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πŸ”† Coastal Landforms – UPSC Notes

πŸ“ Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response

βœ… Erosional Landforms
➀ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
➀ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
➀ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands β†’ grow into arches β†’ collapse into stacks β†’ eroded into stumps.

βœ… Depositional Landforms
➀ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
➀ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.

βœ… Significance of Coastal Landforms
➀ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
➀ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).

βœ… Threats of Coastal Erosion
➀ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of India’s coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
➀ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.

βœ… Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
➀ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
➀ Installing Geo-tubes
➀ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.

πŸ“ Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?

(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
βœ… Ans: (c) Lagoon


πŸ“ Mains Q (GS1 – Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting India’s coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?


#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation
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πŸ”† Kashmir’s Scorching Summer: Heat Records and Urban Impact

πŸ“ Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts

βœ… Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
β—¦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4Β°C β€” third-highest for July on record.
β—¦ Pahalgam hit 31.6Β°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.

βœ… Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
β—¦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
β—¦ Summer (June–August) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36Β°C.

βœ… Recent Climatic Changes:
β—¦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
β—¦ In June, temperatures were ~3Β°C above normal, with declining rainfall.

βœ… Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
β—¦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
β—¦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings β€” classic UHI pattern.

βœ… Reasons Behind the Warming:
β—¦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
β—¦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.

βœ… Worrying Trends:
β—¦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32Β°C to 33Β°C, far above historical averages.
β—¦ Not isolated β€” min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
β—¦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.

βœ… Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
β—¦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
β—¦ Air conditioner demand surges β€” power and energy systems under pressure.
β—¦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.

πŸ“˜ Source: The Indian Express | July 2025


πŸ“ Mains Q (GS1 + GS3 – Geography + Environment)
β€œRising temperatures in ecologically sensitive regions like Kashmir reflect both global and local anthropogenic pressures.” Discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies with reference to recent heatwave-like conditions in the Valley.


#GS1 #ClimateChange #GS3 #Kashmir #environment #geography
2025/07/09 16:21:18
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