🔆La Niña?
✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
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✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
#geography
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Libya:
✅Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
✅Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
📍Geographic Features:
✅Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
✅Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
✅Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
✅Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
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✅Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
✅Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
📍Geographic Features:
✅Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
✅Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
✅Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
✅Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
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🔆Masali Village:
✅Masali village in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district has become India’s first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
✅Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
✅Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
📍Significance:
✅First solar-powered border village in India.
✅Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
✅Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
✅Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
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✅Masali village in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district has become India’s first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
✅Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
✅Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
📍Significance:
✅First solar-powered border village in India.
✅Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
✅Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
✅Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
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🔆Panama Canal.
📍Why in news.
✅Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
✅It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
✅It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
✅It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
✅From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
✅In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
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📍Why in news.
✅Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
✅It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
✅It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
✅It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
✅From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
✅In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
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🔆Sagar Island
✅Sagar Island, also known as Ganga Sagar or Sagardwip, is located in the Ganges delta on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal.
✅It consists of 43 villages and is separated from Mahisani Island by the River Muriganga Batala.
✅The island, along with Mahisani and Ghoramara, is classified under the sand group category.
✅It is a significant religious site for Hindus, especially during the Makar Sankranti festival, where pilgrims honor the Sun.
🔸The Kapil Muni Temple on the island is a major pilgrimage center.
✅Sagar Island, also known as Ganga Sagar or Sagardwip, is located in the Ganges delta on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal.
✅It consists of 43 villages and is separated from Mahisani Island by the River Muriganga Batala.
✅The island, along with Mahisani and Ghoramara, is classified under the sand group category.
✅It is a significant religious site for Hindus, especially during the Makar Sankranti festival, where pilgrims honor the Sun.
🔸The Kapil Muni Temple on the island is a major pilgrimage center.
🔆Greenland
✅Capital: Nuuk
✅Highest Point: Gunnbjorn’s Fjeld
✅Greenland is the world’s largest island, lying in the North Atlantic Ocean.
✅It is geographically part of the North American continent but politically associated with Europe as an autonomous territory of Denmark.
✅Borders: It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Greenland Sea to the east, the North Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, the Davis Strait to the southwest, Baffin Bay to the west, and the Nares Strait and Lincoln Sea to the northwest.
✅Greenland shares its maritime borders with Canada, Iceland and Norway.
✅Northeast Greenland National Park is the world’s largest national park.
✅Climate: Two-thirds of Greenland lies above the Arctic Circle, creating frigid climate year-round.
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✅Capital: Nuuk
✅Highest Point: Gunnbjorn’s Fjeld
✅Greenland is the world’s largest island, lying in the North Atlantic Ocean.
✅It is geographically part of the North American continent but politically associated with Europe as an autonomous territory of Denmark.
✅Borders: It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Greenland Sea to the east, the North Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, the Davis Strait to the southwest, Baffin Bay to the west, and the Nares Strait and Lincoln Sea to the northwest.
✅Greenland shares its maritime borders with Canada, Iceland and Norway.
✅Northeast Greenland National Park is the world’s largest national park.
✅Climate: Two-thirds of Greenland lies above the Arctic Circle, creating frigid climate year-round.
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Cameroon Islands
✅ Why in news: In Cameroon, the NGO Papaye International runs a sanctuary for the Orphaned Chimpanzees on three islands in the Douala-Edea national park.
✅Location: Cameroon is situated at the junction of western and central Africa.
✅Bordering Nations: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
✅Geography: Diverse landscapes include northern savannas, central highlands, southern coastal plains, and western volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon).
✅Drainage: Major rivers include Sanaga, Wouri, Nyong (Atlantic-bound), and Benue (flows into Nigeria’s Niger Basin).
✅Soil: Rich, fertile soils in the south and vulnerable, fertile soils in the north.
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✅ Why in news: In Cameroon, the NGO Papaye International runs a sanctuary for the Orphaned Chimpanzees on three islands in the Douala-Edea national park.
✅Location: Cameroon is situated at the junction of western and central Africa.
✅Bordering Nations: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
✅Geography: Diverse landscapes include northern savannas, central highlands, southern coastal plains, and western volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon).
✅Drainage: Major rivers include Sanaga, Wouri, Nyong (Atlantic-bound), and Benue (flows into Nigeria’s Niger Basin).
✅Soil: Rich, fertile soils in the south and vulnerable, fertile soils in the north.
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Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant:
✅Location: Situated in Rooppur, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna District.
✅Built by: Constructed by Rosatom, Russia’s state nuclear corporation.
✅River bank: Located along the Padma River.
✅Total capacity: 2.4 GWe.
Comprises two units of VVER-1200 reactors.
✅Expected to become operational by 2025, making it Bangladesh’s first nuclear power plant
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✅Location: Situated in Rooppur, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna District.
✅Built by: Constructed by Rosatom, Russia’s state nuclear corporation.
✅River bank: Located along the Padma River.
✅Total capacity: 2.4 GWe.
Comprises two units of VVER-1200 reactors.
✅Expected to become operational by 2025, making it Bangladesh’s first nuclear power plant
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Denali Fault
✅ The Denali Fault in southern Alaska has been a significant factor in shaping Earth’s geological evolution.
✅Tectonic Movement: Over millions of years, horizontal movement along the fault caused a displacement of over 483 km, resulting in the separation of this unified feature
Tectonic Setting: It forms a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
✅The Pacific Plate is actively subducting (sliding under) the North American Plate, leading to immense geological stress and deformation in the region.
✅Seismic Activity: The Denali Fault was the source of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in 2002.
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✅ The Denali Fault in southern Alaska has been a significant factor in shaping Earth’s geological evolution.
✅Tectonic Movement: Over millions of years, horizontal movement along the fault caused a displacement of over 483 km, resulting in the separation of this unified feature
Tectonic Setting: It forms a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
✅The Pacific Plate is actively subducting (sliding under) the North American Plate, leading to immense geological stress and deformation in the region.
✅Seismic Activity: The Denali Fault was the source of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in 2002.
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🔆Bab al-Mandab Strait
✅It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
✅It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
✅It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
✅It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
✅Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.
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✅It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
✅It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
✅It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
✅It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
✅Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.
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Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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🔆Saraswati River
✅The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
✅It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
✅The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
✅The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
🔸The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
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✅The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
✅It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
✅The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
✅The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
🔸The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
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Science and technology is one of the Subjects which have high weightage, upsc prelims & mains GS 3
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Hindu, IE, PIB NEWS 👆
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Hindu, IE, PIB NEWS 👆
If any aspirant find reading the newspaper and Making notes from it boring or time consuming,
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Best Telegram channel for The Hindu News Analysis.
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Best Telegram channel for The Hindu News Analysis.