Forwarded from UPSC PIB NEWS
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🔆 Coastal Landforms – UPSC Notes
📍 Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
✅ Erosional Landforms
➤ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
➤ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
➤ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands → grow into arches → collapse into stacks → eroded into stumps.
✅ Depositional Landforms
➤ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
➤ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
✅ Significance of Coastal Landforms
➤ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
➤ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
✅ Threats of Coastal Erosion
➤ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of India’s coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
➤ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
✅ Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
➤ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
➤ Installing Geo-tubes
➤ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
📍 Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response
✅ Erosional Landforms
➤ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
➤ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
➤ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands → grow into arches → collapse into stacks → eroded into stumps.
✅ Depositional Landforms
➤ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
➤ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.
✅ Significance of Coastal Landforms
➤ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
➤ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).
✅ Threats of Coastal Erosion
➤ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of India’s coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
➤ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.
✅ Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
➤ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
➤ Installing Geo-tubes
➤ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.
📝 Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?
(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
✅ Ans: (c) Lagoon
📝 Mains Q (GS1 – Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting India’s coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?
#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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I’m Pramod Kumar Singh — I’ve reached the UPSC CSE interview three times, most recently in 2024. I’ve also served as a mentor on Unacademy and other leading coaching platforms.
I've distilled every insight, strategy and lesson from my journey into Ease My Prep -> 1995–2025 PYQs by topic, 📈 Trend analysis, Elimination-matrix tests to build guessing skills, Constitution , daily editorials & more....
📌Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.unique.easemyprep.ease_my_prep
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📌Telegram Channel for notes/content : www.tg-me.com/UPSCEaseMyPrep
🚀💥 Free 3-Month PYQ Program , Duration: July 7 – September 30
Daily Prelims & Mains questions will appear on app
Complete coverage of all Mains tags (Paper → Topic → Subtopic → Tag)
Tag-wise notes & trend analysis will be provide in the telegram channel
🔔 Join the discussion on Telegram:
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Let’s conquer UPSC together!
🔆 Kashmir’s Scorching Summer: Heat Records and Urban Impact
📍 Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts
✅ Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
◦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4°C — third-highest for July on record.
◦ Pahalgam hit 31.6°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.
✅ Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
◦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
◦ Summer (June–August) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36°C.
✅ Recent Climatic Changes:
◦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
◦ In June, temperatures were ~3°C above normal, with declining rainfall.
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
◦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
◦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings — classic UHI pattern.
✅ Reasons Behind the Warming:
◦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
◦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.
✅ Worrying Trends:
◦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32°C to 33°C, far above historical averages.
◦ Not isolated — min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
◦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.
✅ Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
◦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
◦ Air conditioner demand surges — power and energy systems under pressure.
◦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.
📘 Source: The Indian Express | July 2025
#GS1 #ClimateChange #GS3 #Kashmir #environment #geography
📍 Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts
✅ Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
◦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4°C — third-highest for July on record.
◦ Pahalgam hit 31.6°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.
✅ Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
◦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
◦ Summer (June–August) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36°C.
✅ Recent Climatic Changes:
◦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
◦ In June, temperatures were ~3°C above normal, with declining rainfall.
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
◦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
◦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings — classic UHI pattern.
✅ Reasons Behind the Warming:
◦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
◦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.
✅ Worrying Trends:
◦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32°C to 33°C, far above historical averages.
◦ Not isolated — min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
◦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.
✅ Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
◦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
◦ Air conditioner demand surges — power and energy systems under pressure.
◦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.
📘 Source: The Indian Express | July 2025
📝 Mains Q (GS1 + GS3 – Geography + Environment)
“Rising temperatures in ecologically sensitive regions like Kashmir reflect both global and local anthropogenic pressures.” Discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies with reference to recent heatwave-like conditions in the Valley.
#GS1 #ClimateChange #GS3 #Kashmir #environment #geography