Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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๐ Glaciers and Their Associated Rivers
1. Batura โ Hunza
2. Hispar โ Hispar
3. Biafo โ Braldu
4. Kedar Bamak โ Mandakini
5. Godwin Austen โ Tributary of Baltoro Glacier
6. Siachen โ Nubra
7. Baltoro โ Braldu
8. Bandarpunch โ Hanuman Ganga
9. Gangotri โ Bhagirathi
10. Yamunotri โ Yamuna
11. Satopanth โ Alaknanda
12. Milam โ Saryu
13. Pindari โ Pindar (tributary of Alaknanda)
14. Zemu โ Lanchen (tributary of Teesta)
15. Kunchenjunga โ Kanchen (very small river)
1. Batura โ Hunza
2. Hispar โ Hispar
3. Biafo โ Braldu
4. Kedar Bamak โ Mandakini
5. Godwin Austen โ Tributary of Baltoro Glacier
6. Siachen โ Nubra
7. Baltoro โ Braldu
8. Bandarpunch โ Hanuman Ganga
9. Gangotri โ Bhagirathi
10. Yamunotri โ Yamuna
11. Satopanth โ Alaknanda
12. Milam โ Saryu
13. Pindari โ Pindar (tributary of Alaknanda)
14. Zemu โ Lanchen (tributary of Teesta)
15. Kunchenjunga โ Kanchen (very small river)
๐22
๐ Important Plains of Europe
๐ North European Plain
โ Countries: France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Belarus, parts of Russia
โ Facts:
โข Extends from Pyrenees (west) to Ural Mountains (east)
โข Largest mountain-free landform in Europe
โข Known for fertile soils & extensive agriculture
๐ Pannonian Plain (Carpathian Basin)
โ Countries: Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Slovakia, Austria
โ Facts:
โข Bounded by Carpathians & Alps
โข Contains fertile lands supporting agriculture
๐ East European Plain / Steppes
โ Countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus
โ Facts:
โข Among the largest plains globally
โข Includes vast steppes & agriculture zones
โข Spans from Ural Mountains to western Russia
๐ Great Hungarian Plains
โ Countries: Hungary, Serbia, Romania
โ Facts:
โข Contains Pustaz
๐ North European Plain
โ Countries: France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Belarus, parts of Russia
โ Facts:
โข Extends from Pyrenees (west) to Ural Mountains (east)
โข Largest mountain-free landform in Europe
โข Known for fertile soils & extensive agriculture
๐ Pannonian Plain (Carpathian Basin)
โ Countries: Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Slovakia, Austria
โ Facts:
โข Bounded by Carpathians & Alps
โข Contains fertile lands supporting agriculture
๐ East European Plain / Steppes
โ Countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus
โ Facts:
โข Among the largest plains globally
โข Includes vast steppes & agriculture zones
โข Spans from Ural Mountains to western Russia
๐ Great Hungarian Plains
โ Countries: Hungary, Serbia, Romania
โ Facts:
โข Contains Pustaz
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Forwarded from INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
๐Chagos Islands
UK's decision to hand over the sovereignty of Chagos Islands including tropical atoll of Diego Garcia to Mauritius under a historic deal.
The UK is giving up the rights of the islands after more than 50 years.
Under the agreement, the UK will have full responsibility for security of strategically-located Diego Garcia.
๐Chagos island Click here
#gs2
#mapping
#prelims
#Places_in_news
@upsc_4_ir
@upsc_prep_squad
UK's decision to hand over the sovereignty of Chagos Islands including tropical atoll of Diego Garcia to Mauritius under a historic deal.
The UK is giving up the rights of the islands after more than 50 years.
Under the agreement, the UK will have full responsibility for security of strategically-located Diego Garcia.
๐Chagos island Click here
#gs2
#mapping
#prelims
#Places_in_news
@upsc_4_ir
@upsc_prep_squad
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
CamScanner 05-25-2025 11.34.pdf
13.8 MB
Paper -1
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
GS 1 in เคนเคฟเคเคฆเฅ เคฎเฅเค .pdf
8.7 MB
๐GS Paper-1
โ๏ธ Hindi Medium
โ๏ธ Hindi Medium
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
Adobe Scan 25-May-2025.pdf
6.9 MB
CS(P) 2025 Paper -2 (CSAT)
๐ Indian Passes & Plateaus
๐ Aghil Pass
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
โ Significance: Important for military movement, part of the Karakoram Range.
๐ Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel)
โ Location: Connects Banihal town (Doda District) and Qazigund (Anantnag, Kashmir Division)
โ Significance: Key highway pass on NH44 connecting Jammu and Kashmir.
๐ Baralacha La
โ Location: Between Keylong (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh)
โ Significance: Located on the Leh-Manali highway, an important trade route.
๐ Burzil Pass
โ Location: Connects Srinagar to Gilgit (now in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir)
โ Significance: Historically significant for trade.
๐ Karakoram Pass
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
โ Significance: An ancient trade route on the Silk Road.
๐ Khardung La
โ Location: Between Leh and Siachen Glacier via Nubra Valley
โ Significance: One of the highest motorable roads in the world (5,359 m).
๐ Umling La (Uming La)
โ Location: Ladakh
โ Significance: Highest motorable road in the world at 5,883 m.
๐ Zoji La
โ Location: Between Srinagar and Leh
โ Significance: Important link between Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, often blocked by snow.
๐ Chang La
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Tibet (China)
โ Significance: One of the highest passes in the world.
๐ Shinkun La
โ Location: Between Himachal Pradesh & Ladakh
โ Significance: India has started construction of Nimmu-Padum-Darcha (NPD) route for all-weather connectivity to Ladakh.
๐ Balcha Dhura
โ Location: Connecting Uttarakhand with Tibet (China)
โ Significance: High-altitude pass in the Himalayas.
๐ Mana Pass
โ Location: Between Uttarakhand and Tibet (China)
โ Significance: Highest motorable pass in Uttarakhand, connects to Tibet.
๐ Aghil Pass
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
โ Significance: Important for military movement, part of the Karakoram Range.
๐ Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel)
โ Location: Connects Banihal town (Doda District) and Qazigund (Anantnag, Kashmir Division)
โ Significance: Key highway pass on NH44 connecting Jammu and Kashmir.
๐ Baralacha La
โ Location: Between Keylong (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh)
โ Significance: Located on the Leh-Manali highway, an important trade route.
๐ Burzil Pass
โ Location: Connects Srinagar to Gilgit (now in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir)
โ Significance: Historically significant for trade.
๐ Karakoram Pass
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Sinkiang (China)
โ Significance: An ancient trade route on the Silk Road.
๐ Khardung La
โ Location: Between Leh and Siachen Glacier via Nubra Valley
โ Significance: One of the highest motorable roads in the world (5,359 m).
๐ Umling La (Uming La)
โ Location: Ladakh
โ Significance: Highest motorable road in the world at 5,883 m.
๐ Zoji La
โ Location: Between Srinagar and Leh
โ Significance: Important link between Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, often blocked by snow.
๐ Chang La
โ Location: Between Ladakh (J&K) and Tibet (China)
โ Significance: One of the highest passes in the world.
๐ Shinkun La
โ Location: Between Himachal Pradesh & Ladakh
โ Significance: India has started construction of Nimmu-Padum-Darcha (NPD) route for all-weather connectivity to Ladakh.
๐ Balcha Dhura
โ Location: Connecting Uttarakhand with Tibet (China)
โ Significance: High-altitude pass in the Himalayas.
๐ Mana Pass
โ Location: Between Uttarakhand and Tibet (China)
โ Significance: Highest motorable pass in Uttarakhand, connects to Tibet.
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๐ Important Trenches
๐ Mariana Trench
โข Location: Western Pacific (Near Guam)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Philippine Plate. Includes the Challenger Deep (10,971m)
๐ Tonga Trench
โข Location: South Pacific (Near Tonga)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Indo-Australian Plate
๐ Kuril-Kamchatka Trench
โข Location: Northwest Pacific (Near Russia, Japan)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Peru-Chile Trench (Atacama Trench)
โข Location: Eastern Pacific (Off South America)
โข Plates Involved: Nazca Plate subducting under South American Plate
๐ Philippine Trench
โข Location: West Pacific (Near Philippines)
โข Plates Involved: Philippine Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Oceans (Pacific & Atlantic Oceans)
๐ Japan Trench
โข Location: Northwest Pacific (Off Japan)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Kermadec Trench
โข Location: South Pacific (Near New Zealand)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Indo-Australian Plate
๐ Aleutian Trench
โข Location: North Pacific (Near Alaska)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under North American Plate
๐ Middle America Trench
โข Location: Eastern Pacific (Off Central America)
โข Plates Involved: Cocos Plate subducting under North American & Caribbean Plates
๐ Mariana Trench
โข Location: Western Pacific (Near Guam)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Philippine Plate. Includes the Challenger Deep (10,971m)
๐ Tonga Trench
โข Location: South Pacific (Near Tonga)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Indo-Australian Plate
๐ Kuril-Kamchatka Trench
โข Location: Northwest Pacific (Near Russia, Japan)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Peru-Chile Trench (Atacama Trench)
โข Location: Eastern Pacific (Off South America)
โข Plates Involved: Nazca Plate subducting under South American Plate
๐ Philippine Trench
โข Location: West Pacific (Near Philippines)
โข Plates Involved: Philippine Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Oceans (Pacific & Atlantic Oceans)
๐ Japan Trench
โข Location: Northwest Pacific (Off Japan)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Eurasian Plate
๐ Kermadec Trench
โข Location: South Pacific (Near New Zealand)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under Indo-Australian Plate
๐ Aleutian Trench
โข Location: North Pacific (Near Alaska)
โข Plates Involved: Pacific Plate subducting under North American Plate
๐ Middle America Trench
โข Location: Eastern Pacific (Off Central America)
โข Plates Involved: Cocos Plate subducting under North American & Caribbean Plates
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UPSC Prelims 2025 ..
Anonymous Poll
33%
Both Paper Gone Well !!
43%
Have issues with 1 paper[ GS,CSAT]
24%
Both Paper Not Well !
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CSAT paper 2025 ..
Anonymous Poll
43%
Surely Clearing Cut off โ
๏ธ
28%
Approx Clearing Cut offโผ๏ธ
30%
At Borderโ ๏ธ
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๐ทSEAFLOOR SPREADING
๐น Proposed by: Harry Hess in the early 1960s
๐น Meaning:
โ Seafloor spreading is a geological process at oceanic ridges where new crust forms and spreads apart.
โ It occurs continuously along mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain chains).
๐น Process of Sea-Spreading:
โ Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates move apart.
๐ท Process Explained Step-by-Step
1๏ธโฃ As the plates separate, magma from the asthenosphere rises due to mantle convection.
2๏ธโฃ Magma cools and solidifies on contact with seawater, forming new oceanic crust.
3๏ธโฃ This creates symmetrical magnetic patterns (magnetic anomalies) on both sides of the ridge due to Earthโs magnetic field.
๐น Proposed by: Harry Hess in the early 1960s
๐น Meaning:
โ Seafloor spreading is a geological process at oceanic ridges where new crust forms and spreads apart.
โ It occurs continuously along mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain chains).
๐น Process of Sea-Spreading:
โ Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates move apart.
๐ท Process Explained Step-by-Step
1๏ธโฃ As the plates separate, magma from the asthenosphere rises due to mantle convection.
2๏ธโฃ Magma cools and solidifies on contact with seawater, forming new oceanic crust.
3๏ธโฃ This creates symmetrical magnetic patterns (magnetic anomalies) on both sides of the ridge due to Earthโs magnetic field.
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๐ Ninetyeast Ridge
โ A linear submarine volcanic ridge running north to south near 90ยฐ East longitude.
โ Formed by hotspot volcanic activity beneath the Indian Ocean.
โ Linked to the Kerguelen hotspot, which is a moving hotspot, influencing the ridgeโs formation and path.
โ Reference: Nature Article on Kerguelen Hotspot Movement
โ A linear submarine volcanic ridge running north to south near 90ยฐ East longitude.
โ Formed by hotspot volcanic activity beneath the Indian Ocean.
โ Linked to the Kerguelen hotspot, which is a moving hotspot, influencing the ridgeโs formation and path.
โ Reference: Nature Article on Kerguelen Hotspot Movement
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๐ Georges and Grand Banks
โ Georges Bank: Located off the coast of New England, USA.
โ Grand Banks: Situated off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
โ Among the worldโs richest fishing grounds due to the mixing of warm Gulf Stream and cold Labrador Current waters.
โ Experienced collapse of fisheries in the 1990s, especially cod, due to overfishing.
#geography #fisheries
โ Georges Bank: Located off the coast of New England, USA.
โ Grand Banks: Situated off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
โ Among the worldโs richest fishing grounds due to the mixing of warm Gulf Stream and cold Labrador Current waters.
โ Experienced collapse of fisheries in the 1990s, especially cod, due to overfishing.
#geography #fisheries
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๐ Key Takeaways: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Indian Monsoon
โ What is MJO?
โข A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator.
โข Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
โข Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
โ Structure and Movement:
โข Moves eastward at 4โ8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30โ60 days (sometimes up to 90 days).
โข Two phases:
โข Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms.
โข Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
โ Relevance to Indian Monsoon:
โข Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase.
โข Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
โ Cyclone and Rainfall Connection:
โข Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
โ Interaction with El Niรฑo:
โข MJO and El Niรฑo may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
โ Geographical Impact:
โข Influences weather between 30ยฐN and 30ยฐS; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
#climate #monsoon
โ What is MJO?
โข A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator.
โข Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
โข Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
โ Structure and Movement:
โข Moves eastward at 4โ8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30โ60 days (sometimes up to 90 days).
โข Two phases:
โข Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms.
โข Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
โ Relevance to Indian Monsoon:
โข Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase.
โข Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
โ Cyclone and Rainfall Connection:
โข Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
โ Interaction with El Niรฑo:
โข MJO and El Niรฑo may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
โ Geographical Impact:
โข Influences weather between 30ยฐN and 30ยฐS; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
#climate #monsoon
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