#Sea_Series
🔆Dead Sea
✅The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
✅It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
✅ It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
✅ It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
✅ To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
✅It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
✅Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
✅It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
✅The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
✅The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
✅It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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🔆Dead Sea
✅The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
✅It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
✅ It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
✅ It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
✅ To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
✅It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
✅Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
✅It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
✅The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
✅The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
✅It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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🔆Cloud-seeding
✅It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical “nuclei” like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
✅These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
✅Types of Cloud-Seeding:
🔸Hygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
🔸Glaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
✅Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
✅Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
✅Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
🔸Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
🔸But there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
✅Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
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✅It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical “nuclei” like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
✅These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
✅Types of Cloud-Seeding:
🔸Hygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
🔸Glaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
✅Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
✅Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
✅Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
🔸Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
🔸But there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
✅Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
#geography #geographyoptional
#mains #prelims
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🔆Line of Actual Control (LAC)
✅ The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
✅ India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
✅ It is divided into three sectors:
🔸 the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
🔸 the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
🔸 the western sector in Ladakh.
✅ LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
✅Major friction points along the India-China border
🔸 Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
🔸 Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
🔸Pangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
🔸 Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
🔸 Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
✅How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
🔸The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
🔸 It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
🔸 The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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✅ The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
✅ India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
✅ It is divided into three sectors:
🔸 the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
🔸 the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
🔸 the western sector in Ladakh.
✅ LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
✅Major friction points along the India-China border
🔸 Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
🔸 Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
🔸Pangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
🔸 Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
🔸 Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
✅How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
🔸The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
🔸 It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
🔸 The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
#Places_in_news
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Amravati Reservoir is located in which national park in India?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
Mudumalai National Park
22%
Pampadum Shola National Park
53%
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
4%
None of them
The Rann of Katch is located in the state of Gujarat. Which of the following is the meaning of Rann?
Anonymous Quiz
18%
Dry land
58%
Salt marsh
22%
Sandy deposit
2%
Small forest
🔆Ashtamudi Lake
✅It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
✅The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
✅The name “Ashtamudi” means “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
✅The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
✅It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
✅Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
✅Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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✅It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
✅The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
✅The name “Ashtamudi” means “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
✅The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
✅It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
✅Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
✅Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
#Places_in_news
#lakes_series
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Sabarmati River:
✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
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✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
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Kanhirapoil megalithic site:
✅Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
✅Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6–10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
✅Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
#Places_in_news
#history
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✅Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
✅Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6–10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
✅Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
#Places_in_news
#history
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Cayirhan Mine:
✅Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
✅Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
✅Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
✅Integral to Turkiye’s energy production and local employment.
✅Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
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✅Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
✅Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
✅Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
✅Integral to Turkiye’s energy production and local employment.
✅Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
#Places_in_news
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Pennaiyar River:
✅ flowing through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
✅It is also known as the South Pennar River, Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada, and Thenpennai, Ponnaiyar, in Tamil.
✅Origin: It originates in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.
✅The basin is bounded on the northwest and south by various ranges of the Eastern Ghats, like the Velikonda Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadhu Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, the Chitteri Hills and the Kalrayan Hills, and in the east by the Bay of Bengal.
✅It is the second largest interstate east-flowing river basin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and Cauvery basins.
✅It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km., out of which nearly 77 percent lies in Tamil Nadu.
✅Major tributaries are the Chinnar, Markanda, Vaniar, and Pamban.
✅The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
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✅ flowing through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
✅It is also known as the South Pennar River, Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada, and Thenpennai, Ponnaiyar, in Tamil.
✅Origin: It originates in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.
✅The basin is bounded on the northwest and south by various ranges of the Eastern Ghats, like the Velikonda Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadhu Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, the Chitteri Hills and the Kalrayan Hills, and in the east by the Bay of Bengal.
✅It is the second largest interstate east-flowing river basin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and Cauvery basins.
✅It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km., out of which nearly 77 percent lies in Tamil Nadu.
✅Major tributaries are the Chinnar, Markanda, Vaniar, and Pamban.
✅The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
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Raimona National Park:
✅Ilocated Indo-Bhutan border in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam.
✅It shares contiguous forest patches of Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in Bhutan, creating a trans-boundary conservation landscape of more than 2,400 sq km.
✅Rivers: The Sankosh River ,the Saralbhanga River
✅Vegetation: It includes as many as twelve different types and sub-types of forests ranging from very moist sal forests, sub-Himalayan high alluvial semi-evergreen forests, savannah forests, moist-mixed deciduous forests, riparian fringing forests, to khair-sissoo forests.
✅Flora: This park flourishes with myriads of orchid species, other tropical rainforest species, and riverine grasslands.
✅Fauna: The park is famous for its endemic species, golden langur, which has been named the mascot of the Bodoland region.
#National_park_series
#Tiger_Reserve_series
#Places_in_news
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@upsc_4_environment
✅Ilocated Indo-Bhutan border in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam.
✅It shares contiguous forest patches of Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in Bhutan, creating a trans-boundary conservation landscape of more than 2,400 sq km.
✅Rivers: The Sankosh River ,the Saralbhanga River
✅Vegetation: It includes as many as twelve different types and sub-types of forests ranging from very moist sal forests, sub-Himalayan high alluvial semi-evergreen forests, savannah forests, moist-mixed deciduous forests, riparian fringing forests, to khair-sissoo forests.
✅Flora: This park flourishes with myriads of orchid species, other tropical rainforest species, and riverine grasslands.
✅Fauna: The park is famous for its endemic species, golden langur, which has been named the mascot of the Bodoland region.
#National_park_series
#Tiger_Reserve_series
#Places_in_news
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@upsc_4_environment
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
🔆Baltic Sea:.
✅Location: Part of the North Atlantic Ocean, situated in Northern Europe, separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe.
✅Surrounding Countries: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland, and Sweden.
📍 Trick- RuDe Germany SELL Poland & Finland
✅R - Russia
✅D - Denmark
✅G - Germany
✅S - Sweden
✅E - Estonia
✅L - Latvia
✅L - Lithuania
✅P - Poland
✅F - Finland
✅Connections: Links to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits, facilitating global trade and connectivity.
✅Gulfs: Contains the Gulf of Bothnia (north), Gulf of Finland (east), and Gulf of Riga (south).
✅Rivers: Over 250 rivers drain into it, with the Neva River being the largest contributor.
✅Islands: Hosts over 20 islands and archipelagos, with Gotland (off Sweden’s coast) as the largest
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
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✅Location: Part of the North Atlantic Ocean, situated in Northern Europe, separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe.
✅Surrounding Countries: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland, and Sweden.
📍 Trick- RuDe Germany SELL Poland & Finland
✅R - Russia
✅D - Denmark
✅G - Germany
✅S - Sweden
✅E - Estonia
✅L - Latvia
✅L - Lithuania
✅P - Poland
✅F - Finland
✅Connections: Links to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits, facilitating global trade and connectivity.
✅Gulfs: Contains the Gulf of Bothnia (north), Gulf of Finland (east), and Gulf of Riga (south).
✅Rivers: Over 250 rivers drain into it, with the Neva River being the largest contributor.
✅Islands: Hosts over 20 islands and archipelagos, with Gotland (off Sweden’s coast) as the largest
#Places_in_news
#Sea_series
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Teesta Valley
✅It is a biologically rich area located in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the state of Sikkim.
✅The valley is named after the Teesta River, which flows through it.
✅The river originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows southward, passing through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh.
✅Khecheopalri Lake, often referred to as a sacred lake, is located near the valley and attracts many pilgrims and trekkers.
✅The river joins the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh before it flows into the Bay of Bengal after meeting with the Ganges and the Meghna.
✅Two major large barrages constructed on Teesta –
🔸Gajoldoba in West Bengal, India
🔸Duani in Bangladesh.
Major Tributaries of Teesta River
✅Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola and Rangpo Chhu.
✅Right-bank Tributaries: Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu and Rangit River.
#River_Series
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✅It is a biologically rich area located in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the state of Sikkim.
✅The valley is named after the Teesta River, which flows through it.
✅The river originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows southward, passing through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh.
✅Khecheopalri Lake, often referred to as a sacred lake, is located near the valley and attracts many pilgrims and trekkers.
✅The river joins the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh before it flows into the Bay of Bengal after meeting with the Ganges and the Meghna.
✅Two major large barrages constructed on Teesta –
🔸Gajoldoba in West Bengal, India
🔸Duani in Bangladesh.
Major Tributaries of Teesta River
✅Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola and Rangpo Chhu.
✅Right-bank Tributaries: Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu and Rangit River.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
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🔆Lake Prespa
✅According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
✅It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
✅It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
✅The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
✅It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
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#geography
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✅According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
✅It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
✅It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
✅The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
✅It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
#Places_in_news
#geography
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#River_series
#Kaveri_River #Cauvery_River
🔆Kaveri/ Cauvery river
✅It rises in the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
✅It is bounded by Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin.
✅It is the third largest river – after Godavari and Krishna – in South India
✅the largest river in the State of Tamil Nadu
✅Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Tributaries:
✅ Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
✅ Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati.
✅On the Cauvery, lies the “Grand Anicut dam” said to have been constructed by Chola King in 1st century A.D.
✅Imp dams : Krishna Raja Sagara dam, Mettur
#Kaveri_River #Cauvery_River
🔆Kaveri/ Cauvery river
✅It rises in the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
✅It is bounded by Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin.
✅It is the third largest river – after Godavari and Krishna – in South India
✅the largest river in the State of Tamil Nadu
✅Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Tributaries:
✅ Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
✅ Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati.
✅On the Cauvery, lies the “Grand Anicut dam” said to have been constructed by Chola King in 1st century A.D.
✅Imp dams : Krishna Raja Sagara dam, Mettur
🔆Kopili fault zone
✅Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
✅It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
✅It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
✅This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
✅It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
✅The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
✅A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
#prelims
#geography
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
✅It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
✅It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
✅This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
✅It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
✅The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
✅A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
#prelims
#geography
@Mapping_prelims_mains