🔆 About Kurdistan Region
📍 Key Information:
✅ The Kurdistan Region is a geographically defined area traditionally inhabited mainly by Kurds.
✅ It consists of an extensive plateau and mountainous area, covering parts of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and smaller parts of Syria and Armenia.
📍 Governance:
✅ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Halabja.
✅ Capital: Erbil.
📍 Geographical Features:
✅ The region includes the Zagros mountain systems and the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains.
📍 Economic and Commercial Ties:
✅ The region has developed strong commercial ties with Iraq.
✅ Indian businesses have actively participated in trade fairs and exhibitions in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah in recent years.
✅ Indian workers have seen steady growth in sectors like steel mills, oil companies, and construction projects, with workers from India being appreciated for their roles.
📍 Key Information:
✅ The Kurdistan Region is a geographically defined area traditionally inhabited mainly by Kurds.
✅ It consists of an extensive plateau and mountainous area, covering parts of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and smaller parts of Syria and Armenia.
📍 Governance:
✅ Governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Halabja.
✅ Capital: Erbil.
📍 Geographical Features:
✅ The region includes the Zagros mountain systems and the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains.
📍 Economic and Commercial Ties:
✅ The region has developed strong commercial ties with Iraq.
✅ Indian businesses have actively participated in trade fairs and exhibitions in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah in recent years.
✅ Indian workers have seen steady growth in sectors like steel mills, oil companies, and construction projects, with workers from India being appreciated for their roles.
🔆 Paktika Province
📍 Key Details
✅ Location: Situated in eastern Afghanistan, on the border with Pakistan.
✅ Significance: Paktika is strategically important due to its proximity to the Durand Line, making it easier for militants to cross between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Durand Line: The international border separating Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Recent Developments: The Pakistani Army recently carried out airstrikes in the Paktika Province.
📍 Key Details
✅ Location: Situated in eastern Afghanistan, on the border with Pakistan.
✅ Significance: Paktika is strategically important due to its proximity to the Durand Line, making it easier for militants to cross between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Durand Line: The international border separating Afghanistan and Pakistan.
✅ Recent Developments: The Pakistani Army recently carried out airstrikes in the Paktika Province.
📌 Shinkun La Tunnel 🚧
About the Tunnel:
✅ Location: Under Shinku-La Pass (16,580 feet), connecting Himachal’s Lahaul valley and Ladakh’s Zanskar valley.
✅ Route: Part of the Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road link.
✅ Length: 4.1 km – set to be the world’s longest high-altitude highway tunnel.
✅ Construction: Built by Border Roads Organization (BRO) at a cost of ₹1,681.5 crore.
✅ Significance:
➤ All-weather connectivity to Ladakh via the shortest route.
➤ Strategic importance: Eases movement of heavy machinery to Kargil, Siachen, LOC.
➤ Enhanced security: Protects traffic from long-range artillery shelling or missile attacks from China/Pakistan.
#mapping
About the Tunnel:
✅ Location: Under Shinku-La Pass (16,580 feet), connecting Himachal’s Lahaul valley and Ladakh’s Zanskar valley.
✅ Route: Part of the Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road link.
✅ Length: 4.1 km – set to be the world’s longest high-altitude highway tunnel.
✅ Construction: Built by Border Roads Organization (BRO) at a cost of ₹1,681.5 crore.
✅ Significance:
➤ All-weather connectivity to Ladakh via the shortest route.
➤ Strategic importance: Eases movement of heavy machinery to Kargil, Siachen, LOC.
➤ Enhanced security: Protects traffic from long-range artillery shelling or missile attacks from China/Pakistan.
#mapping
🔆 Geographical Location
📍 Region
✅ Situated in the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
📍 Borders
✅ Borders Ethiopia to the south and west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.
📍 Coastline
✅ Has a long coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
📍 Terrain
✅ Features a mix of mountainous regions, plateaus, and coastal plains.
#mapping
📍 Region
✅ Situated in the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
📍 Borders
✅ Borders Ethiopia to the south and west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.
📍 Coastline
✅ Has a long coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
📍 Terrain
✅ Features a mix of mountainous regions, plateaus, and coastal plains.
#mapping
📍 Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
✅ Context: The Indian government has notified the 56th Tiger Reserve in the country located in Chhattisgarh – Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.
✅ About the reserve:
- It is the fourth tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh, following Achankmar, Indravati, and Udanti-Sitanadi.
- With an area of 2,829 sq km, it is the third largest tiger reserve in India.
- Guru Ghasidas National Park is named after Guru Ghasidas, a Satnami reformist.
- It was the last known habitat of the Asiatic cheetah in India.
✅ Geographical Location:
- The reserve spans four districts in northern Chhattisgarh’s Sarguja region: Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur.
✅ Connectivity:
- It is situated between Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) and Palamau (Jharkhand) Tiger Reserves, with proximity to Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh), forming one of the largest contiguous habitats for tigers.
✅ Context: The Indian government has notified the 56th Tiger Reserve in the country located in Chhattisgarh – Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.
✅ About the reserve:
- It is the fourth tiger reserve in Chhattisgarh, following Achankmar, Indravati, and Udanti-Sitanadi.
- With an area of 2,829 sq km, it is the third largest tiger reserve in India.
- Guru Ghasidas National Park is named after Guru Ghasidas, a Satnami reformist.
- It was the last known habitat of the Asiatic cheetah in India.
✅ Geographical Location:
- The reserve spans four districts in northern Chhattisgarh’s Sarguja region: Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur.
✅ Connectivity:
- It is situated between Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) and Palamau (Jharkhand) Tiger Reserves, with proximity to Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh), forming one of the largest contiguous habitats for tigers.
Forwarded from Yash Gupta
🔆 Kursk Region Emergency Declared in Russia
📍 Context
✅ An emergency has been declared in Russia’s Kursk Region due to escalating tensions and attacks.
📍 Geographical Location
✅ Position: Located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain, adjacent to Ukraine.
✅ Encompasses: The Dnieper and Don river basins.
📍 Security Situation
✅ Armed militants have attacked Russia’s southern republic of Dagestan, highlighting the region's growing instability.
📍 Key Notes
✅ The Kursk region is a critical area in the context of the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe, and this declaration comes as military tensions continue to rise.
📍 Context
✅ An emergency has been declared in Russia’s Kursk Region due to escalating tensions and attacks.
📍 Geographical Location
✅ Position: Located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain, adjacent to Ukraine.
✅ Encompasses: The Dnieper and Don river basins.
📍 Security Situation
✅ Armed militants have attacked Russia’s southern republic of Dagestan, highlighting the region's growing instability.
📍 Key Notes
✅ The Kursk region is a critical area in the context of the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe, and this declaration comes as military tensions continue to rise.
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🔆 Important Glaciers of Antarctica
📍 Lambert Glacier
✅ Location: East Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- World’s largest glacier by volume and length (over 400 km long).
- Flows into the Amery Ice Shelf.
✅ Significance:
- Vital for studying ice dynamics and climate change.
- A major drainage outlet for the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
📍 Pine Island Glacier
✅ Location: West Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- Rapidly thinning and retreating glacier.
- Part of the Amundsen Sea Embayment.
✅ Significance:
- A key contributor to global sea-level rise.
- Monitored closely for ice sheet instability.
📍 Thwaites Glacier
✅ Location: West Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- Known as the "Doomsday Glacier" due to its significant potential for contributing to sea-level rise.
- Melting rapidly due to warm ocean currents.
✅ Significance:
- Considered a critical glacier for understanding future sea-level changes.
#mapping
📍 Lambert Glacier
✅ Location: East Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- World’s largest glacier by volume and length (over 400 km long).
- Flows into the Amery Ice Shelf.
✅ Significance:
- Vital for studying ice dynamics and climate change.
- A major drainage outlet for the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
📍 Pine Island Glacier
✅ Location: West Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- Rapidly thinning and retreating glacier.
- Part of the Amundsen Sea Embayment.
✅ Significance:
- A key contributor to global sea-level rise.
- Monitored closely for ice sheet instability.
📍 Thwaites Glacier
✅ Location: West Antarctica
✅ Key Features:
- Known as the "Doomsday Glacier" due to its significant potential for contributing to sea-level rise.
- Melting rapidly due to warm ocean currents.
✅ Significance:
- Considered a critical glacier for understanding future sea-level changes.
#mapping
🔆 Aigai
✅ The city of Aigai was the ancient first capital of the Kingdom of Macedonia.
✅ It was discovered in the 19th century near Vergina, in northern Greece.
✅ The most important remains are the monumental palace, lavishly decorated with mosaics and painted stuccoes, and the burial ground.
✅ Alexander the Great was crowned in the ancient Palace of Aigai.
✅ It was built by Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, the tombs of Philip and other Macedonian kings are nearby.
✅ After the assassination of his father, Alexander was crowned at the palace in 336 BC .
✅ The palace and the nearby tombs are listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
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🔆Mahadayi River
✅Farmer leaders, environmentalists, religious heads, and advocates came together recently to protest the proposed land acquisition by the State Government for the Bandura Nala water diversion project in the Mahadayi river basin.
📍Mahadayi River:
✅The Mahadayi River, also called Mandovi or Mhadei, is a rain-fed river that is shared between Karnataka and Goa for their water needs.
📍Course:
✅It originates from Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats in Karnataka.
✅It travels briefly through Maharashtra before entering Goa and emptying into the Arabian Sea at Panaji, Goa.
✅About 76 km of Mahadayi's 111-km length runs through Goa.
✅Tributaries: It has several tributaries, namely Rogaro, Kushavati, Nanorem, Nanuz, Valvota, and Mapusa.
#gs2
#prelims
#mapping
✅Farmer leaders, environmentalists, religious heads, and advocates came together recently to protest the proposed land acquisition by the State Government for the Bandura Nala water diversion project in the Mahadayi river basin.
📍Mahadayi River:
✅The Mahadayi River, also called Mandovi or Mhadei, is a rain-fed river that is shared between Karnataka and Goa for their water needs.
📍Course:
✅It originates from Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats in Karnataka.
✅It travels briefly through Maharashtra before entering Goa and emptying into the Arabian Sea at Panaji, Goa.
✅About 76 km of Mahadayi's 111-km length runs through Goa.
✅Tributaries: It has several tributaries, namely Rogaro, Kushavati, Nanorem, Nanuz, Valvota, and Mapusa.
#gs2
#prelims
#mapping
Tanzania:
✅Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia.
✅It is bordered by the Indian Ocean and eight countries.
✅It is bordered by 3 of the largest lakes in Africa i.e., Lake Victoria (world's 2nd largest freshwater lake), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa.
✅Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia.
✅It is bordered by the Indian Ocean and eight countries.
✅It is bordered by 3 of the largest lakes in Africa i.e., Lake Victoria (world's 2nd largest freshwater lake), Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa.