Forwarded from UPSC PIB NEWS
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π Coastal Landforms β UPSC Notes
π Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
β Erosional Landforms
β€ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
β€ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
β€ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands β grow into arches β collapse into stacks β eroded into stumps.
β Depositional Landforms
β€ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
β€ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
β Significance of Coastal Landforms
β€ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
β€ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
β Threats of Coastal Erosion
β€ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of Indiaβs coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
β€ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
β Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
β€ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
β€ Installing Geo-tubes
β€ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
π Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
β Erosional Landforms
β€ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
β€ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
β€ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands β grow into arches β collapse into stacks β eroded into stumps.
β Depositional Landforms
β€ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
β€ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
β Significance of Coastal Landforms
β€ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
β€ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
β Threats of Coastal Erosion
β€ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of Indiaβs coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
β€ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
β Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
β€ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
β€ Installing Geo-tubes
β€ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
π Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?
(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
β Ans: (c) Lagoon
π Mains Q (GS1 β Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting Indiaβs coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
β€4
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
Hello everyone!
Iβm Pramod Kumar Singh β Iβve reached the UPSC CSE interview three times, most recently in 2024. Iβve also served as a mentor on Unacademy and other leading coaching platforms.
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Tag-wise notes & trend analysis will be provide in the telegram channel
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Iβm Pramod Kumar Singh β Iβve reached the UPSC CSE interview three times, most recently in 2024. Iβve also served as a mentor on Unacademy and other leading coaching platforms.
I've distilled every insight, strategy and lesson from my journey into Ease My Prep -> 1995β2025 PYQs by topic, π Trend analysis, Elimination-matrix tests to build guessing skills, Constitution , daily editorials & more....
πAndroid: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.unique.easemyprep.ease_my_prep
πiOS: https://apps.apple.com/in/app/ease-my-prep/id6747049482
πTelegram Channel for notes/content : www.tg-me.com/UPSCEaseMyPrep
ππ₯ Free 3-Month PYQ Program , Duration: July 7 β September 30
Daily Prelims & Mains questions will appear on app
Complete coverage of all Mains tags (Paper β Topic β Subtopic β Tag)
Tag-wise notes & trend analysis will be provide in the telegram channel
π Join the discussion on Telegram:
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Letβs conquer UPSC together!
π Kashmirβs Scorching Summer: Heat Records and Urban Impact
π Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts
β Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
β¦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4Β°C β third-highest for July on record.
β¦ Pahalgam hit 31.6Β°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.
β Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
β¦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
β¦ Summer (JuneβAugust) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36Β°C.
β Recent Climatic Changes:
β¦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
β¦ In June, temperatures were ~3Β°C above normal, with declining rainfall.
β Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
β¦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
β¦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings β classic UHI pattern.
β Reasons Behind the Warming:
β¦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
β¦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.
β Worrying Trends:
β¦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32Β°C to 33Β°C, far above historical averages.
β¦ Not isolated β min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
β¦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.
β Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
β¦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
β¦ Air conditioner demand surges β power and energy systems under pressure.
β¦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.
π Source: The Indian Express | July 2025
#GS1 #ClimateChange #GS3 #Kashmir #environment #geography
π Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts
β Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
β¦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4Β°C β third-highest for July on record.
β¦ Pahalgam hit 31.6Β°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.
β Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
β¦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
β¦ Summer (JuneβAugust) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36Β°C.
β Recent Climatic Changes:
β¦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
β¦ In June, temperatures were ~3Β°C above normal, with declining rainfall.
β Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
β¦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
β¦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings β classic UHI pattern.
β Reasons Behind the Warming:
β¦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
β¦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.
β Worrying Trends:
β¦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32Β°C to 33Β°C, far above historical averages.
β¦ Not isolated β min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
β¦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.
β Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
β¦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
β¦ Air conditioner demand surges β power and energy systems under pressure.
β¦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.
π Source: The Indian Express | July 2025
π Mains Q (GS1 + GS3 β Geography + Environment)
βRising temperatures in ecologically sensitive regions like Kashmir reflect both global and local anthropogenic pressures.β Discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies with reference to recent heatwave-like conditions in the Valley.
#GS1 #ClimateChange #GS3 #Kashmir #environment #geography