πIndia Resumes Patrolling in Depsang
Key Points:
β Successful Patrolling: The Indian Army successfully conducted a patrol in one of the five Patrolling Points in Depsang, Eastern Ladakh.
β Disengagement and Resumption: Disengagement was completed from Demchok and Depsang, restoring the situation to pre-April 2020.
β New Patrolling Norms: The next step involves working out new patrolling norms along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
β Significance of Depsang: Depsang is a strategically important area where the distance between the LAC and the Limit of Actual Control (LAC) is maximum.
β Positive Step: The resumption of patrolling is seen as a positive step towards maintaining peace and tranquility along the LAC.
Analysis:
UPSC Questions:
#prelims
Key Points:
β Successful Patrolling: The Indian Army successfully conducted a patrol in one of the five Patrolling Points in Depsang, Eastern Ladakh.
β Disengagement and Resumption: Disengagement was completed from Demchok and Depsang, restoring the situation to pre-April 2020.
β New Patrolling Norms: The next step involves working out new patrolling norms along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
β Significance of Depsang: Depsang is a strategically important area where the distance between the LAC and the Limit of Actual Control (LAC) is maximum.
β Positive Step: The resumption of patrolling is seen as a positive step towards maintaining peace and tranquility along the LAC.
Analysis:
β The successful resumption of patrolling in Depsang is a significant development in India-China relations. It indicates progress in resolving the border standoff and easing tensions between the two nuclear powers. However, challenges remain, and it is crucial for both sides to engage in constructive dialogue and adhere to diplomatic norms to maintain peace and stability in the region.
UPSC Questions:
β Prelims: What is the LAC?
A) Line of Actual Control
B) Line of Actual Control and Claim
C) Line of Actual Control and Separation
D) Line of Actual Control and Demarcation
β Mains: Discuss the challenges faced by India in managing the India-China border dispute. What are the key factors contributing to the tensions, and what strategies can India adopt to safeguard its interests and maintain peace and stability in the region?ο»Ώ
#prelims
#Places_in_news
πDepsang Plains
β The Depsang Plains along with Pangong Tso are the two major areas of concern in the standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.
β Despite the strategic importance of the Depsang Plains, the series of military talks held so far have focussed on the standoff areas at Galwan, Gogra Hotsprings and Finger area of Pangong Tso.
β Depsang is one of the few places on the LAC where tank manoeuvres are possible.
β During the 1962 war, Chinese troops occupied the Plains. In 2013, Chinese troops came 19 km inside and pitched tents resulting in a 21-day standoff.
πDepsang Plains
β The Depsang Plains along with Pangong Tso are the two major areas of concern in the standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.
β Despite the strategic importance of the Depsang Plains, the series of military talks held so far have focussed on the standoff areas at Galwan, Gogra Hotsprings and Finger area of Pangong Tso.
β Depsang is one of the few places on the LAC where tank manoeuvres are possible.
β During the 1962 war, Chinese troops occupied the Plains. In 2013, Chinese troops came 19 km inside and pitched tents resulting in a 21-day standoff.
πMalawi:
β It is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa.
β It shares borders with Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia.
β Capital: Lilongwe
Major languages: English and Chichewa (both official)
β Currency: Malawi kwacha (MWK)
β Endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley.
β Lake Nyasa (one of the deepest lakes in the world), known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the countryβs total area.
β Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs over 80% of the population.
β It is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa.
β It shares borders with Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia.
β Capital: Lilongwe
Major languages: English and Chichewa (both official)
β Currency: Malawi kwacha (MWK)
β Endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley.
β Lake Nyasa (one of the deepest lakes in the world), known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the countryβs total area.
β Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs over 80% of the population.
β
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πLewotobi Laki-Laki:
β Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
β Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
β Geological significance: Positioned within the βRing of Fire,β a region known for intense tectonic activity.
β Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
β Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
β Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
β Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
β Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
β Geological significance: Positioned within the βRing of Fire,β a region known for intense tectonic activity.
β Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
β Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
β Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
Polishing Millets: A Loss of Nutritional Value
Impact of Milling
β Reduction in Nutrients: Milling millets to remove the bran significantly reduces their nutritional value, including protein, dietary fiber, fat, minerals, and phytic acid.
β Increase in Carbohydrates: Milling increases the carbohydrate and amylose content.
Why Millets are Polished
β Shelf Life: Removing the bran, which is rich in fats, can extend the shelf life of millets as it reduces the risk of rancidity.
π―οΈCooking Time and Texture: Milling makes millets cook faster and have a softer texture.
Health Benefits of Whole Millets
β Rich in Nutrients: Whole millets are a good source of minerals like calcium, iron, phosphorus, and potassium.
β Antioxidant Properties: They contain phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, which can help protect against various diseases.
β Lower Glycemic Index: Whole millets have a lower glycemic index, which is beneficial for people with diabetes.
Recommendations
β Consume Whole Millets: It is recommended to consume millets in their whole grain form to maximize nutritional benefits.
β Promote Whole Millet Consumption: Efforts should be made to promote the consumption of whole millets to improve diet quality and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Impact of Milling
β Reduction in Nutrients: Milling millets to remove the bran significantly reduces their nutritional value, including protein, dietary fiber, fat, minerals, and phytic acid.
β Increase in Carbohydrates: Milling increases the carbohydrate and amylose content.
Why Millets are Polished
β Shelf Life: Removing the bran, which is rich in fats, can extend the shelf life of millets as it reduces the risk of rancidity.
π―οΈCooking Time and Texture: Milling makes millets cook faster and have a softer texture.
Health Benefits of Whole Millets
β Rich in Nutrients: Whole millets are a good source of minerals like calcium, iron, phosphorus, and potassium.
β Antioxidant Properties: They contain phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, which can help protect against various diseases.
β Lower Glycemic Index: Whole millets have a lower glycemic index, which is beneficial for people with diabetes.
Recommendations
β Consume Whole Millets: It is recommended to consume millets in their whole grain form to maximize nutritional benefits.
β Promote Whole Millet Consumption: Efforts should be made to promote the consumption of whole millets to improve diet quality and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Possible UPSC Prelims Question: What is the primary reason for polishing millets?
* To improve taste
* To increase shelf life
* To reduce cooking time
* To enhance nutritional value
Possible UPSC Mains Question: Discuss the nutritional benefits of millets and the impact of milling on their nutritional profile. What measures can be taken to promote the consumption of whole millets in India?
Lake Kariba:
β It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
β It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
β It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
β It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
β The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
β It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
β The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
β Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
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#lakes_series
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β It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
β It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
β It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
β It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
β The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
β It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
β The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
β Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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Barak River:
β Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
β Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
β Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
β Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the countryβs total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
β Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
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#lakes_series
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β Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
β Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
β Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
β Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the countryβs total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
β Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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πNigeria
β Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. β Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africaβs top oil producer.
β Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. β Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africaβs top oil producer.
#Sea_Series
πDead Sea
β The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
β It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
β It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
β It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
β To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
β It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earthβs lowest land-based feature.
β Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earthβs saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
β It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarcticaβs Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djiboutiβs Lake Assal.
β The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
β The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
β It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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πDead Sea
β The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
β It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
β It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
β It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
β To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
β It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earthβs lowest land-based feature.
β Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earthβs saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
β It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarcticaβs Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djiboutiβs Lake Assal.
β The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
β The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
β It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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πCloud-seeding
β It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical βnucleiβ like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
β These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
β Types of Cloud-Seeding:
πΈHygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
πΈGlaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
β Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
β Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
β Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
πΈPune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
πΈBut there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
β Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
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β It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical βnucleiβ like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
β These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
β Types of Cloud-Seeding:
πΈHygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
πΈGlaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
β Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
β Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
β Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
πΈPune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
πΈBut there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
β Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
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πLine of Actual Control (LAC)
β The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
β India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
β It is divided into three sectors:
πΈ the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
πΈ the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
πΈ the western sector in Ladakh.
β LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
β Major friction points along the India-China border
πΈ Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
πΈ Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
πΈPangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
πΈ Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
πΈ Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
β How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
πΈThe LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
πΈ It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
πΈ The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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β The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
β India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
β It is divided into three sectors:
πΈ the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
πΈ the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
πΈ the western sector in Ladakh.
β LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
β Major friction points along the India-China border
πΈ Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
πΈ Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
πΈPangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
πΈ Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
πΈ Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
β How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
πΈThe LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
πΈ It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
πΈ The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Amravati Reservoir is located in which national park in India?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Mudumalai National Park
21%
Pampadum Shola National Park
54%
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
4%
None of them
The Rann of Katch is located in the state of Gujarat. Which of the following is the meaning of Rann?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Dry land
58%
Salt marsh
21%
Sandy deposit
2%
Small forest