✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Affirmative action- Affirmative action( Reservation)- Indira sawhney case, jarnail singh case and nagaraj case 2006- click here
🅾️Should reservations exceed the 50% cap?- Reservation beyond 50% cap is both a legal and sociological question.
🅾️Maratha quota case- Click here
🅾️EWS SC judgement- Notions of Equality- Click here
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Should reservations exceed the 50% cap?- Reservation beyond 50% cap is both a legal and sociological question.
🅾️Maratha quota case- Click here
🅾️EWS SC judgement- Notions of Equality- Click here
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Judicial appointments- issues
🅾️Almost 6 years ago there was an article- Is Judicary being subverted by the government?- Click here and read this for the context
🅾️Why is NJAC being revisited now?Recent Cash Seizure at HC Judge’s Residence-Triggered debate on accountability of judiciary- Click here.
⚠️Issue- Concealing dissent from the public creates mistrust. Without openness, the judiciary risks being seen as arbitrary, eroding its authority.
🔰Argument: revealing dissent could harm reputations of candidates not selected.
⚜️Counterpoint: democracy requires transparency; Britain’s JAC or South Africa’s JSC disclose criteria and reasoning openly. Secrecy undermines legitimacy rather than protecting it.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Almost 6 years ago there was an article- Is Judicary being subverted by the government?- Click here and read this for the context
🅾️Why is NJAC being revisited now?Recent Cash Seizure at HC Judge’s Residence-Triggered debate on accountability of judiciary- Click here.
⚠️Issue- Concealing dissent from the public creates mistrust. Without openness, the judiciary risks being seen as arbitrary, eroding its authority.
🔰Argument: revealing dissent could harm reputations of candidates not selected.
⚜️Counterpoint: democracy requires transparency; Britain’s JAC or South Africa’s JSC disclose criteria and reasoning openly. Secrecy undermines legitimacy rather than protecting it.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-1- Society- Urbanization
🅾️Watch this video : https://youtu.be/ZcirvjHozg8?feature=shared
⚜️Smart City Reference Framework should ideally address the following components- Click here
🔰Brazil – Urban Flood Management: Brazil, with over 80% of its population living in urban areas, has shifted its approach to flood management.The country has moved beyond only canalisation and structural flood control, adopting a more integrated urban flood management approach that includes nature-based solutions and city-wide flood warning systems.
🔰Chennai – Flood Early Warning System: Chennai has adopted a city-level flood forecasting and warning system. Chennai is working on improving stormwater management and building preparedness to support vulnerable populations during extreme weather events.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Watch this video : https://youtu.be/ZcirvjHozg8?feature=shared
⚜️Smart City Reference Framework should ideally address the following components- Click here
🔰Brazil – Urban Flood Management: Brazil, with over 80% of its population living in urban areas, has shifted its approach to flood management.The country has moved beyond only canalisation and structural flood control, adopting a more integrated urban flood management approach that includes nature-based solutions and city-wide flood warning systems.
🔰Chennai – Flood Early Warning System: Chennai has adopted a city-level flood forecasting and warning system. Chennai is working on improving stormwater management and building preparedness to support vulnerable populations during extreme weather events.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- FDI
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
✅Gs-1 : Urbanization- Case study- Kerala
🅾️Take this as a case study for UPSC mains and interviews :
🅾️Importance- Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)- first state-level urban commission in India (2023), tasked with designing a 25-year urbanization roadmap for the state.
🅾️Recommendations (Structured into Four Areas)
⚜️1. Climate & Risk-aware Zoning:Use high-resolution LiDAR mapping of landslides, coastal inundation, flood-prone zones
⚜️2. Build real-time observatories (climate, hazards, population dashboards).
⚜️3. Finance- “Janashree” programme → recruit/deploy youth in city governance.
⚜️4. Governance Innovation: Replace bureaucratic rule with city cabinets led by mayors.
⚠️ Trap: Don’t confuse KUPC with Smart Cities Mission. KUPC is state-level systemic planning body.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Take this as a case study for UPSC mains and interviews :
🅾️Importance- Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)- first state-level urban commission in India (2023), tasked with designing a 25-year urbanization roadmap for the state.
🅾️Recommendations (Structured into Four Areas)
⚜️1. Climate & Risk-aware Zoning:Use high-resolution LiDAR mapping of landslides, coastal inundation, flood-prone zones
⚜️2. Build real-time observatories (climate, hazards, population dashboards).
⚜️3. Finance- “Janashree” programme → recruit/deploy youth in city governance.
⚜️4. Governance Innovation: Replace bureaucratic rule with city cabinets led by mayors.
⚠️ Trap: Don’t confuse KUPC with Smart Cities Mission. KUPC is state-level systemic planning body.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History
✅Gs-1 : History - Harappan Language and Script- Note -Script ≠ language.
🔰Facts :
1. Harappan script: ~2600–1900 BCE, undeciphered.
2. Average inscription length: 5 signs.
3. Found on seals, pottery, amulets.
4. No bilingual inscription (unlike Brahmi).
5. Ministry of Culture conference (Sept 2024) on decipherment.
🔰Analysis :
1. There are Multiple hypotheses: Sanskrit, Dravidian, tribal (Santali, Gondi).
2. Decipherment requires bilingual artefact and rigorous interdisciplinary methods.
3. Language evolves; one-to-one mapping uncertain.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : History - Harappan Language and Script- Note -Script ≠ language.
🔰Facts :
1. Harappan script: ~2600–1900 BCE, undeciphered.
2. Average inscription length: 5 signs.
3. Found on seals, pottery, amulets.
4. No bilingual inscription (unlike Brahmi).
5. Ministry of Culture conference (Sept 2024) on decipherment.
🔰Analysis :
1. There are Multiple hypotheses: Sanskrit, Dravidian, tribal (Santali, Gondi).
2. Decipherment requires bilingual artefact and rigorous interdisciplinary methods.
3. Language evolves; one-to-one mapping uncertain.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Transhumanism
🅾️This is useful in essay also- Transhumanism = effort to transform human condition via science & technology.
⚠️Imp- idea- Critics argue mortality defines humanity; engineered immortality risks erasing humility and meaning.
⚜️Religious traditions caution against “playing God.”
⚜️Posthumanism: even more radical → dissolving boundaries between humans, animals, and machines.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️This is useful in essay also- Transhumanism = effort to transform human condition via science & technology.
⚠️Imp- idea- Critics argue mortality defines humanity; engineered immortality risks erasing humility and meaning.
⚜️Religious traditions caution against “playing God.”
⚜️Posthumanism: even more radical → dissolving boundaries between humans, animals, and machines.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅In this age of information overload- clarity is the casuality.
⚠️ Materials are free- but not your time and attention span! Track your outcomes- not your hours.
⚜️Why most UPSC aspirants waste their time between September and January?- Hear this from AIR 11- Shivani! - https://youtu.be/KYtFzIQjIYA?si=AhENEXt-nZoA5VH5
🌟Also in the interest of the larger UPSC aspirant community- I will be sharing a few insights from my learnings about the mental blocks that even the most intelligent aspirants face.
🎖Please Subscribe on Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️ Materials are free- but not your time and attention span! Track your outcomes- not your hours.
⚜️Why most UPSC aspirants waste their time between September and January?- Hear this from AIR 11- Shivani! - https://youtu.be/KYtFzIQjIYA?si=AhENEXt-nZoA5VH5
🌟Also in the interest of the larger UPSC aspirant community- I will be sharing a few insights from my learnings about the mental blocks that even the most intelligent aspirants face.
🎖Please Subscribe on Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs- 2 : IR- India and srilanka
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- SCO
🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Internal security- Left wing extremism
🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
✅Please subscribe and wait for this insightful talk in this week
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Plastic treaty
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel