Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- FDI
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
✅Gs-1 : Urbanization- Case study- Kerala
🅾️Take this as a case study for UPSC mains and interviews :
🅾️Importance- Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)- first state-level urban commission in India (2023), tasked with designing a 25-year urbanization roadmap for the state.
🅾️Recommendations (Structured into Four Areas)
⚜️1. Climate & Risk-aware Zoning:Use high-resolution LiDAR mapping of landslides, coastal inundation, flood-prone zones
⚜️2. Build real-time observatories (climate, hazards, population dashboards).
⚜️3. Finance- “Janashree” programme → recruit/deploy youth in city governance.
⚜️4. Governance Innovation: Replace bureaucratic rule with city cabinets led by mayors.
⚠️ Trap: Don’t confuse KUPC with Smart Cities Mission. KUPC is state-level systemic planning body.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Take this as a case study for UPSC mains and interviews :
🅾️Importance- Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)- first state-level urban commission in India (2023), tasked with designing a 25-year urbanization roadmap for the state.
🅾️Recommendations (Structured into Four Areas)
⚜️1. Climate & Risk-aware Zoning:Use high-resolution LiDAR mapping of landslides, coastal inundation, flood-prone zones
⚜️2. Build real-time observatories (climate, hazards, population dashboards).
⚜️3. Finance- “Janashree” programme → recruit/deploy youth in city governance.
⚜️4. Governance Innovation: Replace bureaucratic rule with city cabinets led by mayors.
⚠️ Trap: Don’t confuse KUPC with Smart Cities Mission. KUPC is state-level systemic planning body.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History
✅Gs-1 : History - Harappan Language and Script- Note -Script ≠ language.
🔰Facts :
1. Harappan script: ~2600–1900 BCE, undeciphered.
2. Average inscription length: 5 signs.
3. Found on seals, pottery, amulets.
4. No bilingual inscription (unlike Brahmi).
5. Ministry of Culture conference (Sept 2024) on decipherment.
🔰Analysis :
1. There are Multiple hypotheses: Sanskrit, Dravidian, tribal (Santali, Gondi).
2. Decipherment requires bilingual artefact and rigorous interdisciplinary methods.
3. Language evolves; one-to-one mapping uncertain.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : History - Harappan Language and Script- Note -Script ≠ language.
🔰Facts :
1. Harappan script: ~2600–1900 BCE, undeciphered.
2. Average inscription length: 5 signs.
3. Found on seals, pottery, amulets.
4. No bilingual inscription (unlike Brahmi).
5. Ministry of Culture conference (Sept 2024) on decipherment.
🔰Analysis :
1. There are Multiple hypotheses: Sanskrit, Dravidian, tribal (Santali, Gondi).
2. Decipherment requires bilingual artefact and rigorous interdisciplinary methods.
3. Language evolves; one-to-one mapping uncertain.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Transhumanism
🅾️This is useful in essay also- Transhumanism = effort to transform human condition via science & technology.
⚠️Imp- idea- Critics argue mortality defines humanity; engineered immortality risks erasing humility and meaning.
⚜️Religious traditions caution against “playing God.”
⚜️Posthumanism: even more radical → dissolving boundaries between humans, animals, and machines.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️This is useful in essay also- Transhumanism = effort to transform human condition via science & technology.
⚠️Imp- idea- Critics argue mortality defines humanity; engineered immortality risks erasing humility and meaning.
⚜️Religious traditions caution against “playing God.”
⚜️Posthumanism: even more radical → dissolving boundaries between humans, animals, and machines.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅In this age of information overload- clarity is the casuality.
⚠️ Materials are free- but not your time and attention span! Track your outcomes- not your hours.
⚜️Why most UPSC aspirants waste their time between September and January?- Hear this from AIR 11- Shivani! - https://youtu.be/KYtFzIQjIYA?si=AhENEXt-nZoA5VH5
🌟Also in the interest of the larger UPSC aspirant community- I will be sharing a few insights from my learnings about the mental blocks that even the most intelligent aspirants face.
🎖Please Subscribe on Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️ Materials are free- but not your time and attention span! Track your outcomes- not your hours.
⚜️Why most UPSC aspirants waste their time between September and January?- Hear this from AIR 11- Shivani! - https://youtu.be/KYtFzIQjIYA?si=AhENEXt-nZoA5VH5
🌟Also in the interest of the larger UPSC aspirant community- I will be sharing a few insights from my learnings about the mental blocks that even the most intelligent aspirants face.
🎖Please Subscribe on Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs- 2 : IR- India and srilanka
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- SCO
🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Internal security- Left wing extremism
🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
✅Please subscribe and wait for this insightful talk in this week
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Plastic treaty
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Tariff impact on Agriculture
🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Criminal Justice system- Art 21- SC guidelines on DNA analysis
🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs 2 : Judiciary- as a protector of constitutional rights-Waqf act amendment- Sc judgements
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Criminal Justice system- Bail law reform - Already discussed- click here
🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu