Lekhana-A-solution-to-the-UPSC-Mains.pdf
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✅Lekhana- 2026 Program details
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History #Personalities
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅M. Visvesvaraya (1861–1962)
✅Muthulakshmi Reddy (1886–1968)
✅P.C. Mahalanobis (1893–1972)
🅾️Q) “Discuss the role of individuals in modernising India during the 20th century.”
🅾️Essay- Also useful in Themes of “Nation-building,” Leadership in transition from colonial to independent India.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅M. Visvesvaraya (1861–1962)
✅Muthulakshmi Reddy (1886–1968)
✅P.C. Mahalanobis (1893–1972)
🅾️Q) “Discuss the role of individuals in modernising India during the 20th century.”
🅾️Essay- Also useful in Themes of “Nation-building,” Leadership in transition from colonial to independent India.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅If you ever wrote Mains, this makes more sense to you than a fresher- Lekahana 2.0 can solve your problem, please reach out to @vk_ias
You could write PYQs on your own, but:
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
⚜️All those who expressed their interest- Please register here : Click here
You could write PYQs on your own, but:
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
⚜️All those who expressed their interest- Please register here : Click here
⚠️Important: Earlier UPSC never showed its own answer key before the final result. Candidates could only object by comparing with coaching keys but now UPSC publishes a provisional answer key. Candidates can file objections with proof. Experts then review and finalise the key... so its good as this adds transparency.. but there can be a risk too-If only a few students raise objections, UPSC might assume the “majority” agrees with its version, even if that’s not accurate.
✅Gs-3 : Pollution- E waste - Importance of E waste management - Click here
🅾️This issue broadly comes under SDG 12 - Click here
🔰Gist of the E-waste Management in India: Click here
⚠️Present article : Hazards of E waste- Important for prelims exam also
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️This issue broadly comes under SDG 12 - Click here
🔰Gist of the E-waste Management in India: Click here
⚠️Present article : Hazards of E waste- Important for prelims exam also
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Students from Hyderabad - You can join this group for VK IAS offline updates - Click here
There will be a free webinar on Lekhana Mains Answer writing - You can interact regarding your doubts with me
Time : 5.10.2025- Time : 4 PM
Register here - https://www.vkias.com/course/LekhanaWebinar-89313
Also fill this form. https://forms.gle/qXRbjGCAQhzQcQkN6
Time : 5.10.2025- Time : 4 PM
Register here - https://www.vkias.com/course/LekhanaWebinar-89313
Also fill this form. https://forms.gle/qXRbjGCAQhzQcQkN6
✅Gs-3 : Science and tech - Defence
🅾️India's Mission Sudarshan chakra
⚠️Related articles :
🅾️1. Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️2. Drones : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️3. Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️India's Mission Sudarshan chakra
⚠️Related articles :
🅾️1. Indian Army Radars- tackling drone threats
🅾️2. Drones : Drone Warfare & India
🅾️3. Technology used in Operation sindoor- Read this article
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Unemployment - how to redesign the system to generate quality jobs?
🅾️India is entering its peak demographic dividend phase , with over 113 million people expected to join the working-age group by 2043.Employment must be treated as a national mission, not just an economic by-product. A unified national employment policy is needed that aligns education, skilling, and industrial policy.
🅾️Need- Integrated National Employment Policy (INEPUrban Employment Pilots in select Tier-2/3 cities. Targeted job hubs in 100 underdeveloped districts.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️India is entering its peak demographic dividend phase , with over 113 million people expected to join the working-age group by 2043.Employment must be treated as a national mission, not just an economic by-product. A unified national employment policy is needed that aligns education, skilling, and industrial policy.
🅾️Need- Integrated National Employment Policy (INEPUrban Employment Pilots in select Tier-2/3 cities. Targeted job hubs in 100 underdeveloped districts.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary - Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
🅾️The doctrine of Panch Parmeshwar reflects India’s age-old belief in consensus-based justice, where community elders settled disputes through dialogue and moral reasoning rather than adversarial trials. Modern Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ... mediation, conciliation, and Lok Adalats, revives this tradition within a legal framework. Instead of “disposing of cases,” the aim should be restoring relationships and fairness.ADR does this by converting dispute resolution into dialogue resolution where understanding replaces confrontation.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️The doctrine of Panch Parmeshwar reflects India’s age-old belief in consensus-based justice, where community elders settled disputes through dialogue and moral reasoning rather than adversarial trials. Modern Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ... mediation, conciliation, and Lok Adalats, revives this tradition within a legal framework. Instead of “disposing of cases,” the aim should be restoring relationships and fairness.ADR does this by converting dispute resolution into dialogue resolution where understanding replaces confrontation.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Disaster management- The direction that india should take
🅾️Q) India’s disaster management architecture is evolving into a human-centred, evidence-driven, ecologically balanced, and globally networked system. Explain.
⚜️Ans : Goal: Shift from post-disaster response → pre-disaster resilience.“Saving lives before disaster strikes” is a moral obligation, not just administrative efficiency.
🌟PM’s Ten-Point Agenda (2016)
⚜️1. Technology- Use of remote sensing, GIS, and site-specific weather stations to assess glacial lakes, slope instability, and flood-prone zones.
⚜️2. Finance- 15th FC- Resource Allocation (2021–26)
⚜️3. Nature-based solutions- restoring wetlands, river basins, and urban green spaces — showing that resilience isn’t engineered against nature, but through it.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Q) India’s disaster management architecture is evolving into a human-centred, evidence-driven, ecologically balanced, and globally networked system. Explain.
⚜️Ans : Goal: Shift from post-disaster response → pre-disaster resilience.“Saving lives before disaster strikes” is a moral obligation, not just administrative efficiency.
🌟PM’s Ten-Point Agenda (2016)
⚜️1. Technology- Use of remote sensing, GIS, and site-specific weather stations to assess glacial lakes, slope instability, and flood-prone zones.
⚜️2. Finance- 15th FC- Resource Allocation (2021–26)
⚜️3. Nature-based solutions- restoring wetlands, river basins, and urban green spaces — showing that resilience isn’t engineered against nature, but through it.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Lekhana- 2026 Program Brochure - Click here
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
You could write PYQs on your own, but:
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
You could write PYQs on your own, but:
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary -Issues with judicial vacations and functioning of judiciary
🅾️Judicial delays stem largely from vacancies (over 35%), inadequate infrastructure, and governments being the biggest litigant, not from judges’ unwillingness to work.
🅾️Courts don’t invent procedure; they implement laws made by Parliament. Case backlogs exceed 4.4 crore, but reforms (like all-India judicial service or modern court management) move slowly.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Judicial delays stem largely from vacancies (over 35%), inadequate infrastructure, and governments being the biggest litigant, not from judges’ unwillingness to work.
🅾️Courts don’t invent procedure; they implement laws made by Parliament. Case backlogs exceed 4.4 crore, but reforms (like all-India judicial service or modern court management) move slowly.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Lekhana- 2026 Program Brochure - Click here
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
⚜️All those who expressed their interest-
Please register here : https://www.vkias.com/course/Lekhana-MainsPYQsAnswerWritingProgramPrelimsmentor-96402
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- West
🅾️India’s Imperative: Stay non-aligned in spirit, multi-aligned in practice. Convert diplomatic flexibility into economic outcomes.
⚠️Europe’s main worry: security against Russia but U.S.’s main worry: containing China in the Indo-Pacific.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️India’s Imperative: Stay non-aligned in spirit, multi-aligned in practice. Convert diplomatic flexibility into economic outcomes.
⚠️Europe’s main worry: security against Russia but U.S.’s main worry: containing China in the Indo-Pacific.
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Banking
🅾️Evolution of digital currencies - Stable coins
🅾️Traditional cross-border payments are slow, costly, and depend on intermediaries like SWIFT and banks. so we want a faster, cheaper, transparent, and programmable global payment system.UPSC often tests how technology reduces transaction costs and increases inclusion...e.g., UPI, JAM trinity, CBDC. Stablecoins are the next evolution in this chain.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Evolution of digital currencies - Stable coins
🅾️Traditional cross-border payments are slow, costly, and depend on intermediaries like SWIFT and banks. so we want a faster, cheaper, transparent, and programmable global payment system.UPSC often tests how technology reduces transaction costs and increases inclusion...e.g., UPI, JAM trinity, CBDC. Stablecoins are the next evolution in this chain.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- Capital formation issues
🅾️PYQ : “Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors responsible for low capital formation in India.”
🅾️PYQ 2016: “Explain how globalisation has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy.”
🔰Why invest domestically now :
⚜️1. Demand - (multiplier): capex → jobs → incomes → consumption → higher capacity utilisation → more capex.
⚜️2. Competitiveness-productivity : scale, technology, and supply-chain deepening reduce costs and import dependence; future-proofs exports.
⚜️3.Stability -resilience: more domestic capacity cushions external shocks, narrows CAD, and supports the rupee.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️PYQ : “Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors responsible for low capital formation in India.”
🅾️PYQ 2016: “Explain how globalisation has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy.”
🔰Why invest domestically now :
⚜️1. Demand - (multiplier): capex → jobs → incomes → consumption → higher capacity utilisation → more capex.
⚜️2. Competitiveness-productivity : scale, technology, and supply-chain deepening reduce costs and import dependence; future-proofs exports.
⚜️3.Stability -resilience: more domestic capacity cushions external shocks, narrows CAD, and supports the rupee.
🎖Follow @economyhighlights for Economy articles.
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Art 22- Preventive Detention
🅾️If i have to explain the gist of this article in a simple way- this is how i can put it- The Constitution allowed preventive detention out of fear- i.e. attack on National security.
⚜️Courts preserved it out of caution- because preventive detention is an exceptional power in a rule-of-law State, valid only when the State proves restraint. So we can say that democracy can justify it only through self-restraint.
🅾️Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)-Any detention law now had to pass the test of reasonableness under Articles 14, 19, 21.
🅾️Rekha v. State of Tamil Nadu (2011) – PD ≠ Substitute for Criminal Law
🅾️Banka Sneha Sheela v. State of Telangana (2021) – Economic Offences ≠ Public Order
🅾️Telangana HC (2023): Detention of habitual offenders struck down
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️If i have to explain the gist of this article in a simple way- this is how i can put it- The Constitution allowed preventive detention out of fear- i.e. attack on National security.
⚜️Courts preserved it out of caution- because preventive detention is an exceptional power in a rule-of-law State, valid only when the State proves restraint. So we can say that democracy can justify it only through self-restraint.
🅾️Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)-Any detention law now had to pass the test of reasonableness under Articles 14, 19, 21.
🅾️Rekha v. State of Tamil Nadu (2011) – PD ≠ Substitute for Criminal Law
🅾️Banka Sneha Sheela v. State of Telangana (2021) – Economic Offences ≠ Public Order
🅾️Telangana HC (2023): Detention of habitual offenders struck down
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu