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🔆Lewotobi Laki-Laki:
✅Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
✅Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
✅Geological significance: Positioned within the “Ring of Fire,” a region known for intense tectonic activity.
✅Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
✅Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
✅Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
✅Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
✅Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
✅Geological significance: Positioned within the “Ring of Fire,” a region known for intense tectonic activity.
✅Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
✅Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
✅Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
Lake Kariba:
✅It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
✅It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
✅It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
✅It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
✅The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
✅It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
✅The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
✅Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
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#lakes_series
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✅It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
✅It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
✅It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
✅It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
✅The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
✅It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
✅The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
✅Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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Barak River:
✅Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
✅Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
✅Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
✅Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the country’s total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
✅Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
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✅Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
✅Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
✅Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
✅Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the country’s total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
✅Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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🔆Nigeria
✅Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. ✅Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africa’s top oil producer.
✅Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. ✅Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africa’s top oil producer.
#Sea_Series
🔆Dead Sea
✅The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
✅It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
✅ It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
✅ It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
✅ To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
✅It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
✅Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
✅It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
✅The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
✅The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
✅It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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🔆Dead Sea
✅The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
✅It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
✅ It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
✅ It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
✅ To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
✅It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
✅Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
✅It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
✅The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
✅The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
✅It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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🔆Cloud-seeding
✅It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical “nuclei” like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
✅These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
✅Types of Cloud-Seeding:
🔸Hygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
🔸Glaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
✅Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
✅Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
✅Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
🔸Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
🔸But there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
✅Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
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✅It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical “nuclei” like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
✅These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
✅Types of Cloud-Seeding:
🔸Hygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
🔸Glaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
✅Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
✅Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
✅Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
🔸Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
🔸But there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
✅Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Line of Actual Control (LAC)
✅ The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
✅ India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
✅ It is divided into three sectors:
🔸 the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
🔸 the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
🔸 the western sector in Ladakh.
✅ LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
✅Major friction points along the India-China border
🔸 Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
🔸 Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
🔸Pangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
🔸 Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
🔸 Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
✅How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
🔸The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
🔸 It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
🔸 The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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✅ The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
✅ India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
✅ It is divided into three sectors:
🔸 the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
🔸 the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
🔸 the western sector in Ladakh.
✅ LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
✅Major friction points along the India-China border
🔸 Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
🔸 Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
🔸Pangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
🔸 Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
🔸 Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
✅How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
🔸The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
🔸 It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
🔸 The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Amravati Reservoir is located in which national park in India?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Mudumalai National Park
21%
Pampadum Shola National Park
54%
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
4%
None of them
The Rann of Katch is located in the state of Gujarat. Which of the following is the meaning of Rann?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Dry land
58%
Salt marsh
21%
Sandy deposit
2%
Small forest
🔆Ashtamudi Lake
✅It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
✅The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
✅The name “Ashtamudi” means “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
✅The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
✅It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
✅Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
✅Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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✅It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
✅The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
✅The name “Ashtamudi” means “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
✅The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
✅It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
✅Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
✅Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Sabarmati River:
✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
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✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
#Places_in_news
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Kanhirapoil megalithic site:
✅Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
✅Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6–10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
✅Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
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#history
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✅Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
✅Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6–10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
✅Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
#Places_in_news
#history
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Cayirhan Mine:
✅Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
✅Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
✅Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
✅Integral to Turkiye’s energy production and local employment.
✅Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
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✅Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
✅Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
✅Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
✅Integral to Turkiye’s energy production and local employment.
✅Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains