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Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) Link Project:

Why in news: An inter-state river-linking project combining the PKC link and Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
Launched in: Conceived in 2017 and modified in 2023.
Aim: To optimize water resources for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, benefiting people in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
📍Features:
Total cost: ₹72,000 crore (90% by the Central Government).
Provides 4,100 MCM water to Rajasthan and 3,000 MCM to Madhya Pradesh.
Rivers involved: Chambal, Parbati, Kalisindh, Banas, and their tributaries.
📍Chambal River:
Origin: Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhya Mountains, Madhya Pradesh.
Tributaries: Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Sipra, and Mej Rivers.
📍Parbati River:
Origin: Vindhya Range, Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh.
Tributaries: Kuno, Parwan, and Seep Rivers.
📍Kali Sindh River:
Origin: Bagli, Dewas District, Madhya Pradesh.
Tributaries: Newaj, Ahu, and Parwan Rivers.

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Chalcolithic Cultures
🔆 Mount Etna: Europe's Largest Active Volcano

📍 Location:
Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.

📍 Geological Significance:
It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.

📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.

📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.

📍 Global Connection:
Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.

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🔆 Bay of Biscay: A Key Feature of the North Atlantic

📍 Location
Situated along the western coast of Europe, bordered by France (east) and Spain (south).
Lies between 46°N and 43°N latitude, connected to the North Atlantic Ocean.

📍 Key Features
Shape & Size: Triangular-shaped bay, spanning approximately 225,000 km².
Depth: Shallow near the coast; Bay of Biscay Abyssal Plain reaches depths of up to 4,735 meters.
Major Rivers: Receives waters from Loire, Gironde, and Adour in France.

📍 Oceanographic Importance
Strong Tides: Known for its high tidal ranges and rough seas.
Winter Storms: Frequent storms and powerful waves, especially in the northwestern part.
Marine Life: Rich biodiversity, with whales, dolphins, and seabirds commonly sighted.

📍 Historical Significance
Ancient Navigation: Vital for early maritime trade and fishing activities.
Naval History: Site of major battles during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II.

📍 Economic Importance
Fishing Industry: Historically a major fishing zone, though overfishing has led to reduced stocks.
Port Cities: Key ports like Bordeaux (France) and Bilbao (Spain).

📍 Unique Insights
Underwater Features: Includes submarine canyons like Capbreton Canyon and sedimentary basins.
Climate Impact: Affected by the Gulf Stream, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.
Rare Marine Species: Home to unique cold-water coral ecosystems and rare cetacean species.

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Lesotho is entirely surrounded by which one of the following countries?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
(A) Namibia
31%
(B) Zimbabwe
19%
(C) Botswana
38%
(D) South Africa
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🔆 Gulf of Lion: A Key Feature of the Mediterranean

📍 Location
Situated along the southern coast of France, bordered by the Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions.
Lies between the Pyrenees Mountains (west) and the Rhône River delta (east).

📍 Key Features
Shape & Depth: Crescent-shaped gulf with shallow coastal areas and steep slopes offshore.
Major Rivers: Receives sediments from Rhône, Aude, and Hérault Rivers, forming underwater canyons.
Marine Biodiversity: Important fishing grounds (anchovies, sardines).

📍 Oceanographic Importance
Dense Water Formation: Critical for Mediterranean and global thermohaline circulation.
Mistral Winds: Strong winds influencing climate, waves, and sediment deposition.

📍 Historical & Economic Significance
Historical Ports: Ancient maritime hubs like Massalia (Marseille) were key trade centers.
Fishing Zone: A vital source of marine resources for France.
Tourism: Popular coastal destinations like Montpellier and Marseille.

📍 Rare Insights
Bathymetry: Includes prominent underwater features like the Rhône Canyon.
Ecological Zones: Marked biodiversity hotspots and fishing regions.
Wind Patterns: Influence of Mistral winds visible in sediment deposition and oceanic dynamics.

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Hindu Kush Himalayas 
Hindu Kush Himalayas is a mountain range stretching over 3500 kilometres and across eight countries i.e., Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar and Pakistan. 
It is home to all of the world’s peaks above 7,000 metres. 

Glaciers: HKH has one of the largest volumes of ice and snow outside of the Arctic and Antarctica due to which it is often referred to as the Third Pole. 
Water Tower of Asia: It is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’ as it is an important source of water for 12 river basins, including 10 major (transboundary) rivers: 
the Amu Darya, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Mekong, Salween, Tarim, Yangtse, and Yellow (Huang He). 
They flow through 16 countries in Asia and provide freshwater services to 240 million people living in the HKH region and 1.65 billion downstream. 
Ecology: It is home to 330 bird and biodiversity areas, including four global biodiversity hotspots i.e., Himalayas, Indo-Burma, mountains of Southwest China, and mountains of Central Asia

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🔆 Lake Naivasha, Kenya

📍 Location
🌍 A freshwater lake in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya.

📍 Why It’s Important
🦩 A Ramsar Site supporting rich biodiversity, including flamingos, hippos, and over 400 bird species.
💐 Known for its flower farms, supplying flowers worldwide, and supports fishing, tourism, and local agriculture.

📍 Challenges
⚠️ Water overuse: Excessive extraction for flower farms and irrigation.
🔥 Climate change: Unpredictable rainfall and rising temperatures.
🌊 Pollution: Runoff from farms and untreated sewage.

📍 Global Relevance
🌏 Highlights the need for sustainable development and balance between economic activities and environmental conservation.

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CSE notification 2025

Vacancies- 979
🔆 Ashtamudi Lake: Gateway to Kerala’s Backwaters

📍 Overview
Type: Brackish water lake (mix of freshwater and saltwater).
Location: Kollam district, Kerala.
Ramsar Wetland: Recognized for its ecological importance.
Naming: Derived from its eight arms/channels, meaning "Ashta" (eight) and "Mudi" (arms).

📍 Key Features
Second Largest Lake in Kerala: After Vembanad Lake.
Deepest Estuary: Among all estuaries in Kerala, connecting to the sea via Neendakara estuary.
Source of Water: Kallada River.
Biodiversity:
Home to two endangered mangrove species: Syzygium travancoricum and Calamus rotang.
Supports diverse aquatic life and mangrove ecosystems.
Munroe Island: A cluster of eight tiny islands within the lake.

📍 Historical Significance
Ancient Trade Hub: Linked the ancient city of Quilon (Kollam) to global trade routes.
Mentioned by Ibn Battuta: Highlighted its importance as a trade center.
Velu Thampi's Rebellion: Played a role in the rebellion against British rule.
Cultural Contribution:
Site of Ramachandravilasam, the first epic poetry in Malayalam, composed by Azhakath Padmanabha Kurup.

📍 Significance
🌱 A crucial part of Kerala’s eco-tourism, supporting livelihoods and preserving biodiversity.
🌊 Key to the Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway, vital for Kerala's inland navigation.

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🔆 Hambantota Port: Key Facts

📍 Overview
🌍 A deep-water port on Sri Lanka’s southwestern coast, overlooking the Indian Ocean. It is vital for international trade and economic growth.

📍 Construction and Funding
🔨 Built by the Sri Lankan Port Authority with funding from EXIM Bank of China.
🏗 Construction started in 2008, and the first phase finished in 2010.

📍 Lease to China
📜 In 2017, Sri Lanka leased the port to China Merchant Port Holdings for 99 years after failing to repay the loan.

📍 Strategic Importance
🌏 Part of China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative.
🔗 Links Southeast Asia, Africa, and West Asia.
⚠️ India’s Concern: Possible Chinese military presence threatens India’s security in the region.

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Quick revision notes
Bharathappuzha River:
It is Kerala’s second longest river after the Periyar River.
It flows for a length of 209 km.
It is also known as Nila, Kuttipuram Puzha and Ponnaniyar.
Course:
The river originates in the Anaimalai hills located in the Western Ghats region in Tamil Nadu.
It flows in the northwesterly direction in Pollachi taluk of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu.
It enters the Palghat district of Kerala State through the Palghat gap.
It finally discharges into the Arabian Sea near Ponnani town, Kerala.
Out of the total drainage area, two-thirds, which is 4400 sq.km., is in Kerala, and the remaining 1786 sq.km. is in Tamil Nadu.
The Bharathapuzha basin receives copious rainfall during the southwest monsoon and it lies in the rain shed region of the Western Ghats.
Major Tributaries: Gayathripuzha River, Kannadipuzha River, Kalpathipuzha River, and Thuthapuzha River.
There are several dams constructed across this river, of which the Malampuzha dam is the largest.

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🔆Mount Ibu Erupts in Indonesia

📍Recent Eruption
🌋Mount Ibu, located on Halmahera Island, erupted, spewing an ash tower over 5 km high.
⚠️Authorities raised the alert level to the second-highest last week.
No damage or casualties were reported.

📍About Mount Ibu
📏Height: 1,325-meter stratovolcano with a truncated summit and nested craters.
🌎Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for intense volcanic activity.
🔥History of frequent eruptions with lava flows, ash plumes, and pyroclastic activity.

📍What are Stratovolcanoes?
🏔Structure: Steep-sided cones formed by layers of viscous lava and ash.
🌐Location: Found above subduction zones like the Ring of Fire.
💥Prone to explosive eruptions due to gas buildup in magma.
🌋Make up 60% of Earth’s volcanoes.

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🔆 Gandikota Canyon: The Grand Canyon of India
📍 Location
🏞 The Gandikota Canyon, created by the Pennar River, is located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Over millions of years, the Pennar River eroded the rocks, carving a deep canyon with steep, jagged walls in shades of red, resembling the Grand Canyon in the US.
The Pennar River flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, making it a key river in South India.

📍 Cultural and Historical Significance
The canyon houses the 12th-century Gandikota Fort, which includes: House of the Drum, Charminar, Jail, and Red Koneru (a water tank).
Inside the fort, the Madhavaraya Swamy Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.


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🔆 Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb Islands

📍 Location
The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.

📍 Recent Context
Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

📍 Significance
Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.

📍 Current Status
Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.

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🔆 The Blue Line: UN-Recognized Demarcation

📍 What is the Blue Line?
A 120-km United Nations-recognized demarcation, established in 2000 to mark the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon.

📍 Key Features
Separates Lebanon from Israel and the Golan Heights.
Not recognized as an official international border.
Marked by blue barrels, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Golan Heights.

📍 Significance
Serves as a buffer zone to reduce conflicts between Lebanon and Israel.
Highlights the ongoing disputes in the Middle East over territorial boundaries.


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2025/07/13 14:40:43
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