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
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Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
✅Gs-3 : Disaster management- Case study- Himachal Pradesh
✅Gs -1 : Geography- Impact of climate change on climate
🅾️ How spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is changing with climate change- click here
🅾️What are Cloudbursts?- Click here
🔰What do you need to fix this problem?- 4C–2D–1R
⚜️C1: Climate Risk Mapping
⚜️C2: Capacity at local level
⚜️C3: Coordination between depts
⚜️C4: Communication clarity
⚜️D1: Decentralized Implementation
⚜️D2: Disaster Anticipation Systems
⚜️R: Resilient Infrastructure Redesign
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✅Gs -1 : Geography- Impact of climate change on climate
🅾️ How spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is changing with climate change- click here
🅾️What are Cloudbursts?- Click here
🔰What do you need to fix this problem?- 4C–2D–1R
⚜️C1: Climate Risk Mapping
⚜️C2: Capacity at local level
⚜️C3: Coordination between depts
⚜️C4: Communication clarity
⚜️D1: Decentralized Implementation
⚜️D2: Disaster Anticipation Systems
⚜️R: Resilient Infrastructure Redesign
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news seggregated at one place
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#Economy
✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
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✅Gs3- Mobilization of resources- FDI inflows- Background - Read here
🅾️FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) includes two components:
⚜️a) Gross Inflows — new investments made by foreign companies in India.
⚜️b) Outflows — money flowing out, such as profits repatriated by these companies or when they disinvest.
⚠️Net FDI = Inflows – Outflows= India received $81 billion gross FDI, but…After subtracting outflows, the net retained FDI was only $0.35 billion — a 96% drop, lowest in 20 years. This means: India attracted money, but couldn’t retain it due to high profit repatriation and low reinvestment.
🅾️2. What is “dividend repatriation and reduced reinvestment”? - Dividend repatriation: Foreign companies earn profits in India, then send this money back to their home country- Reduced reinvestment.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
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✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments- click here
PM DHANYA KRISHI YOJANA Game Changer for Farmers || UPSC Gs-3
https://youtu.be/8P0fCaXG8WA
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments- click here
PM DHANYA KRISHI YOJANA Game Changer for Farmers || UPSC Gs-3
https://youtu.be/8P0fCaXG8WA
Telegram
VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Agriculture- Value chain of Agriculture
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it…
🅾️Context : PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)-A mega umbrella scheme approved by the Cabinet, aiming to converge 36 existing Central and State-level schemes across 11 departments
🅾️How will it…
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive Growth- Inequality- A very important article
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality- Click here
🅾️ MUST READ- This is a timeless article- For all stages of the exam!- What is middle income trap?
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Crucial Clarification on Income Inequality: Income inequality ≠ Consumption inequality- Click here
🅾️ MUST READ- This is a timeless article- For all stages of the exam!- What is middle income trap?
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Presidential Reference- Click here
⚠️Watch this Video : https://youtu.be/r5A4K3blrQQ
🅾️What are the legal and constitutional limitations of a Presidential Reference (Article 143)?
⚜️SC can only answer questions framed by the President.Cannot expand scope or deal with unrelated matters.
⚜️In the Cauvery Tribunal Reference, SC said Article 143 cannot be used to seek a review of settled judicial decisions.Only options: Review or Curative Petition (Articles 137 & 142).A Presidential Reference is an advisory tool, not a judicial hammer. It cannot overturn judgments, though its moral force may shape executive action or future judicial reasoning.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️Watch this Video : https://youtu.be/r5A4K3blrQQ
🅾️What are the legal and constitutional limitations of a Presidential Reference (Article 143)?
⚜️SC can only answer questions framed by the President.Cannot expand scope or deal with unrelated matters.
⚜️In the Cauvery Tribunal Reference, SC said Article 143 cannot be used to seek a review of settled judicial decisions.Only options: Review or Curative Petition (Articles 137 & 142).A Presidential Reference is an advisory tool, not a judicial hammer. It cannot overturn judgments, though its moral force may shape executive action or future judicial reasoning.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs- 2- Govt.policies- Swach bharat mission
🅾️Old casestudy- peddapalli-cleanest dist- Click here
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Impact of caste on the aspect of sanitation- Click here
🔰Swachh Survekshan (2024-25) under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban- Imp takeaways :
1. Cleanliness is now more democratised and not confined to major metros- through Super Swachh League
2. Read about the Innovations driving improvement- Decentralised waste segregation models like Indore
⚜️Bottom- up principle of Kerala-Campaign Vruthi - Click here
⚜️Indore → Segregates into 6 categories of waste; earns revenue via sewage reuse.
⚜️Pune → Cooperatives of waste pickers for inclusive management.
⚜️Lucknow → Power from waste incineration.
⚜️Agra → Converted a toxic dump site into a green zone
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@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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🅾️Old casestudy- peddapalli-cleanest dist- Click here
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Impact of caste on the aspect of sanitation- Click here
🔰Swachh Survekshan (2024-25) under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban- Imp takeaways :
1. Cleanliness is now more democratised and not confined to major metros- through Super Swachh League
2. Read about the Innovations driving improvement- Decentralised waste segregation models like Indore
⚜️Bottom- up principle of Kerala-Campaign Vruthi - Click here
⚜️Indore → Segregates into 6 categories of waste; earns revenue via sewage reuse.
⚜️Pune → Cooperatives of waste pickers for inclusive management.
⚜️Lucknow → Power from waste incineration.
⚜️Agra → Converted a toxic dump site into a green zone
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- India- UK FTA
🅾️'India-U.K. Vision 2035' framework : India and the United Kingdom signed a Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (FTA) on July 24, 2025.
🅾️Farmer & MSME Benefits: Indian farmers and MSMEs gain better export opportunities to the UK with reduced tariffs and improved market access.
🅾️Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): A parallel agreement ensures employees working across borders aren't doubly taxed for up to three years in one country at a time.
🅾️Public Health Concerns : easier entry of unhealthy foods (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt – HFSS) into India-Just like in NAFTA- deal Mexico saw a spike in HFSS consumption and health problems due to lack of public health safeguards. India relies on industry self-regulation for advertising (e.g., misleading food ads targeting children). Existing laws are weak, leading to ineffective health protection.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️'India-U.K. Vision 2035' framework : India and the United Kingdom signed a Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (FTA) on July 24, 2025.
🅾️Farmer & MSME Benefits: Indian farmers and MSMEs gain better export opportunities to the UK with reduced tariffs and improved market access.
🅾️Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): A parallel agreement ensures employees working across borders aren't doubly taxed for up to three years in one country at a time.
🅾️Public Health Concerns : easier entry of unhealthy foods (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt – HFSS) into India-Just like in NAFTA- deal Mexico saw a spike in HFSS consumption and health problems due to lack of public health safeguards. India relies on industry self-regulation for advertising (e.g., misleading food ads targeting children). Existing laws are weak, leading to ineffective health protection.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : RPA- Powers of Election Commission
🅾️How is electoral roll revision supposed to happen?-Four permissible triggers (Rule 5, Registration of Electors Rules, 1960)?- Click here
🅾️Issue : Constitutional mandate (Art. 324, 326) → Representation of People Act, 1950 → Citizenship vs. Residence distinction → Vulnerability of migrant populations → Documentary requirements and exclusion risk → Judicial oversight/SC directions → Political and administrative roles and checks
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️How is electoral roll revision supposed to happen?-Four permissible triggers (Rule 5, Registration of Electors Rules, 1960)?- Click here
🅾️Issue : Constitutional mandate (Art. 324, 326) → Representation of People Act, 1950 → Citizenship vs. Residence distinction → Vulnerability of migrant populations → Documentary requirements and exclusion risk → Judicial oversight/SC directions → Political and administrative roles and checks
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology-Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology- MS Swaminathan
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Bengal famine as an event- shaped the attitude of MS swaminathan
🅾️ Swaminathan flagged mangroves’ role in climate change mitigation (Tokyo Human Response Conference).Rise in sea level → soil salinisation → loss of productivity=Cyclone rise → coastal damage
🅾️Swaminathan proposed: Salt-tolerant crop research+ Integrated mangrove management-1990, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) founded.1992: GLOMIS created (Global Mangrove Database) → tracks species, experts, conservation research.
⚠️ FOR PRELIMS : Fishbone method =mangrove restoration technique (NOT fish farming)
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Bengal famine as an event- shaped the attitude of MS swaminathan
🅾️ Swaminathan flagged mangroves’ role in climate change mitigation (Tokyo Human Response Conference).Rise in sea level → soil salinisation → loss of productivity=Cyclone rise → coastal damage
🅾️Swaminathan proposed: Salt-tolerant crop research+ Integrated mangrove management-1990, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) founded.1992: GLOMIS created (Global Mangrove Database) → tracks species, experts, conservation research.
⚠️ FOR PRELIMS : Fishbone method =
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- India's National Security Strategy- India-Pakistan Relations- Click here
🅾️Shift in approach - Doctrine of proactive retaliation: “Surgical strikes” (2016), Balakot (2019)
🅾️Also watch this- Air defense systems- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URkoBVUlplY
⚠️Takeaway : Pahalgam is to counter-terror ops what Kargil was to conventional warfare. It marks a shift in how India retaliates to asymmetric threats.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Shift in approach - Doctrine of proactive retaliation: “Surgical strikes” (2016), Balakot (2019)
🅾️Also watch this- Air defense systems- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URkoBVUlplY
⚠️Takeaway : Pahalgam is to counter-terror ops what Kargil was to conventional warfare. It marks a shift in how India retaliates to asymmetric threats.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
#Disaster
✅GS1- Geography
✅GS3- Disaster management
🔴What is a Glacial lake and what is a Glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF)? Why are they increasing- GLOF = Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Sudden release of water from glacial lakes, typically due to dam (moraine/ice) failure.- Click here
🅾️River most impacted: Bhote Koshi River (major transboundary river flowing into Nepal).
⚠️n 2023, India finalised its 1stnational GLOF mitigation programme
🅾️Tech measures
1. Automatic Weather Stations (AWS): Installed in Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
2. Early warning systems (EWS) being piloted.
3. Real-time water discharge sensors installed.
4. Landslide-prone areas mapped for prioritisation.
🌟Pilot projects: Artificial draining of lakes, risk modelling, glacier-lake volume studies.
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news seggregated at one place
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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✅GS1- Geography
✅GS3- Disaster management
🔴What is a Glacial lake and what is a Glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF)? Why are they increasing- GLOF = Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Sudden release of water from glacial lakes, typically due to dam (moraine/ice) failure.- Click here
🅾️River most impacted: Bhote Koshi River (major transboundary river flowing into Nepal).
⚠️n 2023, India finalised its 1st
🅾️Tech measures
1. Automatic Weather Stations (AWS): Installed in Uttarakhand, Sikkim.
2. Early warning systems (EWS) being piloted.
3. Real-time water discharge sensors installed.
4. Landslide-prone areas mapped for prioritisation.
🌟Pilot projects: Artificial draining of lakes, risk modelling, glacier-lake volume studies.
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news seggregated at one place
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu