Krishna River:

✅It is a river in south-central India.
✅In terms of water inflows and river basin, Krishna is the fourth biggest river after Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra.

✅Origin: It rises in western Maharashtra state in the Western Ghats range near the town of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea.
✅It passes through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh and meets the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast.
✅Total Length: 1300 km
✅The Krishna River Basin extends over an area of about 258,948 sq. km, which is nearly 8 per cent of the total geographical area of the country.
✅It is bounded by the Balaghat range on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and the east, and by the Western Ghats on the west.
✅Tributaries: Its principal tributaries joining from the right are the Ghatprabha, the Malprabha, and the Tungabhadra, whereas those joining from the left are the Bhima, the Musi and the Munneru.

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Moldova

✅ why in news : India and Moldova signed an agreement on visa waiver for diplomatic and official passports.

✅Moldova, is a landlocked country lying in the northeastern corner of the Balkan region of Europe.
✅ It is bordered by Ukraine and Romania.
✅Rivers: Prut river, Dniester river, Danube River etc.
✅It lies to the east of the great arc of the Carpathian Mountains.


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इरुला जनजाति:

✅ इरुला भारत के सबसे पुराने स्वदेशी समुदायों में से एक हैं।
वे एक विशेष रूप से कमजोर जनजातीय समूह (PVTG) हैं।
वे मुख्य रूप से तमिलनाडु के उत्तरी जिलों के साथ-साथ केरल और कर्नाटक के कुछ हिस्सों में रहते हैं।
✅ भाषा: उनकी भाषा, इरुला, तमिल और कन्नड़ से संबंधित है, जो दक्षिणी द्रविड़ भाषाएँ हैं।

धार्मिक विश्वास:
इरुला लोगों के पास कोई निश्चित भगवान नहीं है। वे सर्वेश्वरवादी हैं जो मनुष्यों और वस्तुओं में आत्माओं की उपस्थिति का प्रावधान करते हैं।
✅उनकी मुख्य देवी कन्निअम्मा नामक एक कुंवारी देवी हैं, जो नाग से गहराई से जुड़ी हुई हैं।

इरुला घर छोटी बस्तियों या गांवों में एक साथ बने होते हैं जिन्हें मोट्टा कहा जाता है। मोट्टा आमतौर पर खड़ी पहाड़ियों के किनारों पर स्थित होते हैं और कुछ सूखे खेतों, बगीचों और जंगलों या बागानों से घिरे होते हैं।
परंपरागत रूप से, वे कुशल शिकारी, संग्राहक और शहद संग्राहक रहे हैं, जो अपने भरण-पोषण और आजीविका के लिए जंगल पर निर्भर रहे हैं।
वे पारंपरिक हर्बल चिकित्सा और उपचार पद्धतियों के विशेषज्ञ हैं।
✅ सांपों और सांप के जहर के बारे में इरुला लोगों का ज्ञान बहुत बढ़िया है। सांपों को बचाने और उनके पुनर्वास के कामों में अक्सर उनकी विशेषज्ञता की मांग की जाती है।
✅ इरुला स्नेक कैचर्स इंडस्ट्रियल कोऑपरेटिव सोसाइटी देश में एंटी-स्नेक वेनम (ASV) का एक प्रमुख उत्पादक है। यह भारत में एंटी-वेनम बनाने में इस्तेमाल होने वाले लगभग 80 प्रतिशत विष की आपूर्ति करता है।
✅ वे सांपों को पकड़ने, जहर निकालने और उन्हें बिना नुकसान पहुंचाए जंगल में वापस छोड़ने के लिए पारंपरिक ज्ञान और कौशल का उपयोग करते हैं।

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Major Tribes in India.

Mountain Peaks in India.

🔆Integrated Ocean Energy Atlas

✅Recently, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has announced the development of an ‘Integrated Ocean Energy Atlas’ of the Indian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone).

📍Integrated Ocean Energy Atlas:

✅It showcases the vast potential of ocean energy resources encompassing marine meteorological (solar and wind) and hydrological (wave, tide, currents, ocean thermal, and salinity gradients) energy forms.
✅It identifies areas with high potential for energy generation and will serve as a reference for policymakers, industry and researchers for harnessing the rich energy resources available in the Indian EEZ.
✅INCOIS prepared the annual, monthly, and daily energy estimates of ocean energy components following standard methods that can be visualised through a WebGIS interface at 5 km grid resolution.

📍INCOIS

✅It was established as an autonomous body in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences(MoES) and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO).
✅Mandate: To provide the best possible ocean information and advisory servicesto society, industry, government agencies, and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvements through systematic and focussed research.

#gs1
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ESSAY Mains 2024

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BPSC
1929 posts

Exam date : 17th November

🔆Mali

✅An elaborate attack by an Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali's capital killed around 70 people recently.

✅It is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of 1,240,192 sq. km.
✅Capital: Bamako 
✅Bordering Countries: Mali borders seven other nations: Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, and Mauritania. 

📍Geography:
✅Approximately 65% of the country is covered by desert or semi-desert.
✅The Sahara Desert makes up a large portion of Mali's total land area. 
✅Mali has a monotonous landscape, with plains and plateaus dominating the country's topography. 
✅The landscape transitions from the Sahara Desert in the north through the Sahel to the zone of Sudanian savanna in the south.
✅It is one of the hottest nations on earth with an average temperature of 114.8 °F (46 °C) in the summer months.
✅The Niger River flows through its interior, serving as its main source of water
✅ethnic groups Bambara, making up 36.5% of the population.
✅Languages: Bambara (most widely spoken

🔆 Falkland Islands

✅Researchers have found evidence that the treeless, rugged, grassland landscape of the Falkland Islands was home to a lush, diverse rainforest up to 30 million years ago

✅Also known as the Malvinas Islands, the Falkland Islands is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
✅It is an archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 500 km from mainland South America
✅It comprises of two large islands (East Falkland and West Falkland) and several hundred smaller ones.
✅The two large islands are separated by Falkland Sound (strait). 
✅The islands are positioned both in the southern and western hemispheres of the Earth. 
✅Climate: A cool temperate oceanic climate that is characterised by its lack of extremes.
✅Capital: Located on the island of East Falkland, is Stanley (also, Port Stanley) is the capital of the Falkland Islands. 
✅Economy:  depends on sheep farming.
✅Currency: The official currency is the Falkland pound, which is on par with the British pound.

🔆Philadelphi corridor

Israel has been under intense pressure to give up control of the Philadelphi corridor.

Philadelphi corridor:

It is a ribbon of land about 14kms in length and 100 metres wide along Gaza’s border with Egypt.
It was designated as a demilitarised border zone after the withdrawal of Israeli settlements and troops from Gaza in 2005 and runs from the Mediterranean to the Kerem Shalom crossing with Israel.
The Corridor was originally established under the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty as a 100-meter-wide buffer zone.
The zone was later expanded beginning during the Second Intifada to be several hundred meters wide. It covers the entire 8.7-mile-long border.
The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza is within the Philadelphi Corridor.

#Mapping

🔆Mount Erebus

✅In a strange incident, Antarctica's second largest volcano, Mount Erebus, is spewing out gold dust, which has left scientists in complete shock.

📍Mount Erebus

✅It is the world’s southernmost active volcano.
✅Location: It is situated on Ross Island, Antarctica.
✅It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.
✅It’s a stratovolcano characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.
✅Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake.
✅The lake has been active since at least 1972and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth.
✅It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions.

#prelims
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🔆Lake Prespa

✅According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.

✅It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
✅It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
✅The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
✅It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.

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🔆Sahara Desert

✅The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation as heavy rainfall brings unexpected greenery to its arid landscape.

📍Sahara Desert:
✅The Sahara, located in Northern Africa, is the world's largest hot desertand the third most extensive desert after the polar deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.
✅It spans over 9,200,000 sq. km (8% of the earth’s land area).
✅The Sahara Desert encompasses a major portion of North Africa, occupying about 31% of the entire African continent.
✅The countries within the Sahara Desert are Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Chad, the Niger Republic, some parts of Sudan, a small portion of Nigeria, and a small part of Burkina Faso.
✅The desert is bounded by the Mediterranean Seaand the Atlas Mountains on the northern side; the Red Sea on the eastern side; the Atlantic Ocean on the western side and the semiarid Sahel region on the southern side.
✅The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3,415m), a volcano located in the Tibesti Mountains, Chad.
✅The Sahel region serves as a transition zone between the hot desert in the north and the humid savannas of Sub-Saharan Africain the south.

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🔆English Channel:

✅It is a narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean. 
✅It separates the southern coast of England (part of Great Britain) from the northern coast of France. 
✅The channel and the North Sea are connected by the Strait of Dover in the east. 
✅The current name, “English Channel,” dates back to the 18th century. Before then, the English mostly referred to the waterway as a “Narrow Sea.”
✅The French refer to the Channel as “la Manche” because of its sleevelike shape.
✅It is one of the world’s busiest shipping areas, linking southern England, the United Kingdom to northern France.
✅It accounts for up to 20% of the global maritime trade and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea.