✅Gs- 2 : IR- India and srilanka
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Explained: What is the conflict between Lankan navy and Indian fishermen?- Click here
⚜️In short :
🅾️As per UNCLOS- The territorial waters extend seaward up to 12 nautical miles from baselines of a country. Using the bottom trawling fishing method, they drag large fishing nets along the seabed- not sustainable
🅾️Point of contention : Katchatheevu Island Issue-Click here
🔰take away : Katchatheevu is legally ceded to Sri Lanka (1974 treaty). India cannot “take it back” without violating treaty law.
⚜️Cooperative frameworks:Similar to Baltic Sea Fisheries Convention & EU fish quotas
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- SCO
🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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🅾️Significance of SCO for India- Click here
⚠️SCO expanded to include India and Pakistan (2017), becoming the largest regional bloc by geography and population.Shanghai Five (1996) — China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan → confidence-building along borders.Formal birth: SCO in 2001 (Uzbekistan joined) to Counter “three evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
🅾️Takeaway from the article : Global Development Initiative (GDI)
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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✅Gs-3 : Internal security- Left wing extremism
🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
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🅾️How roads show that Infrastructure is not just economic resource but also a symbol of political and social capital?
⚜️In India’s tribal hinterlands, particularly Maoist-affected areas (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha), absence of roads = absence of the state. Roads act as the visible arm of governance, reclaiming space from non-state insurgent actors.Research (Jain & Biswas, 2023) shows road connectivity correlates with crime decline and increased state access.International evidence (Rafael Prieto-Curiel, 2020) → higher connectivity = lower insurgency.
⚜️Roads as precondition for governance → but governance must follow with justice and equity.
🅾️Why do Maoists repeatedly attack in Chhattisgarh?-Click here
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Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
✅Please subscribe and wait for this insightful talk in this week
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Plastic treaty
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization- impact of climate change
🅾️Watch this video- https://youtu.be/IznEyo59jng
⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.
🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.
🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Tariff impact on Agriculture
🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️We already discussed to a certain extent in this- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
⚠️ Misconception: India is the “highest” tariff country overall → actually only in agriculture, not all goods. So High tariffs = short-term protection, but long-term inefficiency.
🅾️Assuming high tariffs = always pro-farmer → actually hurt consumers and competitiveness.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Criminal Justice system- Art 21- SC guidelines on DNA analysis
🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Central Premise here : In many cases, DNA evidence was mishandled- so courts highlighted: integrity of DNA evidence = scientific process + legal admissibility.
⚜️Supreme Court Intervention= Kattavalli @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2024).SC issued uniform guidelines for DNA handling, binding on all states.Directed Director Generals of Police to ensure compliance.
💡 Objective: Protect Article 21 (Right to life & fair trial) and ensure evidence reliability.
⚜️How?- Chain of custody = chronological documentation showing evidence integrity from collection → court.Must be maintained and appended to trial record. Ensures accountability of each official handling the sample.
⚠️ Misconception: DNA evidence = automatic conviction- In law, DNA is treated as expert opinion evidence under - Section 45, Indian Evidence Act.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs 2 : Judiciary- as a protector of constitutional rights-Waqf act amendment- Sc judgements
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⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Criminal Justice system- Bail law reform - Already discussed- click here
🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
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🅾️Prima facie literally means “at first glance” or “on the face of it”.Section 18 of SC/ST Act explicitly states that anticipatory bail cannot be granted when prima facie evidence of caste-related offence exists. Section 438 CrPC (anticipatory bail) can be used only if there is no such prima facie material.
🅾️In Kiran vs Rajkumar Jivanji Jain, the High Court wrongly went into witness credibility and political motives, effectively deciding the case before trial. The Supreme Court reversed this, stating that was a “manifest error and jurisdictional illegality”.This ruling essentially transforms the first step of criminal procedure into a strong shield for SC/ST communities
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Health
✅Gs-2 : Health- Mental Health
🅾️Context : Supreme Court judgment in Sukdeb Saha vs State of Andhra PradeshCase: Father of NEET aspirant (17-year-old) who died by suicide alleged state failure to prevent harm due to neglect of mental health in coaching centres.
⚠️ Tragedy of suicides often treated as personal failure, not systemic failure.Court shifted framing → from individual weakness → to structural injustice.
🌟Court’s Reasoning=Applied victimology: Victims of suicide not just “individuals failing” but also victims of systemic neglect.
🔰Structural Violence Theory (Johan Galtung):Systemic harm caused by social structures = as destructive as direct violence.E.g., denial of supportive environment = structural violence.
🌟Introduced “Saha Guidelines”
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✅Gs-2 : Health- Mental Health
🅾️Context : Supreme Court judgment in Sukdeb Saha vs State of Andhra PradeshCase: Father of NEET aspirant (17-year-old) who died by suicide alleged state failure to prevent harm due to neglect of mental health in coaching centres.
⚠️ Tragedy of suicides often treated as personal failure, not systemic failure.Court shifted framing → from individual weakness → to structural injustice.
🌟Court’s Reasoning=Applied victimology: Victims of suicide not just “individuals failing” but also victims of systemic neglect.
🔰Structural Violence Theory (Johan Galtung):Systemic harm caused by social structures = as destructive as direct violence.E.g., denial of supportive environment = structural violence.
🌟Introduced “Saha Guidelines”
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@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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Forwarded from VK IAS Geography current Affairs for UPSC
#Geography #Placesinnews
✅scarborough shoal
🅾️Conflicted region in south china sea- It is a triangular atoll, located 200 km from the Philippines coast, and within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS(1982).
🔰Other places of south china sea in news
⚜️1. Gulf of Tonkin- Click here
⚜️2. Paracel Islands- Click here
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news
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✅scarborough shoal
🅾️Conflicted region in south china sea- It is a triangular atoll, located 200 km from the Philippines coast, and within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS(1982).
🔰Other places of south china sea in news
⚜️1. Gulf of Tonkin- Click here
⚜️2. Paracel Islands- Click here
🔰Join : @Geohighlights- for Geography news
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-- Basics for UPSC Prelims
https://youtu.be/1HwVa-7Mtwk
https://youtu.be/1HwVa-7Mtwk
YouTube
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-- Basics for UPSC Prelims
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This is a video from the mentorship batch- released here for public usage.
This is a video from the mentorship batch- released here for public usage.
✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- Women
➡️A Multi pronged approach to end Gender violence- Click here
⚜️Issue of Dowry- Click here
➡️Issue- Fake Dowry case allegations.So the debate shifted: how to protect women without ruining innocent families?
🔰Courts tried to create balance through these cases:
⚜️In Lalita Kumari, SC allowed a preliminary inquiry before FIR in matrimonial cases.
⚜️In Arnesh Kumar (2014), SC said: no automatic arrest; police must follow a checklist and issue a notice.
⚜️In Satender Kumar Antil (2022), SC reinforced: bail should not be denied if police ignore those safeguards.
⚜️Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (2025): Every 498A FIR must go through a two-month “cooling period.”The complaint should be referred to a Family Welfare Committee (FWC).
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➡️A Multi pronged approach to end Gender violence- Click here
⚜️Issue of Dowry- Click here
➡️Issue- Fake Dowry case allegations.So the debate shifted: how to protect women without ruining innocent families?
🔰Courts tried to create balance through these cases:
⚜️In Lalita Kumari, SC allowed a preliminary inquiry before FIR in matrimonial cases.
⚜️In Arnesh Kumar (2014), SC said: no automatic arrest; police must follow a checklist and issue a notice.
⚜️In Satender Kumar Antil (2022), SC reinforced: bail should not be denied if police ignore those safeguards.
⚜️Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (2025): Every 498A FIR must go through a two-month “cooling period.”The complaint should be referred to a Family Welfare Committee (FWC).
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- Defence
🅾️Context : Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️Background : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
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🅾️Context : Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️Background : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
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VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
https://youtu.be/wQALA-X0X_E?feature=shared
These kind of articles are rare to find- so please do watch them- I tried to simplify this context that i Explained in this article- https://www.tg-me.com/hinduhighlights/14240
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Air Pollution
🅾️Background of the issue- Click here
🅾️Problem= Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)-It has failed to act independently due to political pressures and lack of enforcement-CAQM banned sale of old diesel/petrol vehicles in NCR starting July 1, but after political protests, implementation was postponed to November.
🅾️The harvest-to-sowing window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing is only 15–20 days in Punjab and Haryana. Pusa decomposer needs 20–25 days under ideal conditions to fully break down stubble.
🅾️The decomposer works best in warm, moist conditions. October–November brings cooler, drier weather, slowing down microbial activity.Farmers already under debt pressure prefer the zero-cost burning method unless subsidies are guaranteed and timely.
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🅾️Background of the issue- Click here
🅾️Problem= Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)-It has failed to act independently due to political pressures and lack of enforcement-CAQM banned sale of old diesel/petrol vehicles in NCR starting July 1, but after political protests, implementation was postponed to November.
🅾️The harvest-to-sowing window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing is only 15–20 days in Punjab and Haryana. Pusa decomposer needs 20–25 days under ideal conditions to fully break down stubble.
🅾️The decomposer works best in warm, moist conditions. October–November brings cooler, drier weather, slowing down microbial activity.Farmers already under debt pressure prefer the zero-cost burning method unless subsidies are guaranteed and timely.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu