📍 Omkareshwar Dam and Tungabhadra Dam
Omkareshwar Dam:
SJVN Green Energy Limited (SGEL) has successfully started a 90 MW Floating Solar Project at Omkareshwar Dam in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. This marks a significant development in clean energy.
📍 Tungabhadra Dam:
Tungabhadra Dam in Karnataka faced a major problem when one of its gates was washed away, causing significant damage to the dam structure. This highlights the importance of dam safety and proper maintenance.
Omkareshwar Dam:
SJVN Green Energy Limited (SGEL) has successfully started a 90 MW Floating Solar Project at Omkareshwar Dam in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. This marks a significant development in clean energy.
📍 Tungabhadra Dam:
Tungabhadra Dam in Karnataka faced a major problem when one of its gates was washed away, causing significant damage to the dam structure. This highlights the importance of dam safety and proper maintenance.
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🔆 Ken-Betwa Link Project
📍 Overview:
The Ken-Betwa Link Project is the first project under India’s National Perspective Plan for interlinking rivers. It aims to connect the Ken River and Betwa River to address water scarcity and improve water availability.
📍 Key Features:
• Project cost: ₹44,605 crore.
• Ken River to Betwa: 221 km canal to transfer excess water from Ken River to Betwa.
• Dam: A 77m-high Dam on the Ken River.
• Water Distribution: The project will provide water to 6.2 million people and 1 million hectares of agricultural land across Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Uttar Pradesh (UP).
• Energy: It will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar energy.
• Funding: 90% of funds from the Centre, with states of MP and UP contributing the rest.
📍 How it Helps:
• Ensures drinking water for 6.2 million people.
• Provides irrigation to 1 million hectares of farmland in 2000 villages.
• Generates hydropower and solar energy.
📍 History & Timeline:
The project has seen long-term development, from initial suggestions in 1970 to detailed planning in 2005 and forest approvals in 2023.
📍 PM’s View:
PM Narendra Modi praised efforts to solve water challenges, emphasizing the importance of this initiative over political hurdles.
📍 Overview:
The Ken-Betwa Link Project is the first project under India’s National Perspective Plan for interlinking rivers. It aims to connect the Ken River and Betwa River to address water scarcity and improve water availability.
📍 Key Features:
• Project cost: ₹44,605 crore.
• Ken River to Betwa: 221 km canal to transfer excess water from Ken River to Betwa.
• Dam: A 77m-high Dam on the Ken River.
• Water Distribution: The project will provide water to 6.2 million people and 1 million hectares of agricultural land across Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Uttar Pradesh (UP).
• Energy: It will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar energy.
• Funding: 90% of funds from the Centre, with states of MP and UP contributing the rest.
📍 How it Helps:
• Ensures drinking water for 6.2 million people.
• Provides irrigation to 1 million hectares of farmland in 2000 villages.
• Generates hydropower and solar energy.
📍 History & Timeline:
The project has seen long-term development, from initial suggestions in 1970 to detailed planning in 2005 and forest approvals in 2023.
📍 PM’s View:
PM Narendra Modi praised efforts to solve water challenges, emphasizing the importance of this initiative over political hurdles.
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🔆 Glaciers Losing Mass, Raising Flood Risk
📍 Key Information:
✅ Glaciers lost 450 billion tonnes of mass in 2024, contributing significantly to sea level rise and increasing the risk of flooding.
✅ 1.1 billion people in mountain communities are facing the most immediate impacts of glacier loss, due to water shortages and natural hazards.
✅ Rising temperatures are expected to worsen droughts in areas dependent on snowpack for freshwater.
✅ Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and other hazards like avalanches and flash floods are becoming more frequent and severe.
📍 Impact on Global Scale:
✅ Glacial melt in East Africa has led to local conflicts over water resources, with glaciers predicted to disappear by 2030.
✅ Between 2000 and 2023, melting glaciers caused 18 mm of global sea level rise, exposing up to 300,000 people to annual flooding.
📍 Future Projections:
✅ Billions of people are connected to glaciers and their protection will require a global effort, as their loss poses a significant challenge.
📍 Key Information:
✅ Glaciers lost 450 billion tonnes of mass in 2024, contributing significantly to sea level rise and increasing the risk of flooding.
✅ 1.1 billion people in mountain communities are facing the most immediate impacts of glacier loss, due to water shortages and natural hazards.
✅ Rising temperatures are expected to worsen droughts in areas dependent on snowpack for freshwater.
✅ Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and other hazards like avalanches and flash floods are becoming more frequent and severe.
📍 Impact on Global Scale:
✅ Glacial melt in East Africa has led to local conflicts over water resources, with glaciers predicted to disappear by 2030.
✅ Between 2000 and 2023, melting glaciers caused 18 mm of global sea level rise, exposing up to 300,000 people to annual flooding.
📍 Future Projections:
✅ Billions of people are connected to glaciers and their protection will require a global effort, as their loss poses a significant challenge.
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🔆 About Kurdistan Region
📍 Key Information:
✅ The Kurdistan Region is a geographically defined area traditionally inhabited mainly by Kurds.
✅ It consists of an extensive plateau and mountainous area, covering parts of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and smaller parts of Syria and Armenia.
📍 Governance:
✅ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Halabja.
✅ Capital: Erbil.
📍 Geographical Features:
✅ The region includes the Zagros mountain systems and the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains.
📍 Economic and Commercial Ties:
✅ The region has developed strong commercial ties with Iraq.
✅ Indian businesses have actively participated in trade fairs and exhibitions in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah in recent years.
✅ Indian workers have seen steady growth in sectors like steel mills, oil companies, and construction projects, with workers from India being appreciated for their roles.
📍 Key Information:
✅ The Kurdistan Region is a geographically defined area traditionally inhabited mainly by Kurds.
✅ It consists of an extensive plateau and mountainous area, covering parts of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and smaller parts of Syria and Armenia.
📍 Governance:
✅ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Halabja.
✅ Capital: Erbil.
📍 Geographical Features:
✅ The region includes the Zagros mountain systems and the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains.
📍 Economic and Commercial Ties:
✅ The region has developed strong commercial ties with Iraq.
✅ Indian businesses have actively participated in trade fairs and exhibitions in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah in recent years.
✅ Indian workers have seen steady growth in sectors like steel mills, oil companies, and construction projects, with workers from India being appreciated for their roles.
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🔆 Paktika Province
📍 Key Details
✅ Location: Situated in eastern Afghanistan, on the border with Pakistan.
✅ Significance: Paktika is strategically important due to its proximity to the Durand Line, making it easier for militants to cross between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Durand Line: The international border separating Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Recent Developments: The Pakistani Army recently carried out airstrikes in the Paktika Province.
📍 Key Details
✅ Location: Situated in eastern Afghanistan, on the border with Pakistan.
✅ Significance: Paktika is strategically important due to its proximity to the Durand Line, making it easier for militants to cross between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Durand Line: The international border separating Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Recent Developments: The Pakistani Army recently carried out airstrikes in the Paktika Province.
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📌 Shinkun La Tunnel 🚧
About the Tunnel:
✅ Location: Under Shinku-La Pass (16,580 feet), connecting Himachal’s Lahaul valley and Ladakh’s Zanskar valley.
✅ Route: Part of the Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road link.
✅ Length: 4.1 km – set to be the world’s longest high-altitude highway tunnel.
✅ Construction: Built by Border Roads Organization (BRO) at a cost of ₹1,681.5 crore.
✅ Significance:
➤ All-weather connectivity to Ladakh via the shortest route.
➤ Strategic importance: Eases movement of heavy machinery to Kargil, Siachen, LOC.
➤ Enhanced security: Protects traffic from long-range artillery shelling or missile attacks from China/Pakistan.
#mapping
About the Tunnel:
✅ Location: Under Shinku-La Pass (16,580 feet), connecting Himachal’s Lahaul valley and Ladakh’s Zanskar valley.
✅ Route: Part of the Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road link.
✅ Length: 4.1 km – set to be the world’s longest high-altitude highway tunnel.
✅ Construction: Built by Border Roads Organization (BRO) at a cost of ₹1,681.5 crore.
✅ Significance:
➤ All-weather connectivity to Ladakh via the shortest route.
➤ Strategic importance: Eases movement of heavy machinery to Kargil, Siachen, LOC.
➤ Enhanced security: Protects traffic from long-range artillery shelling or missile attacks from China/Pakistan.
#mapping
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Sugarcane:
✅It has the largest value of production among all the commercial crops in India
✅It is indigenous to India and belongs to bamboo family
✅ Two-third of the total sugarcane produced in India used for preparing jaggery and khandsari
✅Molasses, bagasse and pressmud are the byproducts of sugar industry
✅It requires hot (21°-27°C) and humid (75- 150 cm) climate
✅Short cool dry winter season during ripening and harvesting is ideal; frost is detrimental to sugarcane
✅Cheap abundant labor is required for successful cultivation of sugarcane
✅Area-wise India has largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world; whereas in production-wise India lags behind Brazil which is the world’s largest producer of sugarcane
✅To produce 1 kg of sugarcane, it takes about 210 litres of water.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Prelims_tricks
✅It has the largest value of production among all the commercial crops in India
✅It is indigenous to India and belongs to bamboo family
✅ Two-third of the total sugarcane produced in India used for preparing jaggery and khandsari
✅Molasses, bagasse and pressmud are the byproducts of sugar industry
✅It requires hot (21°-27°C) and humid (75- 150 cm) climate
✅Short cool dry winter season during ripening and harvesting is ideal; frost is detrimental to sugarcane
✅Cheap abundant labor is required for successful cultivation of sugarcane
✅Area-wise India has largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world; whereas in production-wise India lags behind Brazil which is the world’s largest producer of sugarcane
✅To produce 1 kg of sugarcane, it takes about 210 litres of water.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Prelims_tricks
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🔆Katchatheevu islands
✅Katchatheevu is a 285-acre uninhabited speck in the Palk Strait, between India and Sri Lanka, an island located about 14 nautical miles off Rameswaram,India.
✅In 1974, Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi of India and Sirima R.D. Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka signed an agreement that recognized Katchatheevu as part of Sri Lanka's territory, resulting in a change of ownership.
✅The agreement also allowed Indian fishermen to fish around the island, dry their nets on it, and permitted Indian pilgrims to visit the Catholic shrine located on the island.
✅Fisherfolk from both India and Sri Lanka have historically used Katchatheevu for fishing.
✅Though this feature was acknowledged in the 1974 agreement, the supplemental pact was signed in 1976.
✅The transfer of Katchatheevu triggered opposition and debates in both Indian Houses of Parliament.
#gs2
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Katchatheevu is a 285-acre uninhabited speck in the Palk Strait, between India and Sri Lanka, an island located about 14 nautical miles off Rameswaram,India.
✅In 1974, Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi of India and Sirima R.D. Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka signed an agreement that recognized Katchatheevu as part of Sri Lanka's territory, resulting in a change of ownership.
✅The agreement also allowed Indian fishermen to fish around the island, dry their nets on it, and permitted Indian pilgrims to visit the Catholic shrine located on the island.
✅Fisherfolk from both India and Sri Lanka have historically used Katchatheevu for fishing.
✅Though this feature was acknowledged in the 1974 agreement, the supplemental pact was signed in 1976.
✅The transfer of Katchatheevu triggered opposition and debates in both Indian Houses of Parliament.
#gs2
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
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🔆 Geographical Location
📍 Region
✅ Situated in the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
📍 Borders
✅ Borders Ethiopia to the south and west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.
📍 Coastline
✅ Has a long coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
📍 Terrain
✅ Features a mix of mountainous regions, plateaus, and coastal plains.
#mapping
📍 Region
✅ Situated in the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
📍 Borders
✅ Borders Ethiopia to the south and west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.
📍 Coastline
✅ Has a long coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
📍 Terrain
✅ Features a mix of mountainous regions, plateaus, and coastal plains.
#mapping
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📍 Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
✅ Context: The Indian government has notified the 56th Tiger Reserve in the country located in Chhattisgarh – Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.
✅ About the reserve:
- It is the fourth tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh, following Achankmar, Indravati, and Udanti-Sitanadi.
- With an area of 2,829 sq km, it is the third largest tiger reserve in India.
- Guru Ghasidas National Park is named after Guru Ghasidas, a Satnami reformist.
- It was the last known habitat of the Asiatic cheetah in India.
✅ Geographical Location:
- The reserve spans four districts in northern Chhattisgarh’s Sarguja region: Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur.
✅ Connectivity:
- It is situated between Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) and Palamau (Jharkhand) Tiger Reserves, with proximity to Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh), forming one of the largest contiguous habitats for tigers.
✅ Context: The Indian government has notified the 56th Tiger Reserve in the country located in Chhattisgarh – Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.
✅ About the reserve:
- It is the fourth tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh, following Achankmar, Indravati, and Udanti-Sitanadi.
- With an area of 2,829 sq km, it is the third largest tiger reserve in India.
- Guru Ghasidas National Park is named after Guru Ghasidas, a Satnami reformist.
- It was the last known habitat of the Asiatic cheetah in India.
✅ Geographical Location:
- The reserve spans four districts in northern Chhattisgarh’s Sarguja region: Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur.
✅ Connectivity:
- It is situated between Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) and Palamau (Jharkhand) Tiger Reserves, with proximity to Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh), forming one of the largest contiguous habitats for tigers.
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🔆 Coffee Board Launches GI-tagged Coffee Variants
📍 Overview
✅ The State-run Coffee Board has introduced single origin specialty brews in a Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged format for on-the-go brewing.
✅ The new product allows consumers to brew a fresh cup of coffee easily using drip bags of GI-tagged coffee.
📍 GI-Tagged Coffee Varieties
✅ The drip bags feature five GI-tagged Arabica varieties from regions such as Coorg, Bababudangiri, Chikmagalur, Araku Valley, and Monsooned Malabar.
✅ These coffees are sourced directly from growers and processed by the Coffee Board under the India Coffee Brand.
📍 Pricing and Availability
✅ The 12 drip bags (one per serving) are priced at ₹200 and are sold through e-commerce platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, and ONDC.
✅ The product is also marketed under the India Coffee Brand, making it available directly to consumers.
📍 Market Strategy
✅ The Coffee Board is focusing on both domestic and international markets, with plans to ship the coffee to countries where there is demand.
✅ This initiative aims to promote Indian coffee globally and ensure direct access to consumers.
📍 Overview
✅ The State-run Coffee Board has introduced single origin specialty brews in a Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged format for on-the-go brewing.
✅ The new product allows consumers to brew a fresh cup of coffee easily using drip bags of GI-tagged coffee.
📍 GI-Tagged Coffee Varieties
✅ The drip bags feature five GI-tagged Arabica varieties from regions such as Coorg, Bababudangiri, Chikmagalur, Araku Valley, and Monsooned Malabar.
✅ These coffees are sourced directly from growers and processed by the Coffee Board under the India Coffee Brand.
📍 Pricing and Availability
✅ The 12 drip bags (one per serving) are priced at ₹200 and are sold through e-commerce platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, and ONDC.
✅ The product is also marketed under the India Coffee Brand, making it available directly to consumers.
📍 Market Strategy
✅ The Coffee Board is focusing on both domestic and international markets, with plans to ship the coffee to countries where there is demand.
✅ This initiative aims to promote Indian coffee globally and ensure direct access to consumers.
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