Ecuador
✅Location: It is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru.
✅Capital : Quito
✅Highest point: Mount Chimborazo
✅Major Rivers : The Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo.
✅It is known for its diverse and stunning landscapes, which include the vast Amazon jungle, the towering Andean highlands, and the Galápagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its unique wildlife.
✅Ecuador has also been associated with illegal drug trade activities.
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✅Location: It is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru.
✅Capital : Quito
✅Highest point: Mount Chimborazo
✅Major Rivers : The Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo.
✅It is known for its diverse and stunning landscapes, which include the vast Amazon jungle, the towering Andean highlands, and the Galápagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its unique wildlife.
✅Ecuador has also been associated with illegal drug trade activities.
#Places_in_news
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🔆Countries bordering Ukraine
Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi
✅B : Belarus
✅S : Slovakia
✅H : hungry
✅R : Romania
✅M : Moldova
✅R : Russia
✅P : Poland
places in news
✅Donetsk
✅Luhansk
✅Kherson
✅Zaporizhzhia
✅Mariupol
✅Kharkiv
✅Odessa
✅Kyiv
✅Lviv
✅Crimea
✅Snake Island
[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]
✅ Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia
#Places_in_news
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Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi
✅B : Belarus
✅S : Slovakia
✅H : hungry
✅R : Romania
✅M : Moldova
✅R : Russia
✅P : Poland
places in news
✅Donetsk
✅Luhansk
✅Kherson
✅Zaporizhzhia
✅Mariupol
✅Kharkiv
✅Odessa
✅Kyiv
✅Lviv
✅Crimea
✅Snake Island
[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]
✅ Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia
#Places_in_news
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🔆Tanzania
✅ Location: Located in East Africa, Tanzania borders the Indian Ocean to the east and shares land borders with Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique.
✅ Capital: Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (commercial hub).
✅ Highest Point: Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa.
✅ Major Rivers: Rufiji, Ruvuma, Malagarasi, and Pangani.
✅ Lakes: Includes Lake Victoria (largest in Africa), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa (Malawi).
✅ Biodiversity: Home to Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, and Zanzibar Archipelago; rich in unique wildlife and ecosystems.
✅ Economic Importance: Known for tourism, agriculture, and mining, with gold being a major export.
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✅ Location: Located in East Africa, Tanzania borders the Indian Ocean to the east and shares land borders with Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique.
✅ Capital: Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (commercial hub).
✅ Highest Point: Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa.
✅ Major Rivers: Rufiji, Ruvuma, Malagarasi, and Pangani.
✅ Lakes: Includes Lake Victoria (largest in Africa), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa (Malawi).
✅ Biodiversity: Home to Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, and Zanzibar Archipelago; rich in unique wildlife and ecosystems.
✅ Economic Importance: Known for tourism, agriculture, and mining, with gold being a major export.
#Places_in_news
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Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) Link Project:
✅Why in news: An inter-state river-linking project combining the PKC link and Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
✅Launched in: Conceived in 2017 and modified in 2023.
✅Aim: To optimize water resources for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, benefiting people in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
📍Features:
✅Total cost: ₹72,000 crore (90% by the Central Government).
✅Provides 4,100 MCM water to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh.
✅Rivers involved: Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and their tributaries.
📍Chambal River:
✅Origin: Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhya Mountains, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Sipra, and Mej Rivers.
📍Parbati River:
✅Origin: Vindhya Range, Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Kuno, Parwan, and Seep Rivers.
📍Kali Sindh River:
✅Origin: Bagli, Dewas District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Newaj, Ahu, and Parwan Rivers.
#prelims
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✅Why in news: An inter-state river-linking project combining the PKC link and Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
✅Launched in: Conceived in 2017 and modified in 2023.
✅Aim: To optimize water resources for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, benefiting people in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
📍Features:
✅Total cost: ₹72,000 crore (90% by the Central Government).
✅Provides 4,100 MCM water to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh.
✅Rivers involved: Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and their tributaries.
📍Chambal River:
✅Origin: Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhya Mountains, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Sipra, and Mej Rivers.
📍Parbati River:
✅Origin: Vindhya Range, Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Kuno, Parwan, and Seep Rivers.
📍Kali Sindh River:
✅Origin: Bagli, Dewas District, Madhya Pradesh.
✅Tributaries: Newaj, Ahu, and Parwan Rivers.
#prelims
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🔆 Mount Etna: Europe's Largest Active Volcano
📍 Location:
✅ Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.
📍 Geological Significance:
✅ It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
✅ Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.
📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
✅ On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
✅ The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.
📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
✅ Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.
📍 Global Connection:
✅ Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.
#Geography #Disaster_Management #mapping
📍 Location:
✅ Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.
📍 Geological Significance:
✅ It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
✅ Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.
📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
✅ On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
✅ The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.
📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
✅ Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.
📍 Global Connection:
✅ Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.
#Geography #Disaster_Management #mapping
🔆 Bay of Biscay: A Key Feature of the North Atlantic
📍 Location
✅ Situated along the western coast of Europe, bordered by France (east) and Spain (south).
✅ Lies between 46°N and 43°N latitude, connected to the North Atlantic Ocean.
📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Size: Triangular-shaped bay, spanning approximately 225,000 km².
✅ Depth: Shallow near the coast; Bay of Biscay Abyssal Plain reaches depths of up to 4,735 meters.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives waters from Loire, Gironde, and Adour in France.
📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Strong Tides: Known for its high tidal ranges and rough seas.
✅ Winter Storms: Frequent storms and powerful waves, especially in the northwestern part.
✅ Marine Life: Rich biodiversity, with whales, dolphins, and seabirds commonly sighted.
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Navigation: Vital for early maritime trade and fishing activities.
✅ Naval History: Site of major battles during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II.
📍 Economic Importance
✅ Fishing Industry: Historically a major fishing zone, though overfishing has led to reduced stocks.
✅ Port Cities: Key ports like Bordeaux (France) and Bilbao (Spain).
📍 Unique Insights
✅ Underwater Features: Includes submarine canyons like Capbreton Canyon and sedimentary basins.
✅ Climate Impact: Affected by the Gulf Stream, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.
✅ Rare Marine Species: Home to unique cold-water coral ecosystems and rare cetacean species.
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
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📍 Location
✅ Situated along the western coast of Europe, bordered by France (east) and Spain (south).
✅ Lies between 46°N and 43°N latitude, connected to the North Atlantic Ocean.
📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Size: Triangular-shaped bay, spanning approximately 225,000 km².
✅ Depth: Shallow near the coast; Bay of Biscay Abyssal Plain reaches depths of up to 4,735 meters.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives waters from Loire, Gironde, and Adour in France.
📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Strong Tides: Known for its high tidal ranges and rough seas.
✅ Winter Storms: Frequent storms and powerful waves, especially in the northwestern part.
✅ Marine Life: Rich biodiversity, with whales, dolphins, and seabirds commonly sighted.
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Navigation: Vital for early maritime trade and fishing activities.
✅ Naval History: Site of major battles during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II.
📍 Economic Importance
✅ Fishing Industry: Historically a major fishing zone, though overfishing has led to reduced stocks.
✅ Port Cities: Key ports like Bordeaux (France) and Bilbao (Spain).
📍 Unique Insights
✅ Underwater Features: Includes submarine canyons like Capbreton Canyon and sedimentary basins.
✅ Climate Impact: Affected by the Gulf Stream, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.
✅ Rare Marine Species: Home to unique cold-water coral ecosystems and rare cetacean species.
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Lesotho is entirely surrounded by which one of the following countries?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
(A) Namibia
31%
(B) Zimbabwe
19%
(C) Botswana
38%
(D) South Africa
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🔆 Gulf of Lion: A Key Feature of the Mediterranean
📍 Location
✅ Situated along the southern coast of France, bordered by the Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions.
✅ Lies between the Pyrenees Mountains (west) and the Rhône River delta (east).
📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Depth: Crescent-shaped gulf with shallow coastal areas and steep slopes offshore.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives sediments from Rhône, Aude, and Hérault Rivers, forming underwater canyons.
✅ Marine Biodiversity: Important fishing grounds (anchovies, sardines).
📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Dense Water Formation: Critical for Mediterranean and global thermohaline circulation.
✅ Mistral Winds: Strong winds influencing climate, waves, and sediment deposition.
📍 Historical & Economic Significance
✅ Historical Ports: Ancient maritime hubs like Massalia (Marseille) were key trade centers.
✅ Fishing Zone: A vital source of marine resources for France.
✅ Tourism: Popular coastal destinations like Montpellier and Marseille.
📍 Rare Insights
✅ Bathymetry: Includes prominent underwater features like the Rhône Canyon.
✅ Ecological Zones: Marked biodiversity hotspots and fishing regions.
✅ Wind Patterns: Influence of Mistral winds visible in sediment deposition and oceanic dynamics.
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
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📍 Location
✅ Situated along the southern coast of France, bordered by the Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions.
✅ Lies between the Pyrenees Mountains (west) and the Rhône River delta (east).
📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Depth: Crescent-shaped gulf with shallow coastal areas and steep slopes offshore.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives sediments from Rhône, Aude, and Hérault Rivers, forming underwater canyons.
✅ Marine Biodiversity: Important fishing grounds (anchovies, sardines).
📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Dense Water Formation: Critical for Mediterranean and global thermohaline circulation.
✅ Mistral Winds: Strong winds influencing climate, waves, and sediment deposition.
📍 Historical & Economic Significance
✅ Historical Ports: Ancient maritime hubs like Massalia (Marseille) were key trade centers.
✅ Fishing Zone: A vital source of marine resources for France.
✅ Tourism: Popular coastal destinations like Montpellier and Marseille.
📍 Rare Insights
✅ Bathymetry: Includes prominent underwater features like the Rhône Canyon.
✅ Ecological Zones: Marked biodiversity hotspots and fishing regions.
✅ Wind Patterns: Influence of Mistral winds visible in sediment deposition and oceanic dynamics.
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Hindu Kush Himalayas
✅Hindu Kush Himalayas is a mountain range stretching over 3500 kilometres and across eight countries i.e., Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar and Pakistan.
✅It is home to all of the world’s peaks above 7,000 metres.
✅Glaciers: HKH has one of the largest volumes of ice and snow outside of the Arctic and Antarctica due to which it is often referred to as the Third Pole.
✅Water Tower of Asia: It is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’ as it is an important source of water for 12 river basins, including 10 major (transboundary) rivers:
the Amu Darya, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Mekong, Salween, Tarim, Yangtse, and Yellow (Huang He).
✅They flow through 16 countries in Asia and provide freshwater services to 240 million people living in the HKH region and 1.65 billion downstream.
Ecology: It is home to 330 bird and biodiversity areas, including four global biodiversity hotspots i.e., Himalayas, Indo-Burma, mountains of Southwest China, and mountains of Central Asia
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✅Hindu Kush Himalayas is a mountain range stretching over 3500 kilometres and across eight countries i.e., Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar and Pakistan.
✅It is home to all of the world’s peaks above 7,000 metres.
✅Glaciers: HKH has one of the largest volumes of ice and snow outside of the Arctic and Antarctica due to which it is often referred to as the Third Pole.
✅Water Tower of Asia: It is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’ as it is an important source of water for 12 river basins, including 10 major (transboundary) rivers:
the Amu Darya, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Mekong, Salween, Tarim, Yangtse, and Yellow (Huang He).
✅They flow through 16 countries in Asia and provide freshwater services to 240 million people living in the HKH region and 1.65 billion downstream.
Ecology: It is home to 330 bird and biodiversity areas, including four global biodiversity hotspots i.e., Himalayas, Indo-Burma, mountains of Southwest China, and mountains of Central Asia
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Lake Naivasha, Kenya
📍 Location
🌍 A freshwater lake in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya.
📍 Why It’s Important
🦩 A Ramsar Site supporting rich biodiversity, including flamingos, hippos, and over 400 bird species.
💐 Known for its flower farms, supplying flowers worldwide, and supports fishing, tourism, and local agriculture.
📍 Challenges
⚠️ Water overuse: Excessive extraction for flower farms and irrigation.
🔥 Climate change: Unpredictable rainfall and rising temperatures.
🌊 Pollution: Runoff from farms and untreated sewage.
📍 Global Relevance
🌏 Highlights the need for sustainable development and balance between economic activities and environmental conservation.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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📍 Location
🌍 A freshwater lake in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya.
📍 Why It’s Important
🦩 A Ramsar Site supporting rich biodiversity, including flamingos, hippos, and over 400 bird species.
💐 Known for its flower farms, supplying flowers worldwide, and supports fishing, tourism, and local agriculture.
📍 Challenges
⚠️ Water overuse: Excessive extraction for flower farms and irrigation.
🔥 Climate change: Unpredictable rainfall and rising temperatures.
🌊 Pollution: Runoff from farms and untreated sewage.
📍 Global Relevance
🌏 Highlights the need for sustainable development and balance between economic activities and environmental conservation.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Upsc prelims Mapping + geography
▪️ World Mapping
▪️ India Mapping
▪️ Places in news ( geo + IR + env)
▪️ Map based pyq's
▪️ Indian geography
▪️ Physical geography
CLICK HERE TO JOIN
▪️ World Mapping
▪️ India Mapping
▪️ Places in news ( geo + IR + env)
▪️ Map based pyq's
▪️ Indian geography
▪️ Physical geography
CLICK HERE TO JOIN
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CSP2025-E (1).pdf
1.2 MB
CSE notification 2025
Vacancies- 979
Vacancies- 979
🔆 Ashtamudi Lake: Gateway to Kerala’s Backwaters
📍 Overview
✅ Type: Brackish water lake (mix of freshwater and saltwater).
✅ Location: Kollam district, Kerala.
✅ Ramsar Wetland: Recognized for its ecological importance.
✅ Naming: Derived from its eight arms/channels, meaning "Ashta" (eight) and "Mudi" (arms).
📍 Key Features
✅ Second Largest Lake in Kerala: After Vembanad Lake.
✅ Deepest Estuary: Among all estuaries in Kerala, connecting to the sea via Neendakara estuary.
✅ Source of Water: Kallada River.
✅ Biodiversity:
Home to two endangered mangrove species: Syzygium travancoricum and Calamus rotang.
Supports diverse aquatic life and mangrove ecosystems.
✅ Munroe Island: A cluster of eight tiny islands within the lake.
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Trade Hub: Linked the ancient city of Quilon (Kollam) to global trade routes.
✅ Mentioned by Ibn Battuta: Highlighted its importance as a trade center.
✅ Velu Thampi's Rebellion: Played a role in the rebellion against British rule.
✅ Cultural Contribution:
Site of Ramachandravilasam, the first epic poetry in Malayalam, composed by Azhakath Padmanabha Kurup.
📍 Significance
🌱 A crucial part of Kerala’s eco-tourism, supporting livelihoods and preserving biodiversity.
🌊 Key to the Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway, vital for Kerala's inland navigation.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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📍 Overview
✅ Type: Brackish water lake (mix of freshwater and saltwater).
✅ Location: Kollam district, Kerala.
✅ Ramsar Wetland: Recognized for its ecological importance.
✅ Naming: Derived from its eight arms/channels, meaning "Ashta" (eight) and "Mudi" (arms).
📍 Key Features
✅ Second Largest Lake in Kerala: After Vembanad Lake.
✅ Deepest Estuary: Among all estuaries in Kerala, connecting to the sea via Neendakara estuary.
✅ Source of Water: Kallada River.
✅ Biodiversity:
Home to two endangered mangrove species: Syzygium travancoricum and Calamus rotang.
Supports diverse aquatic life and mangrove ecosystems.
✅ Munroe Island: A cluster of eight tiny islands within the lake.
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Trade Hub: Linked the ancient city of Quilon (Kollam) to global trade routes.
✅ Mentioned by Ibn Battuta: Highlighted its importance as a trade center.
✅ Velu Thampi's Rebellion: Played a role in the rebellion against British rule.
✅ Cultural Contribution:
Site of Ramachandravilasam, the first epic poetry in Malayalam, composed by Azhakath Padmanabha Kurup.
📍 Significance
🌱 A crucial part of Kerala’s eco-tourism, supporting livelihoods and preserving biodiversity.
🌊 Key to the Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway, vital for Kerala's inland navigation.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 Hambantota Port: Key Facts
📍 Overview
🌍 A deep-water port on Sri Lanka’s southwestern coast, overlooking the Indian Ocean. It is vital for international trade and economic growth.
📍 Construction and Funding
🔨 Built by the Sri Lankan Port Authority with funding from EXIM Bank of China.
🏗 Construction started in 2008, and the first phase finished in 2010.
📍 Lease to China
📜 In 2017, Sri Lanka leased the port to China Merchant Port Holdings for 99 years after failing to repay the loan.
📍 Strategic Importance
🌏 Part of China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative.
🔗 Links Southeast Asia, Africa, and West Asia.
⚠️ India’s Concern: Possible Chinese military presence threatens India’s security in the region.
#Places_in_news
#Port_series
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📍 Overview
🌍 A deep-water port on Sri Lanka’s southwestern coast, overlooking the Indian Ocean. It is vital for international trade and economic growth.
📍 Construction and Funding
🔨 Built by the Sri Lankan Port Authority with funding from EXIM Bank of China.
🏗 Construction started in 2008, and the first phase finished in 2010.
📍 Lease to China
📜 In 2017, Sri Lanka leased the port to China Merchant Port Holdings for 99 years after failing to repay the loan.
📍 Strategic Importance
🌏 Part of China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative.
🔗 Links Southeast Asia, Africa, and West Asia.
⚠️ India’s Concern: Possible Chinese military presence threatens India’s security in the region.
#Places_in_news
#Port_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains